Bài viết bàn đến thay đổi trong đời sống xã hội của phụ nữ thành thị đầu thế kỷ 20 trên ba khía cạnh: phụ nữ làm báo, các hoạt động xã hội và thể thao được phản ánh qua một số tờ báo đương thời.
Tli Llfu - DiNH CHfNH sO Ll|U VAI NET V i QOn S O N G X A H O I C U A P H U N U T T H A N H TH! OilU TH§ KY XX QUA M O T SO Td BAO O U U N G THOTl NGUYEN THI Lfi H A ' D iu t h i ky XX, nhflng san phim cua vfin hda phUdng Tfiy dfi mang lgi cho ngudi dfin Vift Nam, dfc bift 1ft ngUdi dan thftnh thi nhflng "mdn fin" tinh t h i n mdi Dd Ift tilu thuyit lang man, thd mdi, phim anh, kieh nghf, kbifiu vfl, thdi trang , dflc bift 1ft bfio ehi Cd t h i ndi, cflng vdi sU phat triln eua bfio chi tiing Vift, nhiiu vfi'n dl xa bpi dupc phan finh, dd thay doi loi song cua phy nfl thftnh thi ^^ gia dinh din ngofti xfi Kpi la mft vft'n d i dUde bfio chf dfc bift quan tfim bfio cflng nhu bfio dftnh ridng cho phy nO khdng nhilu TrUdc Cfich mang thfing Tam nfim 1945, Vift Nam chi ed mft sift td bfio ehuyen bift dfinh rifing cho phu nfl, cua phy nfl vft vi phy nfl, tieu bilu nhfi't: Td Phu nil tdn van, 273 stf thi cd 202 bfti viit vi cac vfiii di eiia phy nfl dd nhilu bfti dftng 4, si! Td Phong hda-Ngdy 190 si, cd 104 bfii viit lifin quan din phu nil Phu nS thM ddm cd 78 bfti viit vl phy nO Su ton tgi ciia ddng bfio phy nfl nfty da khing dinh phy nfl Vift Nam ngfiy cfing du^c xfi hfi quan tfim Nhflng thay dii vi ddi song phu nfl thftnh thi Vift Nam thdi ky nfty lfi mft vfi'n de rdng Trong bfti viit nfty chflng tSi xin bftn din thay dii ddi sShg xft hfi cua phy nfl thftnh thi dfiu t h i ky XX trfin khfa cgnh: phy nfl lfim bfio, efie hogt dfng xa hpi vft t h i thao dflpc phan finh qua mft so td bfio dfldng thdi ThSng qua nhiing noi dung dU^ phan finh trfin cfic td bfio hofic chuyen myc dfinh ridng cho phy nfl, ehiing ta cd t h i thfi'y cfic nhfi bfio nfl din dua dupc nhflng thay dii vi loi song cua phy nfl gia (finh vft ngofii xa hfi len diln dftn bfio chf cdng khai dl thao luftn tit tinh ydu-hdn nhan, nuSi dgy cfii, nfi tn?, trang phye, Iftm dgp, edng vifc, hpc hftnh, t h i thao tao nfin mft difn mgo ridng, mft sftc thfii rieng cho tflng td bfio nfl Td NH gidi chung (1) 1ft td bfio diu tifin cl nUdc ta chfl trpng den vifc dgy nfl Phu nQ thdnh thi tham gia ldm bdo Bao chf Vift Nam ddi mufn nhflng phy nfl thfinh th} tham gia lfim bfio chuydn nghifp edn mufn hdn Phu nfl tham gia viit 'ThS Vifn Sil hpc Vftt n&t v& d£rt atfng xn hfl ciia phu nCr cdng, dflc hgnh phy nfl, phfi phfin lufit If kbit khe dSi vdi nfl gidi, ding thdi ehu trUdng diu tt^inh, manh m€ eho vfin dl binh dftng nam nfl Dftc bift, NH gidi chung rfi't quan tam din vfin d i di hoe cua phu nfl Td Phu nU tdn vdn (2) chuyen vi vifc nudi dgy cfii, tinh ydu hSn nhfin, gifio dye, hogt dfng xa hfi Td Phong hda-Ngdy (3) cac bfti viit chu yiu di eftp din thdi trang, flng xfl, thi