Tác giả nho học tân học và những đóng góp đối với thể loại tiểu thuyết quốc ngữ việt nam đầu thế kỷ XX (qua một số tác giả tiêu biểu) tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION BUI THI LAN HUONG CONFUCIAN - RENOVATING AUTHOR AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GENRE OF NOVEL IN VIETNAMESE ALPHABET IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY (THROUGH SOME TYPICAL AUTHORS) Concentration: Vietnamese literature Code: 922 01 21 SUMMARY OF DISSERTATION FOR A DOCTORAL DEGREE IN LITERATURE HANOI - 2020 The dissertation is completed at: Literature Department, Hanoi National University Of Education Supervisors: 1) Assoc Prof Dr Vu Thanh 2) Assoc Prof Dr Tran Thi Hoa Le Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Huu Son Vietnam Institute of Literature Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Pham Xuan Thach University of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Tran Van Toan Hanoi National University of Education The dissertation will be defended in front of the University-level Thesis Evaluation Committee at Hanoi National University of Education, No 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi … o’clock date month year 2020 The dissertation can be found at: - National Library of Vietnam, Hanoi, - Library of Hanoi National University of Education OVERVIEW Rationale 1.1 Scientific rationale Vietnamese literature at the beginning of the twentieth century is one of the special periods of the history of national literature, which has long been identified by scientists as a transition period between two periods, two categories from medieval literature to modern literature, from regional influences to direct links with world literature During that particular historical period, Vietnamese literature appeared many new types of authors, including one type of author that was the product of the transitional period between the old tradition and the new one, influenced by the West, they are Confucian - Renovating authors The simplest way of understanding is that the authors have a combination of two elements in the structure, in ideology: Confucianism and the style of the new era They may be those who have passed the Confucian examinations, or who have for years sought the doctrine of sage and were deeply influenced by this education However, due to the changes of the time, on the basis of absorbing new ideas of the West, these Confucian scholars studied French, absorbed French culture and switched to writing in the Vietnamese alphabet Confucian - Renovating authors are a new model of Confucianist and they have contributed significantly to the formation and development of literature in the Vietnamese alphabet in the early twentieth century The Vietnamese Confucian - Renovating authors have made important contributions to the formation and development of contemporary literature, especially for the maintenance and continuation of the achievements and influence of past literature to the new literature, in a context where the majority of writers have turned away or sought to erase the traces of "former literature" This type of author has been studied by scientists so far mainly from the perspective of individual writers, or independently, or studying them in other aspects but not as is a type of author Sometimes their idiosyncratic characteristics such as maintaining the continuity of tradition on aspects such as theme, inspirational ideas or art tactics, words, image building methods Art statues are only considered restrictions from the past The achievements of the type of Confucian Renovating author in many cases reveal immediately in the expression of issues that seem to be old compared to the time It was the great achievements, as well as the open issues of literature research in the early twentieth century, that suggested that we develop the topic of Confucian - Renovating authors and contributions (as well as restriction) for the formation and development of intergovernmental literature 1.2 Practical rationale The above authors, as well as the literature of the early twentieth century, have been the subject of our research and teaching for a long time in university The works of Ho Bieu Chanh, Tan Da and Ngo Tat To have long been included in the grammar program from junior high to high school level Therefore, this is a very practical topic, opening us a new opportunity to continue researching past literary phenomena, especially Vietnamese literature in the early 20th century With the above scientific and practical reasons, we choose the topic "Confucian Renovating author and the formation and development of the genre of novel in Vietnamese alphabet in the early twentieth century (through some typical authors)" as the content of this dissertation Objects and scope of the study 2.1 Objects of the study - The object of the dissertation selected for research is the type of Confucian - Renovating authors and their contribution to the Vietnamese Quoc Ngu novel genre in the early twentieth century through the five Confucian Renovating authors: 1) Nguyen Chanh Sat (1869-1947); 2) Ho Bieu Chanh (18841958); 3) Tan Da – Nguyen Khac Hieu (1889-1939); 4) Nguyen Trong Thuat (1883-1950) and 5) Ngo Tat To (1894-1954) In addition, the thesis is also interested in other early twentieth-century writers of the same type or has some similarities such as Nguyen Ba Hoc (1857-1921), Nguyen Huu Tien (1874-1941), Nguyen Don Phuc ( 1878-1954), Le Hoang Muu (1879-1941) or Buu Dinh (18981931), so on 2.2 Scope of the study - In fact, the number of Confucian - Renovating authors in our category is quite large but due to the framework of the dissertation, we only focus on the indepth study of five selected authors The order of appearance of these authors basically shows some progress, transitions on some aspects of this author in both artistic conception and achievements in their works - Regarding the system of works to be surveyed: we will conduct a survey of all the novels of the five Confucian - Renovating authors above Their compositions in other genres, as well as those of other writers in the early twentieth century, will be a source for us to compare and analyze as necessary Aims and missions of the study 3.1 Aims of the study Studying the types of Confucian - Renovating authors and the types of works (novel of Quoc Ngu) of these authors, we aim to two main purposes: Researching the basis of formation and characteristics of the type of Vietnamese Confucian - Renovating authors in the early twentieth century; - Studying the contributions of Confucian - Renovating authors to the genre of Vietnamese Quoc Ngu novel at the beginning of the twentieth century from approaching the genre in terms of topic - theme, organization of plot