Bài viết trình bày mô hình quan xưởng của các triều đại trước, đặc biệt là những thành tựu về tổ chức và hoạt động quan xưởng và Phú Xuân thời chúa Nguyễn chính là tiền đề trực tiếp giúp Gia Long và các vị vua sau đó kiến tạo nên mạng lưới quan xưởng tập trung ở Kinh đô Huế của triều Nguyễn.
VAI NET VE OUAN XlTdNG d PHU XUAN THdl CAC CHUA N C U Y I N NGUYfiN VAN DANG* T Q nam 1558, hp Nguyen vdo trd'n thu d Thuan Hda thi vung trung tdm Phu Xudn bdt dau hinh thdnh ede xQdng san xud't thii cdng phuc vu eho cd nghiep ciia ddng hp Nguyen Ben canh viec ban hdnh hdng loat cac chinh sach an dan, md cQa giao thQdng vdi ben ngoai, cdc chua Nguyen da tQng bQdc tao dyng mpt bp may chinh quyen vd qudn dpi rieng; ddng thdi chu trQdng trQng tap vd td chQc thd thu cdng san xud't cac loai vu khi, ddng thuyen, ede vdt dung cung dinh vd vdt lieu xay dyng phu chua NhQng ngQdi thd eua chua Nguyen trQdc bet Id nhQng ngQdi linh, Thich Dai San chep: "Trong nUdc trdm thd tha diu qudn ldm Mdi ndm vdo khodng thdng ba, thdng tu, quan nhcfn di cdc lang bdt ddn td 16 tudi trd len nhiing ngUdi thdn the cUdng trdng ddng gdng lai bdng mot cdi gdng tre gidi vi phd sung qudn; vdo qudn ddi rdi mdi ngUdi chuyen hgc mdt nghi " (1) Chinh dpi ngu binh Knh ddng dao dd, cd mdt bp phdn trd thdnh ngudn lao ddng thQdng trye san xud't cac xQdng eiia chua Nguydn Tuy nhien, de tao nen nhQng san phd'm ed chd't iQdng cao, ehua Nguyin da dp dyng che dp trUng tap thd gidi vung Thuan Quang ve Phu Xudn san xud't Tuy theo truyen thd'ng ky thuat nghe ' TS Trudng Dai hpe Khoa hpe - Dai hpc Hud ciia cdc dia phUdng ma nha nUdc huy ddng nhQng ngUdi thd gidi nha't xQ Chdng ban, "Hai thdn Phan Xd, Hoang Giang huyen Khang Ldc diu kheo ddc sung Hg Nguyen lay 60 ngUdi d Phan Xd dat ldm ddi tha Td sung, Hdu sung Sau lg.i them mdi ddi 20 ngUdi Lg.i lay 40 ngUdi d Hoang Giang ddt ldm ty tha Ngi sung " (2) Rieng nganh ddng thuyen phai huy ddng thd tQ nhieu dia phUdng khac theo tQng nghe chuyen mdn: " Thdxe dxd Duy Bdc Id thao nhdt Tha ddng thuyen ngUdi Bdng Hdi vd CU Hd quen ddng thuyin to; cdc xd huyen Khang Lgc vd huyen Le Thuy diu cd thd, hay ddng thuyin nho de chd budn bdn" (3) Linh thd vd thd thii cdng lanh nghe huy ddng ve Phu Xuan thi dUde td chQc theo ngach binh: "Cdc chua Nguyen cd nhdng quan xUdng ggi la tuang cude tdchdc nhU qudn ddi, lUa thd bd sung vdo di chi tao ddng cho Nhd nUdc Cdc tha dy dUdc liet vdo hg.ng binh linh, dn lUdng hodc dUac mien xau thue" (4) Ve dia diem san xud't, thdi gian tQ 1626-1687 thu phu ddng d Phudc Yen vd Kim Long, cdc chua Nguyen da "trUng dung mot phdn ddt cua lang Duang Xudn (sdt bd sdng Huang) ldm dd't cua triiu dinh ddt dudi sU qudn ly cua phu chua Bd't ndy Vai nel ve quan xudmg Phu Xuan dia bd cd ten Quan phdng xd phd md ddn chiing ggi Id quan phong xd tho d viing ddt Tdy Nam cua phu, vi phia bd sdng Huang ben tUc phdn ddt Tdy bdc cua Buang Xudn, dd thie't lap mdt cdng xUdng due