thao, tf ngn xa hfi Td Phg nU thdi ddm (4) dl eftp tdi tinh y§u, hdn nhfin, gia dinh, nudi dgy eon vft hpc hftnh Gdp phin eho si^ thftnh cdng cua nhflng td bfio tren Ift nhOng phu nfl c6 tri thflc, manh dgn, tfl tin tieu biiu nhu bft SUdng Nguyft Anh chu td NH gidi chung, bft Nguyin Dflc Nhufin chu tdPhu nU t&n vdn, bft Nguyin Thi Xuyin chu td Phu nQ thdi ddm Cfic td bfio nfl dat dUpc thfinh cong, bdn cgnh ngfldi chu nhifm, ehu bflt, khong thi khSng nhic tdi nhflng nhfi bfio nfl, hp vfla 1ft cfiy bflt ehinh eiia td bao, vfla 1ft nhiing cpng tfic vifin eua cac td bfio khftc Cd thi ndi, cfic nhft bfio nfl ngfty cftng khfing dinh dUpc vi tri cua minh lftng bao, dd lfi Pham Vfin Anh, Van Dfti, Le Tbi Huynh Lan, Nguyen Thi Bach Minh, Trin Thi Hudng cua td Phu nU tdn vdn; CS Duyfin, Thu Tfim cua td Phong hda-Ngdy nay; Trin Thi Trinh Chinh, Lidn HUdng, Thu Vfin cua td Phu nU thdi ddm; Gig Thao, Mme Nguyin Thi An Hda, Da Lan, Madame Tdn T h i t Vinh, Nguyin Tbi Bach Mai ciia td Phu nH tdn vdn Trong dd noi bftt mdt s i tfin tuoi nfl nhft bao: Bft SUdng Nguyft Anh-nfl chu bao diu tien vdi cac bfii viit v i nfl quyen vft vai trd cua phu nfl; Nguyin Dflc Nhufn (5) ehuyen viit ve cfich nuSi dgy con, cfic t i chflc xfi hfi; Phan Thj Nga (6), chuydn viit v i the thao, efie to chflc xa hfi; CS Duyfin (7) chuyfin viit vl flng xii, thdi trang eua phu nfl; Nguyin Thi Kiem (8) ehuyen viit vi tinh ylu hdn nhan, gia dinh, cfic t l chflc xa hfi; Hujnh Thi Bao Hda-ngfldi phy nfl diu tien viit tiiu thuyit; Thuy An (9) viit nhilu thi loai tfl xfi thuyit, phdng sU, phong vfi'n, thd Mft nhflng nfi dung dupe bfio chf bftn lufn adi nd'i lue dd ehlnh lfi vifc lUa chpn mftu sie may quin fio theo Iii mdi vfi cfich trang dilm eho phfl hpp Nhiiu ngUdi ebon mftu chua dflpc sftnh "phdn nhiiu cd theo hodc cd theo ky hdng eua ede hiiu budn ta lua md chgn mdu, it ngiidi biet tim mot mdu viia hgp vdi da minh lgi vUa hgp vdi thdi tidl^' (10), dl may trang phuc Vi nhflng hgn che eua chi em mflc theo loi mdi nen bfio ehi thdi ky nfty ddng vai trd quEtn trpng vifc day cfieh lua chpn mftu sflc, chfi't lifu cho phu hpp nhu td Nam phong, Phu nS tdn vdn, Phong hod vd Ngdy Cae bfii viet da din giai nhflng tinh cfich eua cac mftu, sU lien lge cua eae mftu vdi canh sic chung quanh, tifiu bieu nhU: "Cdch dn mac cua ngiidi Nam ta" Nam phong (so 8-1921); "Thdi tiet vdi sdc mdu y phuc" Ngfiy (so 26-1936); "Mdu sdc y phuc miia thu" Ngay (ai 28-1936); "Cdch ddnh phdn cho hgp vdi mdu do" Ngfty (si 31-1936) Tuy chj em cung cdn ed nhflng mft ban che nhung "du to cho ta biet cdi trinh dd mgnh bgo theo mdi vi phuc sUc, thich sU thay doi vd biet sdn soc cdi dep cua chi em tdi bgc ndo rdi" (11) Bfin cgnh nhflng bf trang phye dupe may theo loi mdi ed anh hUdng tfl thdi trang Phfip, vfin d i trang dilm lam dep cung dupe bao chi dfic bift quan tfim, cS vfl chi em lftm dep Chinh