structure , character building, artistic tone and artistic language 3.2 Missions of the study The thesis sets out the following research tasks: - Explaining the causes, historical - cultural, social and literary conditions in the inter-periodic period between the two centuries, contributing to the formation of the Confucian Renovating authors and their contributions to the development of national literature; - The thesis initially identifies a number of characteristics of the type that regulate the choice of life, career, as well as the way that writers come to compose the novel of Quoc Ngu, changes in conception literature, their aesthetic conception; - Identify the Quoc Ngu novel compositions of Confucian Renovating authors on some basic aspects which are the system of topic - topic; organize the plot structure; character building; artistic tone and artistic language Research methodology To carry out the content of this study, we apply the following basic research methods: 1) Method of geometric type and method of literary research by category; 2) Narrative learning approach; 3) System method; 4) Comparative comparative method and 5) Interdisciplinary research method New ontributions of the dissertation - Learn the characteristics of the type of Confucian - Renovating authors and their contributions to the formation and development of the novel genre in the early twentieth century, the dissertation will be the first scientific work relatively researching the types of authors and the types of works (novel in Vietnamese alphabet) of these authors in the process of advocacy and development of the national literary history in general; - On the basis of conceptual introduction, the dissertation has initially clarified the forming conditions as well as the characteristics of the type of Confucian - Renovating authors in relation to the previous types of Confucian authors as the same time appeared in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century; - The dissertation is the first scientific work to survey, describe and interpret some contributions of Confucian Renovating authors in the genre of Quoc Ngu novel in the early twentieth century through a system of topic - theme; organization of the plot structure; character building; artistic tone and artistic language; - In addition, through the research results, the thesis hopes to provide and apply an approach and evaluation for a special type of author, supplementing knowledge for reference, researching and teaching about some authors and works of Vietnamese literature in the early twentieth century Organization of the dissertation In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendix, the main content of the dissertation is developed into four chapters as follows: Chapter THEORETICAL GROUNDS AND RESEARCH OVERVIEW 1.1 Theoretical grounds 1.1.1 Theory of typology Typology (French: typologie) is the science of research in general This is both a theory and a method in literary research, which originated very early, right from ancient Greek-Roman culture to Aristot's literary division However, mentioning the theory of literary type, we must mention the achievements of previous Russian literary researchers In Vietnam, the type thinking, type method is increasingly attracting more researchers After nearly a century appearing in Vietnam, it can be said that geometric theory has become an effective research tool for those who are interested in Vietnamese literature, especially approaches from the geometric aspect literary author It can be affirmed, in Vietnam has formed a trend of literary research based on geometric theory as such 1.1.2 Narrative theory Novel genre is one of the genre that is typical of the narrative type Therefore, in order to study the author of Confucian - Renovating author and their contributions to the movement and development of novels in Vietnamese alphabet in the early twentieth century, the theory of narration is also considered one of the important theories applied in the dissertation The narrative theory also helps the writer to conduct research on the characteristics of the novel in Vietnamese alphabet - a large narrative mode in the early twentieth century Thus, in this thesis, the narrative theory will help us focus on addressing the unique characteristics of the method of the art of the novel in Vietnamese alphabet type of author Confucian - Renovating authors as structure, essence, stories, accents, and artistic language 1.2 About the Confucian - Renovating authors We conceive as follows, the Confucian - Renovating authors, first of all the writers are educated and deeply influenced by Confucian thought and traditional education Due to the historical circumstances of the transitory period, they were also learning and influenced by the new ideologies and educational background influenced by the West, although the level of influence in each author was different From there formed a new generation of writers - people of two centuries, carrying in themselves the characteristics of the transition, the transition between the old and the new This is a type of author that contains many complex elements of the era, characterized by the transition from the type of Confucian author to the author of modern literature On the one hand, the Confucian Renovating authors, on the one hand, still have unrealistic aspirations like the previous Confucian scholars: wishing to realize the dream of "economic economy" and "social reform" in literature , they uphold the role of social reform and social change of literature; on the other hand, they also saw the breakdowns of Confucian morality at the time, thereby directing their pen to reflect reality 1.3 Overview of research issues of Vietnamese Confucian – Renovating authors and their contributions to the formation and development of the genre of novel in Vietnamese alphabet in the early twentieth century 1.3.1 The research works on the Confucian – Renovating authors The research works on these five authors are also quite abundant We hereby would like to review some typical projects: 1.3.1.1 The studies on the author Nguyen Chanh Sat The studies on Nguyen Chanh Sat: first of all, it is the Southern novel in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century (2004) edited by Nguyen Kim Anh [72]; Literary dictionary (new set) [162]; "Writer and newsman Nguyen Chanh Sat (1869-1947)" [165], etc In general, the studies on Nguyen Chanh Sat mentioned quite fully about his status, career, and position to history in general and literary history in particular However, the problem of recognizing Nguyen Chanh Sat as a Confucian - Renovating author associated with his contribution to the genre of novel in Vietnamese alphabet