dong cua chua Nguyin, tiin thdn cua phudng Buc sau ndy" (5) Day chinh Id dia diem chu yeu de lap nen cdc xudng san xud't tdp trung Thd thu cdng dQdc phien che thee nghe, moi nghe gpi Id ty hay dpi Dd'i vdi td't ea mpi nghe thQdng gpi Id TQdng cue Ve so' eye thd vd sd' iQdng thd dUde phien che ede cue dQdc Le Quy Ddn ghi chep Phd bien tgp luc ed the thd'y eae cue thd tap trung d Phu Xudn khd nhieu, cd tdi 37 cue thd, san xua't nhQng san pham thiet ye'u phue vu eho nhu cau qudc phdng vd ddi sd'ng (xin xem bang 1) Qua dd, cd the thd'y so' thd tdp trung ve Phu Xudn it nhd't ed 37 loai thd vdi gan 1.000 ngudi Trong dd, nhQng cue thd lien quan den ren, due vu khi, ddng thuyen, nung ngdi ed sd' iQdng thd Idn nha't; ngQde lai cung ed loai thd chi vdi ngQdi, trUdng hdp ndy hp khdng dQdc phien che Id ty, dpi hay cue Ve he thd'ng td chQc quan ly, mdi TQdng cue ngodi thd lao dpng trQc tiep ed TUdng muc vd dpi ngu dieu hanh thd san xud't de tao nen mdt loai san pham hodn chinh lien nganh Dd Id dpi ngu Chdnh ty quan, Ty quan, Thu hdp vdi so' lUdng khdng nhd't dinh Chdng ban "2 ddi thg Td sung Hihi sung, cd 12 ngUdi chdnh ty quan, cdp ngu ldc mdi ngUdi mdi mdu rudng, mdi ndm 10 quan tiin Ty thg Ndi sung, dd cd mdt ngUdi thu hop mdi ndm 20 quan, ngUdi ty quan, mdi ndm 30 quan" (6) Chinh dpi ngu ndy ldm trung gian giQa nhd nQde vd thd quan xQdng Gid'ng nhQ binh linh vd thd, hp phai trai qua eae ky duyet 65 tuyen de dUde ldm viec: "Thg cdc cue, Cai quan, Ty quan, Thu hop, thUdng ban vd thugc lai nha mdn Chinh dinh, co bdng cap thi dugc d lai ldm viec" (7) Ben tren Tudng cue, ed ed'u td chQc d Chinh dinh, ngodi ty Xd sai, TQdng than lai, Lenh sQ cdn cd ty Npi Lenh sQ kiem coi cdc thQ thue; ben canh dd "lai cd ty Lenh sd Bo gia (Nhd do), Cdu ke, Cai hop, Thu hOp, mdi chUc ngUdi, lai vien 24 ngUdi gid viec thu phdt ddy thau, khdi sdt, dd dong, ngd voi, chiing ddng, phdt cho cdc cue de ldm gidi, thuyin ghe, siia sang tUdng thdnh nhd cda vd giUa cdc tich ddu san than gd vdng thep ciing la kho qudn khi" (8), tQc la cd quan thu ehi cac dd dac, pham vat, nguyen lieu vd quan dd'e cdc TQdng cue de san xuat vd kien thiet xdy dyng Sau cude cai td hdnh chinh nam 1744, Luc Bd ddi, luc ndy cdc Tudng eye le thupc vdo Bd Binh vd Bp Cdng quan ly (9) - Hoat dpng eua quan xudng (10), cd the tha'y rang cdc chua ehu y nhieu den cdc xudng san xud't vu khi, ddng thuyen, vat dung cung phu vd due tien Ve xudng san xua't vu Nhu cau quan sy ludn thdi thue cdc chua Nguyen ehu trpng den viec due sue Cdc chua Nguyen khdng ngai ddu tU ldn de due che vu O tren da't "quan phdng xd phu" b bd nam sdng Hudng, dd'i dien vdi dinh phii Kim Long, cho den ndm 1631 da cd TUdng cue due sung ldn vd nhd (Ndi phao tUdng, Ta phdo tQdng, HQu phdo tQdng) vdi tdng so' thd vdo thdi diem cao nhd't len den 140 ngQdi Nhd nQde quy dinh rd ve thdnh phan nguyen lieu "che tgo gidi due sung tru thi le phdt mdi khdu sdt 15 khdi, tiin than