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Bài viết nêu một số ý kiến trao đổi với mục đích góp phần làm rõ hơn tính chất của mối quan hệ cú pháp giữa thành tố nguyên nhân và thành tố kết quả trong câu nhân quả trong tiếng Việt. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết của tài liệu.
So (247)-2016 NGON N G C & D I S N G VE TINH CHAT CUA MOI QUAN HE CU PHAP G I C A THANH TO NGUYEN NHAN VA T H A N H TO KET QUA TRONG CAu GHEP NHAN QUA ON THE NATURE OF SYNTACTIC E^LATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CAUSE COMPONENTS AND EFFECT COMPONENTS IN CAUSE-AND-EFFECT COMPOUND SENTENCES NGUY£N VAN LQC (PGS.TS; Dai hgc Sir pham, DH Thjii Nguyen) NGUYEN THJ THU H A (ThS-NCS; Dai hgc Sir ph9m, DH Thiii NguySn) Abstract: Considering the characteristics of syntactic relationship between the cause components and effect components cause-and-effect compound sentences, the author believe that although this relationship has the similar features with Ihe coordinated relationship and has reciprocal dependent characteristics, basically, it has the natures of the major - subordinate relationship, in which "the cause" component is subordinate clause K ^ words: cause-and-effect compound sentence; coordinated relationship; reciprocal dependent relationship; major - subordinate relationship Trong nghien ciiu cii p h ^ tieng Vift, hay cdu true nhan qua nhu neu tren day mpt din van ton tai kh6ng it nhung van dh c6n m^ chofliaytinh chat phiic tap ciia kieu cau c6 '^ ki^n tranh luan M^t s6 d6 la vi?c dang xem x^t; mat khdc, khiln cho vi§c de xac dinh tinh chat cua moi quan hf cii phdp day hpc ngO ph^, ngii6i d^y vd ngudi hpc gifta c ^ ve kieu cau thirdng dugfc ggi 1^ gap nhiing kh6 khSn nhit dinh c ^ l\ra cau gh^p nh3n qua Vi du: Vi tdi thdng tgn n§n chpn dua cdch phan tich cu the doi voi kieu hai cdu chii ciia toi yeu qity tdi ldm Trong cdu (ciu tnic) ndy vi^ xac dinh tinh chdt cua m6i quan h? cii Tru6ctiiucte do, bm vilt ndy, chiing phdp giOa th^nh to nguyen nhan va to t6i sS nSu mOt s6 y kiln trao doi voi muc dich kit qua cau nhan quii kieu tien day, c6 g6p phdn ldm r5 hon tmh chdt cua moi quan thi thdy c6 nhiing y kiln chinh sau; h? cii phap gifta tl nguySn nhan va (i) Cho rSng to nguyen nhan c6 quan to ket qua troi^ cau nhdn qud h$ phu thuoc qua lai voi th^inh t6 kit qua [4, tieng Vipt 588], [2,40], [6,259- 260] 2.1 Theo chiing t6i, cdch phdntichthii ba (ii) Coi thdnh t6 nguySn nhdn la to m|c di CO CO sd nhit dinh - d6 la n^ tuong ph\i (c6 quan h$ ph\i thuOc mpt chieu vdo dong giua kilu cdu (cdu tnic) nhan qua dang th^nh t^ kit qua) [7, 565-570], [1, 305-307], xem xet va cau tnic ding l|lp till hipn d tinh dong loai cua cdc to cdu t ^ - nhung rdt [8,405-413].^ (iii) Cho ring quan h$ giiia thjlnh tl nguyen kh6 dupe chap nhan \i nhttag IS sau: nhSn vS thMi to kit quatirongcau hay cau a) Cau tnic ddng lap thudng dupe coi Id ciu tnic nhan qui (kieu nhir "Vi ludn nen hgc tnic md md s6 lupng tl tiorc tilp vl kim ") la mpt kieu nhd (kieu quan he qua lai) nguySn tdc, cd thi hon hai ho|c khong han thu§c quan h$ ddng ldp [5,255] che Nhung d cau hay ciu tnic dang xem x6t, Vi?c d6ng thai ton tai drai ba each phan so lupng td chi la hai tich khdc (ma co sd thuong khfing dupe b) d ciu tnic ddng l^p, tr$t tir giiia cdc trinh biy c3n ke, thau ddo) doi voi kieu cau tiidnh tl vl nguyen tdc Idti^do (de dang thay N G N NGU* & DCW S N G S I (247)-2016 dii md khong !dm thay ddi co ban 3? nghia ciia b) vi hinh thuc: Hai tiianh tl tiyc tilp ciu tnic); Wii dd, d cdu hay ciu tnic tiiupc kilu cdu ndy thudng dupe nii ket bdng dang xem x6t, tiiay ddi trat t\r, ^ nghia sB cdc c|p quan h? tCr (vl nin, nen, bdi thay doi cabdn So sanh; nin, nhdr nen, tgi nen) Noi nhu Nguye Kim Thdn, hai dogn cau cdu phiic qua 1^ - ciu tnic ddng lap: (la) Anh vd em cung ^.