in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is still an open question that requires more in-depth research 1.3.1.2 The studies on Ho Bieu Chanh Ho Bieu Chanh is the writer of the South Vietnam who is the most interested researcher These include studies of Phan Khoi [94]; Thieu Son [192]; Vu Ngoc Phan [130]; Nghiem Toan [174]; Pham The Ngu [150]; Nguyen Khue [97]; Hoai Anh [3]; Huynh Thi Lanh [108]; Pham Thi Thu Thuy [246] etc It can be affirmed that, until now, studies of Ho Bieu Chanh are quite abundant and many specialized works Accordingly, the aspects of his personal information, career, historical literary position has also been discussed relatively well A new feature of our study is to put Ho Bieu Chanh in the correlation of the Confucian Renovating authors in the early twentieth century to better understand his contributions to the modernization of the novel genre in Vietnamese alphabet in the early twentieth century 1.3.1.3 The studies on Tan Da Tan Da had been known as a special author right from the beginning of his appearance on the literature, the opinions about him were also very multidimensional, sometimes contradictory It is possible to mention the studies of Pham Quynh [182]; Duong Quang Ham [76]; Nguyen Dinh Chu [24], [25]; Tran Dinh Huou [90]; Trinh Ba Dinh, Nguyen Duc Mau [52]; Tran Van Toan [261], [262]; [263] etc 1.3.1.4 The studies on Nguyen Trong Thuat Although his works were few and not really popular at the time, Nguyen Trong Thuat also gained the attention of contemporary critics and researchers such as Thieu Son, Vu Ngoc Phan, Doan Quoc Si, Pham Thi Ngoan and Nguyen Quang Tuan etc 1.3.1.5 The studies on Ngo Tat To Coming from a family of Confucian traditions and Ngo Tat To himself, who also trained at the Khong and Trinh classes, that roots influenced his composing This feature in Ngo Tat To's writing career has been pointed out by most researchers Typically, there are studies of Phong Le [113]; Vuong Tri Nhan [153]; Phan Cu De [39]; Vu Tuan Anh [10]; Tran Thi Phuong Lan [104] etc 1.3.2 Research works on the genre of novel in the transitional period and novel in Vietnamese alphabet in the transitional period of Confucian – Renovating authors In general, the literature of the transitional period in general, the novel in Vietnamese alphabet in the transitional period in particular has long been the concern of many literary researchers and has had many intensive research works Those are the studies of Truc Ha [170], [171]; Truong Son Chi Ung Ngoc Ky [100] etc The situation of novel research in this period is continued in the works of some famous researchers such as Thieu Son, Moc Khue, Vu Ngoc, Le Thanh, Duong Quang Ham etc The issues of the novel of the first 30 years of the twentieth century continue to be mentioned in a number of remarkable works such as Ho Chi Minh Cultural Geography of the authors of Tran Van Giau, Tran Bach Dang, Nguyen Cong Binh [65]; Portrait of literature [3], of Hoai Anh [9]; New Literature Dictionary [162], Vietnamese Literature in the twentieth century by Pro Phan Cu De [41] etc In addition, there are works The first steps of newspapers, short stories, novels and new poems (1865-1932) by Bui Duc Tinh [249] etc Most notably is the work of a group of researchers from the Institute of Social Sciences in Ho Chi Minh City: Southern fictions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries [4], edited by Nguyen Kim Anh There are also a number of doctoral theses on Quoc Ngu prose in the early twentieth century The first is the dissertation: The formation and movement of the Vietnamese prose novel genre in the Southern period from the late nineteenth century to 1932 of Ton That Dung in 1993 [34] and the dissertation “The process of modernizing Vietnamese novels from the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century” of Cao Thi Xuan My in 2001 [138], "Depositing" with modernizing the prose in Vietnamese alphabet in the transitional period of Tran Van Toan in 2009 [252], The art of narrative fiction in the South from the late nineteenth century to 1932 of Phan Manh Hung in 2014 [84] etc These are quite thorough studies on the formation and development of the genre of novel in Vietnamese alphabet in the early twentieth century as well as the contributions of genre to the modernization of novel in particular and Vietnamese literature in general during the transitional period In foreign countries, according to the materials that we know, there are not many research works on Vietnamese alphabet prose in general and novels in particular In the Introduction la littérature Vietnamienne (Introduction to Vietnamese Literature - 1969), Maurice M Durand and Nguyen Tran Huan also presented a very brief summary of the works of two authors Ho Bieu Chanh and Buu Dinh In Le roman Vietnamien contemporain (Modern Vietnam novel - 1972) by Bui Xuan Bao [307], the author mentioned some works of Ho Bieu Chanh, Nguyen Thoi Xuyen etc 1.3.3 General comments Up to now, the characteristics of the Confucian type in the transitional period (early in the twentieth century) have not been studied much Particularly, the type of Confucian - Renovating authors has not had any systematic and intensive research Researching the types of Confucian – Renovating authors and their contributions to the formation and development of the genre of novel in Vietnamese alphabet in the early twentieth century, we hope to contribute to clarify the opened issues such as the characteristics of the type of author and the position, the contribution of the type of novel composed by Confucian Renovating authors of Vietnam in the early 20th century; Overseas, researchers only focus on some typical literary phenomena, about authors such as Truong Vinh Ky, Ho Bieu Chanh etc.; about works such as Master Lazaro's story etc.; while the Confucian – Renovating authors are hardly mentioned from the perspective of author type Our dissertation tries in terms of summarizing, evaluating and differentiating the type of Confucian - Renovating author, thereby hoping to add a voice to affirm the contributions as well as to point out the limitations, through their novel compositions, to the process of modernizing genre in particular and Vietnamese modern literature in the early twentieth century in general It is also the premise for us to survey, describe and evaluate the Quoc Ngu novel of this group of authors in both content and artistic aspects through issues of topic-theme; organization of the plot structure; character building; artistic tone and artistic language These are posed issues and we will gradually solve them in the next chapters of the thesis Summary of Chapter It can be affirmed that, in Vietnam's literature research department, so far, there have been many different approaches