vi vfy da cd nhiiu phy nfl den cfic cfla hftng thdi trang, my phim dl mua sam nhflng mot thinh hfinh Khdng chi trang diem khudn mft, hp cdn quan tfim chfim adc lfin da, vdc dfing aao Rghien eihi Lieh si stf 3.gQ12 cho thfin hlnh khod mgnh luSn tUdi tri Tfl dd cfieh nhin nhfn dfinh gifi vd dpp eiia ngudi phy nfl cflng thay dii Trfldc dfiy cfic thiiu nfl Vift Nam 16, 17 tuli diu nhuf m rftng den "Nhiing cd hdng xin rdng den Ciidi nhii mua thu tod ndng" (12), cd nfto dl rfing trftng bj thiin hg cho 1ft khSng dflng din "rang den Id m^t ydu td cua nhan sde ddn bd gdi" (13) Tfl vfln hofi phUdng Tfiy trftn vfio ngudi ta eho ring "rdng trdng ngdy lgi Id mgt yiu tdcua sdc dep vd m^t biiu hi^n cda vdn minh" (14) Diiu nfiy chua bao gid ed dii vdi phy nfl Vift Nam: "khdng bao gid ve d^p ngiidi ddn bd diige ea tung, diige chdm chut, diigc khuyin khich vd dii^ phd tnidng bdng bdy gid Trong cdc nhdt bdo, tudn bdo, tgp ehi khdng mdy thii Id khdng ed it mgt muc ndi ve ve d^p cua chung ta" (15) Cd t h i ndi, bfio chi tiing Vift Iflc dd ed ddng gdp rfi't ldn vifc eo dfng, khich If phy nfl ftn mf c, trang diim theo ISi mdi Tren trang diu tft't ea cfic s i ciia td Phu nQ Tdn vdn diu cd cfiu: Phdn son td diim son hd Ldm eho rgng mdt ddn bd niide Nam Td Phong hod-Ngdy cua nhdm Tfl Lyc Vftn Doftn h i u nhu s i nfto cung cd ft nhit mft bfti viit vl cfieh lfim d?p Cd thi ndi, bfio chf ddng vai trd r i t tfeh cvic vifc Ifim thay dii ISi sing eua ngfldi phy nfl Cfic td bfio da dfing nhiing bfti viit phfin tfeh ti mi mft tfeh eye cua bf trang phye may theo kilu tfin thdi di ehi em hfldng flng nhflng ding thdi cung Ifin fin nhiing ngUdi phy nfl Ipi dyng vfto cai cfich dd dl "tfin tiin hoa" lftm giam di ve dpp cua nd "Ngiidi ta bdy gid dd bidt rang, dirdng trdng vdn tdc trdn mdc qudn khdng den cung co thi nhd nhgn lich sii dugc Nhiing ngiidi ta tudng cd dn vdn nhU thi Id lich sU thi ngiM ldm to Cdi lich sii khdng phdi d sii thay ddi eon dy, lich 8\i Id biit dn mdc cho phdi ldi, cho thick hgp vdi cdng viSc, lich sU Id ddng ldi thdi, Hch thich, dUng bdn thiu, nhiing lich sU cung Id diing Ididng DU dn mdc ldi cd hay ldi mdi, cdi lieh sU v&n khdng thi thay ddi" (16) Tuy cdn nhiiu hgn c h i vi bi phu thufc vfto chfnh quyin thufc dia, nhflng cftc td bfio nfl, cfic tfic gia nfl da cd ddng gdp khSng nhd vifc hlnh thftnh mft ISi aing thi dfin Cung tfl cSng vifc lftm bfio, mft a i nfl nhft bfio dft ed cam tinh hoftc tn^e tiip tham gia hpat dfng cfich mgng nhu Phan Thj Nga, Dgm PhUdng nfl si, Nguyin Thi Lyu (17), Vfin Dfii (18) Vifc phy nfl tham gia lftm bao vfto diu t h i ky XX dfi md mft dUdng mdi, Ift tiln dl dl tham gia vfto cae hogt dfng xfi hfi, ed diiu Idfn hpc hdi, md mang tri thflc vft Cling cd kha nftng lftm nhiing edng vifc mft vin trudc Ida chi giftnh rieng cho nam gidi Cd dupc kit qua nhfl t h i mft phin anh hfldng cua vftn hda phUdng