quan tien, gang 10 cdn, ddu lUdng; due sung nho thi cU mdi 10 khdu le phdt sdt 30 khdi, tien than 10 quan, gang 30 cdn" Dae biet d quan xQdng due sung da cd sy phdn Hghicn ciJru Lich sit s61.2010 66 Bang 1: Thong lie cac TUdng cue thdi c h u a Nguy§n Phii Xuan N g a c h thpi (ngUc^i) 60 40 50 50 58 61 40 40 TT T e n c u e thpf 10 Ty thd due cdc cue Ty thd npi sung Dpi ta sung Doi hQu sung Ty thd rd'n Ty thd sdn (2 doi) Ty thd ro'n gidi Ty thd nhuom tia Thuyen Ngoa n h a t thupc noi Thuyen Ngoa nhi thupc npi 11 12 13 14 15 Thd yen ngQa Ty thd hoa cdng Thd hoa luan Ty thd mpc thuyen An mpc Ty thd mpc thuyen Khang mdc Thd qua nan Ty thd ddng thuyen Thd kha'u ngQa 56 56 Ty thd tien Thd ngd Ty thd quat npi Ty thd tien npi Dpi npi phdng y Dpi dien lap Thd bong sung npi Ty thd hdng hoa npi Thp dui chieng Ty thd kiem Thd iQdng y Ty npi ngan tUdng Tudng cue Npi kim tUdng Hai cd Ta trung, HQu t r u n g Ty thd thiec npi Dpi than go Thd tai Thd ddng hd vd kinh thien ly Thd due tien Cong 40 12 31 4 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 21 10 195 881 Ghi c h u Trang Xdm Kim Nhdn, Xdm Bon Bp Ldng Hoang Giang 189 189 189,325 325 325 189,321 189 189 189 189 Lam ngdi Thuyen: ddn vi nhd nha't quan dpi (30-100 binh) Tau t h u y Hop dung dd an Bp p h a n ciia yen ngUa long vdo dQdi duoi Ldm thud'c eho chua Thd bae Thd vdng Thd bae 189 189 189 189 189 189 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 326 325 325 328 221 Vat n6t ve quan xu6ng d Phu Xudn cdng lao dpng khd cao, ed sy tham gia eiia nhieu TQdng eye khdc nhau: "Binh sdng thi tha ren ldm, cd mdy thi thg bgc ldm, tai sung thi thg tai ldm bdng siing thi thg mdc ldm, qudn ba ddi chi ddc ndng sung md thdi" (11) Ludng hang nam eua thd due sung Id 10 hoc thdc, quan tien / mdt ngUdi (12) Dai bdc Id loai vu chu lye ciia chua Nguyen Dai bae dUde due bang ddng vd cd nhieu khdu vdi kich c3 khdc Mdt ngUdi nude ngodi da nhan xet nhQ sau: "Nhd vua cd 1200 khdu dgi bdc, td't cd diu bdng ddng cd nhiiu khdu cd kich thudc khdc nhau, mang huy hieu cua Tdy Ban Nha vd Bo Bdo Nha, nhUng ddc biet cd khau dgi bdc ndng, ddi khodng met, mang huy hieu Bdng Trong, trdng that dep Nien dgi cdc khdu dgi bdc ndy dUgc ddc Id tii ndm 1650 de'n 1660" (13) Mdt so'sung mang ky hieu nQde ngodi ehua dat mua, nhQng mpt tam nhin sau xa hdn, hp cung da mdi chuyen gia ngQdi nQde ngodi la hai cha ngUdi Bd Ddo Nha ten Id Joan da Cruz (hay ten Phdp Id Jean de la Croix) vd Clement de la Croix den dinh cU bdn d phudng Due phy trdch ve ky thudt due sung (14) Ve xudng ddng thuyen Cac xudng deu tap trung d hai ben bd sdng HUdng: "d thugng lUu vd hg liiu chinh dinh, nhd qudn bay nhu bdn cd NhUng nhd cua thuy qudn lai d ddi ngan Xudng thuyin vd kho thdc thi d cdc xd Hd Khe, Thg Khang" (15) Sd lUdng thuyen chien ddng dUdc khdng bang Ddng Ngodi, nhUng chd't lUdng ky thuat eiia thuyen Ddng Trong khdng thua kem nhu nhdn xet eua Alecxandre de Rhodes