and each method has its advantages and disadvantages, which the appropriate application always gives researchers 12 1719) was followed by a series of other works such as Thien Nam Liet Truyen of Nguyen Canh Thi (born about 1756-1806), Hoang Le Nhat thong nhat chi of Ngo Gia Van Phai (early of the 19th century), Hoang Viet long chi of Ngo Giap Dau (1904), Viet lam xuan thu of Vu Xuan Mai (from the end of the 20th century to about 1908), Tay Duong Gia To bi luc the records of Pham Ngo Hien, Nguyen Hoa Duong, Nguyen Ba Am, Tran Trinh Hien (1812), the Trung Quang tam su of Phan Boi Chau (1921-1925), etc b) Narrative thinking of Vietnamese novels from 1900 to 1930 In general, Vietnamese novels up to 1924 can be said to have had some successes, forming a particular style of writing, a kind of narrative narrative which was quite clear and imprinted by the era at that time The Vietnamese novel from 1925 with the appearance of the novel To Tam (Hoang Ngoc Phach) was a remarkable development In general, Vietnamese novels from 1925 to 1930 have made great progress in both quantity and quality In terms of volume, according to Le Tu Anh's statistics, the number of novels from 1910 to 1924 only had 69 works; whereas from 1925 to 1930 there were 260 works In terms of capacity, novels at this stage also have more pages, etc 2.1.2.4 The process of the writers’ change in awareness and conscience The entry of writers from Confucian and renovating writers formed in the late nineteenth century and flourished in the early 20th century shows the transformation of literature from the medieval category to modern category In addition, it is also necessary to mention the change in the perception about the genre of fiction by Confucian - Renovating authors in the early 20th century If in the history of medieval literature, fiction was inherently disregarded, here, the Confucian - Renovating authors have clearly seen the role of social improvement of this genre 2.2 Characteristics of Confucian – Renovating authors in the early 20th century 2.2.1 Authors, originally Confucian scholar, who later joined and studied at French-Vietnamese schools The common point of this group of authors is that they come from traditional families, the father knows Chinese They were taught Chinese characters from an early age, then, because of the time, Han Chinese exams were gradually falling, combined with the orientation of the family, the awareness of individuals that they did not participate in Kanji exam This is a group of people 13 who did not participate in the kanji department The three authors we categorized into this subgroup were Nguyen Chanh Sat, Nguyen Trong Thuat and Ho Bieu Chanh In terms of author type, closest to Nguyen Chanh Sat, Nguyen Trong Thuat and Ho Bieu Chanh, we can also mention some other authors such as Tan Dan Tu (1875-1955), Buu Dinh (1898-1931), etc 2.2.2 Authors that attended the Confucian exams and self-taught French This is a group of authors who have studied, then participated in the examinations of Chinese characters (some passed, some did not), then shifted to new study by approaching the Vietnamese language and French but mainly by the way of self-study The authors belong to this subgroup including Tan Da and Ngo Tat To Sorting the same type with the authors Tan Da and Ngo Tat To, we can also mention some other typical writers such as Nguyen Ba Hoc (1857-1921); Nguyen Don Phuc (1878-1954); Nguyen Do Muc (1882-1951), Nguyen Tu Sieu (1887-1965), etc Summary of Chapter At the beginning of the 20th century, Vietnamese society had strong fluctuations After pacifying Vietnam, the French colonial government implemented policies to assimilate our people by developing transportation, industry, and commerce, creating fundamental changes in social strata The urban birth and expansion, along with the life of the urban class with other cultural and artistic activities influenced by Western culture, has created a new face for social life at that time The education policy with the gradual abolition of Confucian examination and the construction of French-Vietnamese schools across the three regions created a new contingent of intellectuals, and promoted former intellectuals to change their minds and turn themselves around keep up the changing trend of the times Moreover, thanks to the popularization of Vietnamese alphabet in life and in education, the development of literature of national language has progressed one step faster This period witnessed the formation of a large force of writers who composed literature primarily as writers - journalists, journalists - writers Along with the public creation of new literature and the process of changing the minds of writers, the impact of journalism, printing, publishing and publishing technology as well as the vibrant literary translation movement are premise to form and develop the genre of prose of Quoc Ngu In 14 the context of Confucianism - an ideology that was a pillar of Vietnamese feudalism for centuries - it has become obsolete and does not help much for the process of national renewal and development, especially for the liberation of the nation that was severely criticized, such a change of Confucian - Renovating authors such as Nguyen Chanh Sat, Nguyen Trong Thuat, Ho Bieu Chanh, Tan Da and Ngo Tat To was an inevitable trend Chapter CONFUCIAN - RENOVATING AUTHORS WITH NOVELS IN VIETNAMESE ALPHABET ON THE SYSTEM OF TOPIC - THEME AND ORGANIZATION OF PLOT STRUCTURE 3.1 The system of Topic - Theme 3.1.1 Topic - theme about ethics, social morality This is considered as a typical theme in the novel in Vietnamese alphabet of Confucian - Renovating authors Confucian morality attaches great importance to humanity and dignity, attaches importance to the "three basic diamonds" for thousands of years In the period of contact and encounter with Western culture and ideas, the Confucian morality showed more and more duality: the outdated obsolete and the inherent Confucian – Renovating authors direct the content of their works to the praise of traditional ethics of our nation; enthusiastically praise and strongly think for the meaning and attitude of criticism, denunciation, hatred, ridicule, and irony of nonsense phenomena, etc 3.1.2 Topic - theme about social criticism These are ideological aspects which are quite suitable with the ethical inspiration and social criticism of the Confucianist in general, especially in the societies hostile to them and to the national interests Looking at another angle, in families, grandparents, parents because they value money, they push their children and siblings into misery and depression Under the view of Confucian – Renovating authors, the relationship in the family is dominated by money reflected vividly, rich