Tfiy tdi nhiing tri thflc tiin bf quan tfim din phy nfl, dfi nhift huyit ci dfng phy nfl thofit khdi khudn k h i gia dinh Dfiy lfi nhiing anh hudng meuig tfnh tfch ci^c mfi phy nfl dfi tiip thu dU0c tfl nhflng mft inh hudng ciia vfin hda phUdng Tfiy du nhfp vfto Vift Nam Phy nQ thdnh thi tham gia cdc cdng vi&c xd hdi Bing bfio chf vft efie hogt dfng xa hfi nhiiu phy nfl thftnh thi nhflng nftm diu t h i ky XX da lfim dfiy 16n phong trfio ddi ti;! do, binh ding Hp bfio, viit bfio, t i chflc hfi chp dftnh riSng eho phy nfl, vfn dfng, kdu gpi tft't ca moi ngudi quySn gdp giflp ding bfio bi ngn, giflp hpc ainh nghfio du hoc, giflp Hfi Dye Anh chfim sSc trS em mi edi, di diln thuyit k h i p ndi tuyin truyin Vdi nit v& ddi adng xa hQl eiJa phu nOr vftn dfng phy nfl (19) Tifu bilu cho nhflng ngudi phu nfl Sfti Gdn lin diu tidn diing trUdc ca ngftn ngUdi d Hdi chg Phu nd ndm 1932 dl diln thuyit 1ft cS Ngpc Thanh ndi vi Ddn bd yd Due Anh, bft Phgm Vfin Gia diln thuyit viTudo ki't hdn vft raft s i cd nfl sinh trUdng nil hpc diin thuyit vl Phu nQ thi thao cd Bfli Thi Ut ndi vi NQ luu ddi vdi thi due, cd Nguyin Thi KiSm ndi vl vft'n di NQ lUu vd van hgc C6 thi ndi vfto nfim 1932 phy nfl diln thuyit trUde dfim ddng Ifi mft cufc cfich mgng ldn doi vdi ngudi phy nfl quanh nfim chi biit din nfi tn?, chfim lo gia dinh "SU diin thuydt Id mdt sii hay ho nhung vdn Id mdt sU rdt kho khdn Cdc bd cdc cd tQ hdi ndo din bdy gid chUa hi ndi chuyin giQa cdng chung thi cdi tdi cao ddm hiing biin chac la chUa CO bao nhieu Chi em phu nQ ta biidc lin diin ddn Hdi chg ndy tiic Id bUdc biidc ddu trSn dUdng gidi phong dd' (20) Cd Nguyen Thi Kifim, mft nhflng ngfldi khdi xfldng phong trfio thd mdi Thang 7-1933, ed lfi ngudi phy nfl diu tien diln thuyit v i 'ISi thd mdi" tgi Hdi khuyin hpe Hft Nfi Tai buoi dien thuyit dd bfio "Phu nQ tdn vdn da dfinh gia "Hdi khuyen hgc thdnh lap dd 25 ndm, mdi cd phu nQ lin diin ddn cua hgi ldn thU nhdt vd cung mdi co cudc diin thuydt ndy duge ddng thinh gid hdn hit" (21) Nftm 1934 chuyin di khao sat eiia bfio Phu nd t&n vdn, eS Nguyin Thi Kiem da diln thuyit Hpi Khai tri tiin dflc v l vin de Mdt ngdy cua ngUdi ddn bd tdn tiin Tai buoi diln thuyit eua co cd mfi'y ngfin ngUdi din du CS Phan Thi Nga 1ft mft nhflng ngUdi mgnh dan dflng trUdc dSng ngudi diln thuyit mft vin de mdi 'Thy nfl vft t h i dye" tgi trfldng Thi due b Hft Noi, bull diln thuyit eua cd da thu hut 2.000 ngudi din nghe Tiip budc efie dftn chi, vfto ngfty 13-1-1938 cd Phan Thi Phfl, T>y vien cua Hfi finh Sfing Hfi Nfi diln thuyit tgi Nhft bfit ldn Hai Phdng vi Cdng cudc xd hdi dudng ldi dua chi em din sU gidi phdng CuSi bfti diln thuyit c6 nhin manh: "T6i mong rdng se Id y nghi chung cua chi em bgn gdi chung ta, vd y nghi dy se cd du ly nhe dS khuydn khich chi em nde ldng bgo dgn, vui ve, cilng vdi ban trai ldm viec cho dodn dnh Sdng: trUdcld