vd Thomas Bowyear hp den day GiQa the ky XVII, A de Rhodes phdng dodn khoang 200 ehiec dung de phdng ve ven bien: "Trong ba ben d Bdng Trong Mdt ben d vdo cda song ldn (cd the Id cda 67 sdng Gianh - NVB), cd ldn ngUdi ta dem tdi 68 chiee Mdt ben khdc rdng ldn han d vdo gida lanh thd ggi Id ke Chdm cd rdt nhieu diing de bdo ve ddt nUdc vd budn bdn vdi ngUdi Tdu thudng tdi ben ndy Cdn bin thU ba thi d vdo bien gidi nUdc Chiim Thdnh ( ) Thuyin cua chda Ddng Trong rd't cd the lin tdi so it hai trdm " (16) Vdo nam 1674, chua Nguyen Phue Tan da cd 133 chien thuyen cdc xQdng trye thupc phii ehua ddng (17) Nam 1695, den Hue, T Bowyear da nhdn thd'y rang, lyc iQdng thuy quan cua ehua Nguyen Phuc Chu gdm: "200 chii'n ham, mdi chiic cd tU 16 di'n 22 khdu dgi bdc, 500 chii'n thuyin nhd tU 40-44 tay cheo 100 chii'n thuyin ldn tU 50 den 75 tay cheo, chiic cua ngUdi Au Cdc thuyen chii'n trin diu xUdng cua Phu chua ddng Xudng ddng tdu Hd Mat cd tdi 4000 thg vd ddng dUgc nhUng chii'n thuyin trgng tdi de'n 400 tdn" (18) Day chinh Id thdi diem md ngdnh ddng thuyen xQ Ddng Trong dat dQdc nhieu ket qua nhd't Viec due tien dQdc eae ehua Nguyen rd't ehu y Budi ddu, cdc chua due tien gian nhd, dung hieu "Thdi Binh" (19) Cho den ndm 1725, ehua Nguyin Phuc Tru (1725 1738) mdi cho due tien ddng vdi sd iQdng Idn Ndm 1736 ehua "Sat Mac Thiin Tii! (con Mac Cdu) ldm Bd dd'e trdn Hd Tiin, sai md cue due tiin di tiin viec trao doi" (20) TQ nam 1746, mdi bdt dau due tien kem trdng: "Nguyin Phuc Khodt nghe ldi ngUdi khdch hg Hodng, mdi mua kem cua nUdc Hod Lan de due tiin, md trUdng due d xd LUdng Qudn, mdi 100 cdn gid tiin quan tinh trd phi tdn vi tiin dn tiin cdng dugc 20 quan tiin vdnh vd net chiJC theo ddng tiin TUdng Phii nhd Td'ng" (21) Day Id ddt due tien ldn "tiin ddc ndm Binh Ban, Binh Mao Mdu Thin (tQc 6S cdc ndm 1746-1748 - NVD) due duac 72.396 quan" (22) Theo cdc nhd Cd tien hpe, ddt due nam 1725 ed khoang 20 hieu tien ddng dd, nam 1736 khoang 43 hieu tien ddng thau vd nam 1746 ed 57 hieu tien kem (23) Cdc hieu tien bode Id mang nien hieu cua Trung Qud'e, Viet Nam bode Id chQa cd lich sii Dieu ndy cd the giup chung ta ghi nhdn Id cac ehua Nguyin khdng ddt nien hieu cho minh, the hien tU tudng "nhd't thd'ng" phu Le eiia hp Viec lUu hdnh tien te tren thi trQdng Ddng Trong rd't phQc tap Ngodi tien cua chua, ed tien cua Trung Qud'e, tien Nhdt Ban, tien Ddng Ngodi, tien nhd mdng ciia Mae Thien TQ, tien tQ phQdng Tdy, vd ea tien due trdm dan gian (den hdn 100 Id) Dieu da ddn den sy khiing hoang tien te d Ddng Trong (24) dUdc Ddt s! Ngd The Lan phan dnh tdc pham "Ludn tien te" va Pierre Poivre ghi lai: "viec thUOng mgi cua xii ndy duang bi xdo trdn vi sii lUu hdnh mdt thd tiin kem nd gdy nhiiu sit gian trd ddc quyin vd rdi ren du thd" (25) Cac ehua Nguyin da khdng giai quyet dudc cude khung hoang tien te ndy Dd Id mdt nhQng nguyen nhdn chinh lam suy yeu chinh quyen Ddng Trong tQ giQa the