in denunciations The topic of reflecting society, denouncing bad and negative phenomena, appreciating money is a universal theme in literature in the first half of the 20th century Reflecting real life is one of the mainstream trends inherited and followed from contemporary, modernist literature and continues to flourish, contributing to the artistic peaks that are typical is a critical realist literary movement that Ngo Tat To is also one of the typical authors 15 3.1.3 Theme - topic about love and family marriage One of the noticeable points in the novels of Confucian – Renovating authors is that the topic of love of men and women and family marriage is mentioned quite often In addition to the tragic love affair in Ho Bieu Chanh's realistic-oriented group of works, Confucian – Renovating authors proved very interested and passionate about telling beautiful, flying love stories scholarship, romantic The mention of the word "love", that is to mention the affection of the couple with their beautiful colors and respectful attitude, has made the novels of Confucian - Renovating authors somewhat closer to the literature of previous type of amateur grapes The theme of love and family marriage brings romantic sounds, true levels of emotion in the author of Confucian - Renovating literature 3.2 Organization of plot structure 3.2.1 Borrowed plot structure The writers borrowed the plot as an expression of the process of finding direction for the genre of National language novel in the early twentieth century Borrowing the plot in the work of a team of Confucian - Renovating authors also exists many different trends Some of the works of Confucian - Renovating authors tend to rely on the plot of the Nom poetry genre to simulate and adapt into novels with a large scale reflecting the thinking of Western fiction The borrowings of the elements of the Confucianism and Renovating borrowed the plot elements, both showing the inheritance of traditional artistic thinking and showing the aspiration towards modern writing, the spirit of studying Western novels and profound influence in contemporary literary life It is a very important, legal process of development of a transitional period literature Learning starts from simulation, borrowing, and advancing to independent, selfcreated creativity 3.2.2 Creative plot structure These are works created entirely by fiction on the basis of real life Reading these novels will see that Renovating National language novelists have an independent sense of creativity From the character system, space-time to the system of completely fictional events and events From the search and development of stories based on Chinese stories, detective novels, Western travel or borrow the Nom storyline to create works with completely independent storylines, the desire to find swords, creativity and the remarkable contribution of 16 Confucian - Renovating authors for the development of Vietnamese novels in the early twentieth century Summary of chapter It can be affirmed that, in the National language novel of the Confucian and Renovating authors, the system of topic - theme and organization of plot structure is quite rich and has many characteristics In the topic - theme aspect, the dissertation has surveyed typical novels and described, interpreted three topic theme systems: ethical and social ethics; subject of social criticism and the topic of love, marriage and family in comparison with writers of the same time to see the similarities, differences and innovations of Confucian - Renovating author These are three systems of topic - theme that is quite concentrated, forming a certain distinction which is systematic and more or less mobilized from Nguyen Chanh Sat, Ho Bieu Chanh, Tan Da to Nguyen Trong Thuat and especially is crystallized in Ngo Tat To Particularly for the topic of social criticism, according to our research is the continuation of the spirit of social criticism in traditional literature (especially of the eighteenth-century humanism, the first half of 19 th century and satirical poetry in the second half of the 19 th century), along with the social criticism of Western realism This spirit of criticism is quite in line with the moral and social criticism of the Confucian author, especially in the context of societies hostile to them and to the interests of the nation The reflection content of the above topic gradually steps away from the " religion load", the pattern of traditional literature to get closer to the real life, to reflect honestly the social life at that time At the same time, from the realistic observation of social life and self, the writers have built a system of character images in their works The types of characters described by the thesis are: ethical people, meaning love; talented people bring the illusion of escape; people are oppressed, exploited to the extreme and people are corrupted as well as bureaucrats, feudal landlords, etc Especially, there are also characters typical for the critical reality trend in contemporary literature such as the image of the character of Ms Dau or Nghi Que in the Tat Den novel of Ngo Tat To, etc It can be said that in the aspect of expressing the topic - theme and the system of Confucian and Renovating authors has contributed significantly to the modernization of literature in general and the genre of National language novel in particular in the first half of the twentieth century In terms of 17 organizing the structure of the plot, the Confucian - Renovating authors had a combination of the narrative tradition from the previous period with innovations to keep up with the pace of the era Regarding the plot of Quoc Ngu novels, besides borrowed plots, Confucian - Renovating authors also built many independent creative plots and above all, in this respect, whether borrowed or not Moreover, the real-life color plots of the country's social life transitional period have been refracted through the world of novel art This is a very remarkable contribution of this team of authors to the genre tradition in particular, the history of national literature in general Chapter CONFUCIAN AND RENOVATING AUTHORS WITH NATIONAL LANGUAGE NOVEL AT THE BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY IN TERMS OF BUILDING CHARACTER SYSTEM, ARTISTIC TONE AND ARTISTIC LANGUAGE 4.1 Building character system 4.1.1 Some types of typical characters 4.1.1.1 The characters are moral, grateful and affectionate The virtuous, mean person means the central figure in the novels of Confucian - Renovating authors such as Nguyen Chanh Sat and Ho Bieu Chanh Through surveys and descriptions, we believe that the type of character characterized by having qualities, moral qualities, and important life style is a type of character