—> (lb) Em vd anh "bao gid ciing cd nhiing yeu to hinh thiic gdn bd Igr [4, 588] Nhung yeu to hinhtiiiicndy cimg di (2a) Hodc anh di, hoac tdi di -+ (2b) gIm "lien tit qua IgV ho§c "lien tu co sv hd Ong cita phd ti^' [4,588- 589] Hoac tdi di hoac anh di (3a) Cd dy vica thdng minh, vCca xinh d?p Theo chiing tdi, y kiln l|ip lu|in ung hp cdch phdntichthii nhit tren ddy phin ndo chi —*(3b) Co ay viia xinh dep, vOa thdng minh dupe d5c dilm, tinh chdt ciia moi quan h$ giUa - Cau tmc nhdn qud: cdctiidnhtl nhung dd chua phdi Id ca sd day (4a) Vi (nd) ludi nen (nd) hgc Mm —* (4b) diX chdc chin dl khdng dinh d nhiing cdu nhdn Vi (nd) hgc kem nen (nd) ludi (?) 2.2 E>li vdi -^ kiln thii nhit, mdc du cdc tdc qua kilu tr&i ddy cd moi quan h$ phy thudc gid khdng trinh bay that ro rang ca sd ciia cdch qua 1^ giiia thdnh to nguyen nhdn vd thdnh tl phdntichdupe dua nhung c6 thi nh§n thiy kit qud Sd dl cd the ndi nhu v%y Id \i: chd dya chinh cua each phdntichndy Id: (1) vi n^i dung: - Khdo sdt c\i the cho thiy moi quan hf vl a) Vi ngi dung: Hai thdnh tl cdu nhan qua c6 moi quan he chdt che vdi npi dung giOa cdc tiidnh tl nhihig cdu theo kieu quan h$ tiln de - h$ qud (m$t thdnh thudng dupe coi la "cdu gh^p qua 1^" (cd d^ tl neu su tinh la tien dl, m$t thdnh tl neu s\r dilm gan giii vdi "cdu gh^ nhdn qud" dang dupe xem x&) khdng phdi ludn Id mli quan h$ tinh Id h? qud xdy tr6n ca sd tiln dl dd) Nguyen Kim Than xep kieu cau nhan qud "qua Igi", tiic Id moi quan h? "phy thuOc vdo dang xem x^t tren day vdo "cau phiic hpp" nhau" Chdng hgn, thii so sdnh: bSn canh "cdu dieu kifn" vd "cdu nhupng bO" (5) Niu cd tiin, tdi cOng khdng mua d td vd chi r5: "Logi cdu phiic hgp ndy bao gid (6) Mdc dit bi om, tdi vdn den ldp ciing ddi hdi s^c hd ieng cua hai dogn cdu liend nhihig cdu tren, su tinh neu d tl quan m0t cdch hiiu co voi vd d^ca vdothii nhit (chi dilu ki$n ho§c s\r nhupng bO) md tdn tgi" [4,588] Hodng Trpng Philn khdng he chi phoi (quy dinh) kit qud n6u d ve cCing thita nhdn s\r tin tai ciia "cdu ghep qua thii hai Ndi cdch khdc, s\r tinh neu d ve thii Igi" vd cho rang: "Trong tieng Vi$t cdu ghiphai khdng phdi Id kit qua logic hay tit yeu cua qua Igi gdm hai vi quan h$ voi theo kiiu sytinhneu d vetiiiinhit Vl thyc chit, vl thu: ngi dung diiu ki^n - kit qua, ngi^in nhdn - nhit ciia nhihig cdu ndy chi nfiu hodn cdnh, kit qud, nhugng bg - tdng tien Hai vi ndy Hin (filu ki?n dd sy tinh neu d vl thii hai da quan vdi vd dua vdo md tdn tgi." hoac cd thi diln [2, 210 -211] Tap thi cdc tac gia cuon NgU - Tinh chat "phu thupc qua lai" thudng phap tieng Vi?t (2002) cho rdng "ndng cot cuadirpc ndi den nhu mpt d§c dilm '"npi dun^ cdu ghep qua Igi chi cd hai ve, vd nhdt thiit cua "cdu ghep nhdn qud" cung nhu cim cdc phdi cd hai ve Ve la diiu ki$n ton tgi cuaki6u cau gh6p cd dac ^em gdn gui vdi nd (c&i vi vd ngugc Igi Cd da hai vi mdi thdnh ghdp dilu kifn, nhupng b§), thyc ra, cd tinh mgt cdu ghep cd nghTa trgn v?n, mdi