ky XVIII Khi chie'm Phu Xuan (1774), TQdng Trinh la Doan quan cdng sai Ta tQdng cd la Lai trung hau coi viec due, md xQdng due d phia hQu trd'n dinh, la'y cai dpi cu la Ludn binh hdu dam nhiem viec d'p ldm, ld'y ngQdi am hieu cdc xa ldm thd eho dem pha buy sung, dinh, vac, dd ddng de due tien "Cdnh HUng thudn bdo dugc 23.962 quan" (26) Cdc vdt dung dung cung phii, gach ngdi xay dyng dude san xud't nhieu nhdm trang bi cho chdn cung dinh Thd bae ed den ty vQa lam nhiem vy luu dpng tai cdc trQdng khai md: "a trUdng vdng cd quan chdnh cai ty Ngdn tUOng theo di di'ndu ty Rghien eiiru Lich stir s61.2010 Ngdn tuang ndu luyen thdnh hot, cdn vd nghiem de dem nop" vQa ldm nhiem vu trang sQc eho cung phii "thg bgc ca Td trung, Hihi trung linh dong dd vd kem ndu thdnh thau che dinh bdt thao, dinh cue cUdc de trang sde nhUng nhd hien, dinh cdc vd cdc thuyin ghe Ty Ndi Ngdn tUgng linh ddng, kem de trang sde cdc nhd (dudng)" (27) Hai ty thd due (mdi ty 30 ngQdi, due dd ddng, vac ), ty thd thiec, ty thd ren lam day thep, day thau ngQdi lang Mdu Tai la eae ty ldm nhieu san pham ndi tieng Ngoai ra, cd Nguyen Van Tu ngudi xa Dai Hao, huyen Dang XUdng, hpc nghe ndm d Hd Lan ve, ed the che dupe cdc hang ddng hd kieu phUdng Tdy vd kinh thien ly phye vy ehua Tdm lai, tren dd't Phu Xudn - Thudn Hda lan dau tien da xud't hien quan xQdng cua chua Nguyin Tren cd sd cdc boat ddng kinh te dan gian phat trien vd sy md rdng eua ngoai thUdng cdc chua da trUng tap thd vd td chQc hp san xud't Cd the thd'y quan XQdng dUdc td chQc khd quy cu, san xud't dQdc nhieu loai hinh san pham phuc vu mpt cdch cd hieu qua cho mye dich quan sU vd trang sQc eho mdt trieu dinh mdi dQdc xdy dyng So vdi cac quan xQdng d Dang Ngodi, quan xQdng Ddng Trong da xud't hien nhQng yeu td' ky thuat mdi tQ cdc chuyen gia phQdng Tay due che vu khi, ddng thuyen chien va san xua't mdt so' vat dung cung dinh Cd the tha'y quan XQdng d Phu Xuan cd tac dung Idn dd'i vdi sy nghiep eiia hp Nguyen, ddng thdi nd trd mpt nhdn td' tdc dpng tich eye, tao nen hang loat eae lang chuyen d vung dd't ndy so vdi trQdc md phQdng Due Id mdt trQdng hdp tieu bieu Khi nhd Nguyin dQdc thiet lap, quan I^ dd't nQde tQ Bdc den Nam vd ddng dd d Hue thi cdc boat dpng thu cdng, dich vy nhdm 69 Vai n6t ve quan xudng Phu Xuan dap Qng n h u cau eiia N h d nude vd dpi n g u q u a n lieu ddng dao d K i n h te H u e ngdy cdng p h d t t r i e n K i n h dd H u e trd t h d n h ndi t a p t r u n g thd t h u cdng gidi k h a p ea nUde theo cdc yeu cau s a n xud't cua N h d nQde Md h i n h q u a n xQdng cua cdc trieu dai CHU trQdc, ddc biet Id nhQng t h a n h t y u ve td chQc vd b o a t ddng q u a n xQdng d P h u Xuan thdi e h u a Nguyen chinh Id tien de trye tiep giup Gia Long vd cdc vi vua s a u dd kien tao n e n m a n g iQdi q u a n xQdng t a p t r u n g d K i n h dd H u e eua t r i e u N g u y i n THICH (1) Thich Dai San, Hdi ngoai ky sU, UBPDSL Vien dai hoc Hue