with clear characteristics in the creation of novel in Vietnamese alphabet of Confucian - Renovating authors in the early 20th century 4.1.1.2 The characters are dilettantes wishing for unrealistic dreams of escaping reality It can be said that compared to other types of human images that the thesis surveyed, the image of talented people with escape dreams is somewhat faint Surveying the novels of Confucian – Renovating authors, we found that the image of the talented man with the escape dream appeared most boldly in the writings of Tan Da Nguyen Khac Hieu The character is a talented man with a dream of escape, which was like a product of the era at that time 4.1.1.3 Characters that were oppressed, exploited and abused to the very core of their existence 18 Through the survey, it can be affirmed that the image of human being oppressed and exploited to the extreme in the novel in Vietnamese alphabet of Confucian – Renovating authors in the early years of the 20th century had a process of advocacy and development in accordance with general rules This type of character has gone from oppressed people due to the conception of feudalism, the injustice provisions of the old Vietnamese family to those who were oppressed due to the current historical and social circumstances 4.1.1.4 The character is a corrupted human and the bureaucracy, the landlord This type of character appears in “Nghĩa hiệp kỳ duyên”, “Lòng người nham hiểm” by Nguyen Chanh Sat, “Đại nghĩa diệt thân”, “Tiền bạc bạc tiền”, “Đóa hoa tàn”… by Ho Bieu Chanh and especially in “Tắt đèn” by Ngo Tat To, etc In general, under the view of Confucian - Renovating authors In general, from the viewpoint of the authors of Confucian - Renovating authors, the image of people morally corrupted before the temptations of money, of materialistic pleasures as well as bureaucrats, landlords, and superlars at that time appeared vividly Aiming at inspiring such critique, Confucian - Renovating authors desire to preserve morality as well as maintain a good social order during the transitional period 4.1.2 Art of character development 4.1.2.1 The art of depicting the appearance and indentity of the character The first is the issue of portraying and listing the identities of the types of characters This has been inherited from medieval literature by the Confucian Renovating authors and has newer developments Along with that is the tactics of blurring the character's portrayal which is also a highlight of the National novel in the early twentieth century 4.1.2.2 The art of depicting the psychology of characters The writer's attention to the psychological life of the character also shows the progressive efforts of the Confucian - Renovating authors in directing their target to the real world within humans - a category where fiction Modern novel sets out and keeps exploring In which, the depiction of psychology through the method of "borrowing scenery to convey the mood" and direct depiction of psychology through the artistic language are the outstanding characteristics of Confucian - Renovating authors in the early twentieth century 4.2 Artistic tone 19 4.2.1 The tone of philosophy and teachings Appearing in a transitional setting, Confucian ideals are still deeply imprinted in the artistic thinking of Confucianist – Renovating team Confucian concepts of morality, people and social life still exist in the novels of this type of author, most clearly expressed through the tone of philosophy and teaching Philosophy is a way of seeing the world with the Confucian concepts and ethical standards The teaching comes from the consciousness of the Confucianist when they consider Confucian intellectuals to be the elite class of society Intellectuals who are knowledgeable and very aware of the responsibility to use the "virtue" of saints to teach the anniversaries of the people Confucian intellectuals played a central role, helping the court to guide and expand the style of the popular class The of philosophy and teachingbecome typical tones of the Confucianist's work 4.2.2 The tone of comment on the times The appearance of this tone of comment on the times has shown a change in the perception of this author's team Living in the context of the transitional time, the old values represented by Confucian ideology no longer play a central role, so the Confucian - Renovating author not only fervently raised philosophical and educational voices to restore Confucianism They began to care about the current issues with a casual attitude in the role of "the faithful journalist of the times" Voice commentary on issues posed from life has shown the attitude of the author joining the Confucian - Renovating author They were concerned with the pressing problems of real life The problems that were previously overlooked and paid little attention are now through the progressive view of “new” knowledge, the hidden corners of social life as well as people becoming new and full 4.2.3 Sympathetic tone The sympathetic tone reflects the writer's empathy attitude towards the injustices encountered by the character in life This is the human voice of the author who wants to find sympathy from the readers In general, this type of tone appeared in some novels of Nguyen Chanh Sat, then to Ho Bieu Chanh and more clearly, Ngo Tat To's novel 4.2.4 Satirical and humorous tone This type of tone is popular in the satirical and lyrical inspired compositions of Confucianism - Renovating education by Ngo Tat To Surveyed in two novels Leu Chong and Tat Den, you can see the satirical and humorous tone appeared very prominent It seems that it was only in the era of Ngo Tat To that this tone was used as 20 an effective means of expressing an attitude of dissonance with outdated old values, exposing contemporary evils with witty and wicked laughter 4.3 Artistic language 4.3.1 The declining trend of verse-to-verst sentences and the increase in the language of life 4.3.1.1 The declining trend of verse –to-verst sentences The verse –to-verst expression appeared in the novels of a number of the Confucian - Renovating authors such as Nguyen Chanh Sat, Ho Bieu Chanh, Tan Da and Nguyen Trong Thuat The use of the simple verse-to-verse sentences shows that the Confucian - Renovating authors are still inherited the medieval literary tradition 4.3.1.2 Decreasing in the number of Chinese - Vietnamese words Through the survey, it can be seen that the dense density of Chinese Vietnamese words system in many novels of Confucius scholars - Renovating authors are evidence of the existence of Confucian culture in the artistic thinking of this five authors The intertwining of Chinese - Vietnamese words in the novel makes the literary style become bold with the classical atmosphere and the charming, beautiful