giup ngUdi, sau giup minh Giup ngddi bdt thieu thdn ve hinh thdc vd tinh thdn Giup minh gidi phong mdt cdch chinh ddng vd y nhi" (22) Cd tbi ndi, qua nhflng buoi dien thuyit trUdc rft't ddng ngfldi tham dU, khdng chi to chflc tai efie thftnh ldn nbu Sfti Gdn, Hfi Nfi mft cdn b efie tinh Dft Nfing, Cin Thd, Hai Phdng, Bic Ninh, Nam Dinh phy nfl vfin cd t h i tu tin dien thuyit trdi chay, dilu nfiy cho thfi'y trtnh df hpc vfi'n, sU hiiu biit xa hdi vfi sU tu tin cua phu nfl thfinh thi Diu t h i ky XX, phu nfl thftnh thi mgnh dgn tham gia vfio cfic hogt dfng xa hdi 1ft mpt budc tien ldn Tai thfinh thi phu nfl tham gia vfto cfic dofin thi nhU Hpi Tri Tri, Hdi anh Sfing, Nfl cdng Hpc Hdi, Doftn Hudng dao cfic buoi bpcfi'yda ed rfi't nhiiu phu nfl phat bieu hofic dien thuyit the hifn sU hieu biet "to minh chiu suy xet, dd thdu hiiu vd rdy bdy tinh thd cda phu nd cdc giai cdp mdt cdch rdnh re, ggn gdng Dieu dd ehdng to "phu nQ ta dd tha thiit nghi tdi sd phdn minh, nghi tdi quyin lgi minh, dd hiiu minh "mudn" nhdng gi vd dd biit nhdn cd hdi ndy tim cdch eho ngddi ta rd chi nguyin" (23) Phu nd thdnh thi vdi the thao MSt nhflng thay doi vi tU vft ISi song cua ngudi phu nfl thftnh thi nhflng nfim diu the ky XX dUdc phan anh tren bao Rghian eihi Ljch aJr s6 3.2012 chf, ehinh Ift vfi'n d i t h i thao Bfio chf ddng vai trd gifin tiip nhung mang lgi hifu qua rfi't cao nhifm vy tuyfin truyin phy nfl tham gia cfic hogt dfng t h i thao: "Thi thao Id sdc khoe Id s{e tri trung Id nhan sdc cua ddn bd Do Id mgt chdn ly mong cho ddn bd nddc ta nhgn, hiiu Idy vd tin theo mdt cdch hii ldng" Bdi "khdng ed mgt vi thudc ndo c6 thi ldm tri dUgc lgi bdng sd tdp luy$n thi thao" (24) Mft s i td bfio nhfl Phu nd Tdn vdn, Phong hda-Ngdy khSng nhflng tfeh ci^c ci dfng phy nfl tham gia cfic hogt dfng thi thao Mfi cdn dfla nhilu bfti tfp t h i thao giflp ngudi phy nfl gifl dupc thfin hinh khde, dgp nhfl: cfic dfng tfic tfp eo thon nhd, hUdng d i n tfip thd d i hlnh t h i sfin gpn, tfip dflng ldn ngoi xuing, hudng din chdi cfic mdn t h i thao nhu tennit, bdng bfin Moi dfng tfic diu ed hinh vi minh hpa giflp cho ngUdi hpc dl nhd Diu nhflng nflm 30 cua t h i ky XX phu nQ thftnh thi tham gia chdi t h i thao dfi thyc sU trd thftnh mft phong trfto dupe ddng dao phu nfl hudng flng nhu di xe dgp, di bf, bdng bftn, Ifp dfi dfi bdng, thftnh Ifp sfin quin vpt„ Nhiing phy nfl da dupc nhilu ngudi biit tfin trfin sfin quin vgt nhu: "d Nam cd chi Ut, chi Nam, hai chi bdy trddng dd nhiiu phen mdt cdng ehiing trin sdn xi mdng Ngodi Bac, hi^n cd bd DdOng Binh Tdy d Hdi Phdng dd tdng phen so vgt vdi chi em phu nd Phdp trin sdn Cereledes sports Bd Hodng Xudn Hdn trddc cdn day hoe d Ninh Binh, dd tdng ldm bgn vdi chiic qudn vgt Bd Ddng Trinh Kf vd bd Ddm Quang Trddng tnidc dd ndi tiing Id hai cdy vgt cd gid tri d miin Bdc" (25) "Chi em Trung bd ba bd'n ndm ham m