xua't ban, Hue, 1963, tr 43 (2), (3) Le Quy Ddn, Phu bien tgp luc, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1977, tr 325, 319 (4) Phan Khoang, Viet si xi Ddng Trong 1558 - 1777, Khai tri xuS't ban, Sai Gdn, 1967, tr 607 *• (5) Nguyen HQu Thdng, "La Corporation des fondeurs de Hu6", etudes Vietnamiennes, Nouvelles s6rie, (6), 1986, pp 70 - 85 (6), (8) L§ Quy Don, Phu bien tgp luc, sdd, tr 325, 144 (7) Qudc sil quan trieu Nguyin, Dgi Nam thiic luc Tap I, Ban dich, Nxb S i hoc, Ha Noi, 1962, tr 164 (9) Nguyin HOu Thong, Hue nghi vd ldng nghi thu cong truyin thong, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue, 1994, tr 33 (10) Tac gia Li Tana cd de cap sd lUdc ve mot so' vat pha'm ma cac chua Nguyin san xua't dUdc viet ve luc lUdng vu trang, tien te va thUdng mai xd Dang Trong tac ph^m: Xi Ddng Trong, Lich si kinh te- xa hgi Viet Nam the'ky 17-18, Ban dich cua Nguyin Nghi, Nxb Tre, Tp Hd chi Minh, 1999, tr 60 - 70, 135 - 146 Tuy nhien, tac gia chua di sau vao boat dpng san xua't ciia tUng xudng cu the (11), (12), (15) Le Qu^ Don, Phu bien tgp luc, sdd, tr 325, 112 (13) Li Tana, XiDdng Trong sdd, tr 63 (14) Cadiere, L., "Les quarties des Ar^nes: Jean de la Croix et les premiers Jesuites", BAVH, (4), 1924, pp 307 - 332 (16) De Rhodes, Lich si vUOng quoc Ddng Ngodi, Ban Viet ngQ cua Hdng Nhue, Uy ban Doan ket cong giao Tp Hd Chi Minh xua't ban, 1994, tr 14-15 (17) Le Dinh Cai, 34 ndm cam quyin cua chua Nguyin Phuc Chu (1691-1725), Dang Trinh xua't ban, Hue, 1971, tr 98 (18) Cadiere, L et Mir, Mme, "Les Europ6ens qui ont vu le vieux Hue: Thomas Bowyear 1695-1696", BAVH, (2), 1920, pp 183240 Huard, P et Durand, M., Connaissances du VietNam, 6cole Fran?ais D'Extreme-Orient, Hanoi, 1954, p 299 (19), (21), (22) Le Quy Don, Phu bien tgp luc, sdd, tr 221, 237 LUdng Quan la mot lang thuoc xa Thuy Bieu g£n nha may vdi Long Tho, Tp Hue hien (20) Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyin, Dgi Nam thuc luc, Tap I, sdd, tr 198 (23) Nguyin Anh Huy, Vi tiin te thdi chua Nguyin, Ky yeu 690 ndm Thudn Hoa - Thia Thien Hue, Hug', 1996 (24) Ta Chi Dai TrUdng, "Tien kem va cuoc khiing hoang tien te d Nam vao hau ban the ky XVIII", Nghien ciu Viet Nam, Nha Sung Chinh xua't ban Hue, 1973, tr 55 - 65 (25) Phan Khoang, Viet si xi Ddng Trong 1558 - 1777, sdd, tr 505 (26), (27) Le Quy Ddn, Phu bien tgp luc, sdd, tr 223; 220, 225 ... cd 12 ngUdi chdnh ty quan, cdp ngu ldc mdi ngUdi mdi mdu rudng, mdi ndm 10 quan tiin Ty thg Ndi sung, dd cd mdt ngUdi thu hop mdi ndm 20 quan, ngUdi ty quan, mdi ndm 30 quan" (6) Chinh dpi ngu... chQc quan ly, mdi TQdng cue ngodi thd lao dpng trQc tiep ed TUdng muc vd dpi ngu dieu hanh thd san xud't de tao nen mdt loai san pham hodn chinh lien nganh Dd Id dpi ngu Chdnh ty quan, Ty quan, ...Vai nel ve quan xudmg Phu Xuan dia bd cd ten Quan phdng xd phd md ddn chiing ggi Id quan phong xd tho d viing ddt Tdy Nam cua phu, vi phia bd