colors of literary literature If in the works of Nguyen Chanh Sat and Nguyen Trong Thuat, the number of Chinese - Vietnamese words still appears a lot and then in Ho Bieu Chanh’s works the number has decreased to the maximum and when it comes to Ngo Tat To, the trend of gradually reducing the number of Chinese - Vietnamese words has become very clear The gradual decrease in the density of Chinese - Vietnamese words in the literary language of Confucius scholars - Renovating authors is the process of moving from medieval literary literature to modern National languge’s literature 4.3.1.3 The increase in the language of life When writing novels, a number of Confucius scholars - Renovating authors intentionally aimed at the general public Their largest public audience is the ordinary people Therefore, the writers have paid attention to using words that are simple, rustic, close and easy to understand One of the most obvious marks is the ingenious and rich manipulation of the local word class, the Southern spoken language class in the works of Ho Bieu Chanh and Nguyen Chanh Sat; class of familiar spoken words of the Northern delta in the composition of Ngo Tat To 4.3.2 Dialogue language and internal monologue language 4.3.2.1 Dialogue language 21 Examining the novels within the scope of the research topic, we found that the language of dialogue bears different characteristics among writers In terms of both form and content, it can be divided into the following two trends: The first trend, the dialogue language characterized by the specific communication style of the Confucius scholar The dialogue does not describe, characterize the character; - The second trend is the language of dialogue that tends to approach reality The dialogues take place more flexibly, the language of communication clearly shows the personality of the character Representing this trend is Ho Bieu Chanh and Ngo Tat To 4.3.2.2 The language of internal monologues Not only describing the out-shown psychology through action, Confucius scholars - Renovating authors also began to point the pen in discovering the inner life of human beings through two forms of describing the mental evolution which were through the language of the narrator and the internal monologue (the writer lets the character express himself, speaks loudly to himself) By depicting the language of inner monologue, Confucian - Renovating authors gradually turned the pen to recreating the inner psychology The character thus appears vividly, fully and bears the breath of life Conclusion of Chapter By surveys and descriptions, we have initially clarified the relentless efforts of the Confucian - Renovating authors in terms of character building, artistic tone and artistic language Regarding character building, the types of characters described by the thesis are: characters are ethical and meaningful people; the character is an amateur man with a delusion; human characters are oppressed, exploited to the extreme and human characters are corrupted and the bureaucracy, landlords Character system in the Quoc Ngu novel of Confucian Renovating authors is abundance, diversity, expressing their own characteristics compared to the compositions of other contemporary novel authors In particular, there are aesthetic characters representing cultural characteristics such as moral characters in novels of Nguyen Chanh Sat and Ho Bieu Chanh; characters with delusional ideas escaping from the deadlock situation of life in the novels of Tan Da, so on Especially, they are also typical characters for the critical reality trend in contemporary literature such as the image of the character of Chi Dau or Nghi Que in the novel "Tat Den" by Ngo Tat To In terms of the tone of art, in general, 22 the Quoc Ngu novel of the Confucian - Renovating authors is quite rich in accent and bilingual The philosophy and teaching are still the dominant and cross-cutting voice, combined with the commentary voice, sympathetic and comical voice, lashing out at later stages Recognizing Confucian - Renovating authors as a process from pioneering authors like Nguyen Chanh Sat to crystallized authors like Ngo Tat To, we can see the quite clear contribution of this type of author to the the development of Vietnamese Quoc Ngu novel in the twentieth century seems that the following authors always inherited the success of the previous authors Regarding the art language system, the trend of gradual sentence reduction from Chinese-Vietnamese words, increasing the language of life; The harmonious combination between the language of dialogue and the language of internal monologues continues to be a unique feature of Confucian - Renovating authors in expressing the art world of Quoc Ngu novel in the early twentieth century Character building, artistic tone and artistic language are the three basic aspects along with the topic - theme and organization of the plot structure representing typical contributions of the Confucian - Renovating authors type in the Quoc Ngu novel genre in the early twentieth century CONCLUSION Type of Confucian - Renovating authors in the first half of the twentieth century, including those who came from Confucianism, with or without participating in the national examinations but studied and absorbed Confucianism before writing Literature The dissertation examines the novels of five typical Confucian - Renovating authors, including two authors in the South who are Nguyen Chanh Sat, Ho Bieu Chanh, and three authors in the North who are Nguyen Trong Thuat, Tan Da, Nguyen Khac Hieu and Ngo Tat To The period from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century is considered to be the hinge period, the turning point between two centuries where the transfer between two literary systems with many differences happened: Medieval ancient literature with Confucian pointviews and ideas as the mainstream and modern literature with the influence of the new conception of philosophical thought, Western philosophy Therefore, this is a very complicated period, the aspects of content and form of old and new compositions are interwoven, literary types in general, novels in particular are still in chaos and confusion, the boundaries between novels and other genres are sometimes blurred 23 Like other genres, novels (in the modern age) are also in the process of moving while having to find the road, exploring while experimenting and being an important part of the press while trying to escape from it Therefore, literature in this period in general and novels in particular has a special appearance, creating its own characteristics that not easily found in the previous and subsequent periods On the other hand, in the exchange between Asia – Europe, the old – the new, the formation of a new class of intellectuals, including writers who originally studied Confucianism but before the change of times moved to French - Vietnamese schools From the formation of such a type of author, literature in general and novels in particular of Confucian - Renovating authors have their own unique features, contributing to and building up a new Quoc ngu (National language) prose as well as forming and developing the genre of novel in the early twentieth century on both content and art From the genre approach, in Chapter and Chapter of the thesis, we have explained the contents of the topic - theme, organization of the plot structure, character system building, artistic tone and artistic language In Chapter 3, the dissertation has conducted the identification of the contribution of the Confucian - Renovating authors to the genre of Quoc Ngu novel in the early twentieth century on two aspects: the system of topic - theme and organization of the plot structure The study of the system of topic - theme in the novels of plot is conducted on three aspects: the topic - theme of ethics and social morality; topic - theme of social criticism; topic - theme about love and family marriage In particular, the topic - theme of morality, social morality and the topic - theme of social criticism becomes a cross-cutting topic - theme in the novels of five authors with different bold expression and specificity Particularly, the topic – theme of social criticism in the works of the authors Tan Da, Nguyen Chanh Sat, Ho Bieu Chanh, Nguyen Trong Thuat and Ngo Tat To, is a continuation of the social criticism spirit in traditional literature, especially of the eighteenth-century humanism in the first half of the nineteenth century and the satirical poetry of the second half of the nineteenth century, plus the social criticism of Western realism In terms of organizing the structure of the plot, the dissertation pointed out the contributions and limitations on the organization of the plot structure of Confucian - New Graduate authors when they mainly used linear plot in chapter style; adventurous, action-packed storylines, and feature-rich real- 24 life storylines used less often; Western psychological plot also has almost no appearance Therefore, in the presentation, we have divided into two groups to organize the plot structure, which is borrowed plot structure and independent creative plot structure to describe and analyze It seems that in each type of plot structure organization, in the writer or in each specific work, it has more or less showed the contributions of Confucian - Renovating authors to the formation, genre development, especially in the first 20 years of the twentieth century In Chapter 4, the thesis continues to identify the contributions of Confucian - Renovating authors to the formation and development of genres on three aspects: building character systems, artistic tone and artistic language In terms of building the character system, from observing the reality of social life and personal experiences, the Confucian - Renovating authors have built a system of character types in the work quite rich and diverse as the character is a moral, affectionate and meaningful human; the character is an amateur man with a delusion; human characters are oppressed, exploited to the extreme; characters are corrupt people and mandarins, feudal landlords bearing certain imprints of Confucian ideas and concepts In terms of artistic tone, on the basis of examining the Quoc Ngu novel of Confucian - Renovating authors, we have described and interpreted four types of tones: philosophical and teaching tones; worldly commentary tone; compassionate and humorous, offensive tone In terms of linguistic arts, the thesis has shown that: novels of Confucian Renovating authors still exist the interplay between poetry and modern style Also through research, we have found that the declining trend of random sentences and the increase of language of life are more or less obvious; the system of ancient words and old discourse style with the gradual reduction of the number of Chinese-Vietnamese words, the increase in colloquial words also create interesting characteristics for the language of the novel of Quoc Ngu novel at the beginning of the century In addition, the interweaving of dialogue language and internal monologue language in the later novels, in Ho Bieu Chanh's novels and especially in Ngo Tat To's novels is a remarkable success for the type of Confucian Renovating authors in the history of national literature Some next research directions: - Firstly, studying the novels of Confucian - Renovating authors from the viewpoint of cultural studies; Secondly, studying the novels of Confucian - Renovating authors authors from a 25 narrative perspective; - Thirdly, studying the novels of Confucian - Renovating authors from the perspective of sociological literature LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS BY THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION THEME Bui Thi Lan Huong (2014), “The art of narrating Vietnamese short stories in the early XX century (1900-1932)” (co-writting), Literature Publishing House, Hanoi Bui Thi Lan Huong (2017), “Tan Da: From the talented Confucius scholar to a modern Confucius scholar”, Journal of Science, Hanoi National University of Education, (62), pp.50-56 Bui Thi Lan Huong (2017), "Nguyen Chanh Sat and the development of Southern National languge prose in the early XX century (In the case of “Nghia Hiep Ky Duyen”)", Journal of Science, Saigon University, (28/53), May, p.97 -106 Bui Thi Lan Huong (2018), “Ngo Tat To's view on Confucianism (in “Leu chong” case),” Journal of Science, Hanoi Capital University, (26), October, pp.62-70 Bui Thi Lan Huong (2018), "Type of Confucius scholars – Renovating Authors in Vietnamese Literature in the Early Twentieth Century", Journal of Culture and Arts, (413), November, pp.83-87 Bui Thi Lan Huong (2019), "Characteristics of the language of National language’s novels of Vietnamese Confucian – Renovating authors at the beginning of the twentieth century", Journal of Science, Hanoi Metropolitan University, (32), pp.5-17 ... la littérature Vietnamienne (Introduction to Vietnamese Literature - 1969), Maurice M Durand and Nguyen Tran Huan also presented a very brief summary of the works of two authors Ho Bieu Chanh... only years of setting foot in our country, the French government immediately launched a newspaper in Vietnamese alphabet in Southern Vietnam Along with bringing the press into Vietnam, the French... into this subgroup were Nguyen Chanh Sat, Nguyen Trong Thuat and Ho Bieu Chanh In terms of author type, closest to Nguyen Chanh Sat, Nguyen Trong Thuat and Ho Bieu Chanh, we can also mention some