bieu thf logic - ngii nghia han Id tinh chit ct pUp mgt suy li bao ham mgt tien de vd mot h^ Chdng han, d cdu (7a) Nhd cdc bdc sTtgn drih ludn "[6,259] cuu chua, tdi dd khoi b?nh, qud la c6 moi quan s i (247)-2016 NG6N NGC & D6I S6NG hf qua lai (quan h$ logic - ngU nghia) giiia sy thupc (chi sy phy thudc cua yiu tl dupe dan tinh nguyen nhdn (cdc bdc sT tgn tinh cOu noi) Chdng han, thu xet quan h^titmd dving chad) vd sy linh kit qud (toi dd khoi b$nh) dl din niitiianhto chi kit qud Tuy nhidn, mli quan h$ qua lai Idlu ndy Cd thi thay, mdtixmgcdu nhan qud tiiudng khdng chi dupe quan sdt d cau tr€n ddy md dupe coi Id tft ddng nghia vdi nen (deu chi ket cdn cd thi thay d nhiing cdu vdi trang ngii qua) va dupe coi la tft diing thdnh c$p vdi vl myc dich, trang ngii dieu k i ^ (vi dy: (8) De (do, bdi, tgi, nhd) Dilu ndy cd thi fliiy qua hiiu biet, chiing ta cdn hgc tap (9) Anh se khd ndng thay thi lan giua ma vd nin dugc vay tiin ngdn hang vdi diiu ki$n anh So sdnh: phdi cd tdi sdn thi chdp) (1 Oa) Vd Igi cung chiing ta Idn chdn ma Trong nhiing cdu tren ddy, ro rdng gifta xe din day cham (Chu Lai) trang ngft chi myc dich (de hieu biet) vd trgng (10b) Yd Igi, cUng chiing ta lan chdn ngft chi £eu kien (vdi dieu kien anh phdi cd nen xe den day cham tdi sdn thi chap) vd cdc thdnh \6 chi hogt di^ng (11a) Vi bd m? Chi mdi chdng ndi chudi neu d vj ngft (cdn hgc tdp.dugrc vay tien) ciingqua lau nen Chi trdt mdt chuyen xe hdng cuoi cd mdi quan hp qua lai (quan h$ logic - ngft cung nghia) d miic dO nhit dinh; Myc dich hiiu biit (lib) Vi bd m? Chi mdi chdng ndi chudi thdi thiic dSn din hogt dpng hgc tgp, cd tdi qud Idu md Chi trgt mdt chuyin xe hdng cudi son thi ch^ la dilu kipn dl dgt dupe hoat cimg (Nguyin Minh Chdu) dOng vaytiinngdn hdng Tuy nhiSn, neu vi ludn ludn din ndi liianh Mat khac, cung cin thiy rdng cau (7a) ti^n tl cd tinh phy thupc (nd khdng bao gid dan nii ddy hodn toan cd the chuyln thdnh cdu: (7b) thdnh tl chinh) thi md cung nhu nen, cho n§n, Nhd sif ciiu chua tdn tinh cOa cdc bdc sT, tditixing nhieu trudng hpp, dupe thira nhdn r^ng dd khdi b$nh Xet vl m^t quan hp logic - ngft rdi Id quan he tft din nil thdnh td chinh rd nghia, cd thi thdy cdc cau (7a) vd (7b) ding rdng Bdng chiing Id md, (nen cho nen) cd the nghia (nghia bieu hien) vdi (trong deu dSn nii cym chu vj ndng cdt md trudc no la cd mli quan hp qua Igi ve logic - ngft nghia trang i ^ chi nguySn nhdn cd dang cdu tao vi gifta thdnh tl nguyen nhdn vd thdnh to kit + danh ta (dgitii).Vi dy: qud) Tuy nhien, that khd ma ddng y vdi y (12)Fin£imatdikhl kiln cho rdngtiidnhtl dupe thiia nh|in rOng rai (13) Vi mtJic dich phuc vu so ddng md anh la trgng ngft nguyen nhan d cdu (7b), ve cii qu6n tdi di hd? (Nguyen Minh Chau) phdp, cd quan h^ qua lai vdi thdnh to kit qua Trong nhftng cau (12), (13), to kit Tren thyc tl, hau hit cdc tdi Upu ngft qud d sau Tna chdc chdn la thdnh tl chMi, cdn phdp hi$n nay, tiidnh tl ndy deu dupe thira td chi nguyfin nhdn (Id danh tft, dai tft) nhan Id trgng ngft nguyfin nhan, tiic Id thdnh dupe din nii bdi quan hp tft vi dftng tiirdc phin phy thu^ mOt chilu vdo vi ngft hay dupe thira nhan rpng rdi Id thdnh to phy (trgng ndng cit cdu diing sau ngft) (2) vi hinh thuc: - Mac dil cdc quan hp tft nhdn qud Nhung diem ddng chii y d nhiing cdu dang nhftng cdu nhdn qud dang xem x^ tren ddy thudng dupe coi la cdc "c$p quan h$ tft", tftc xem x6t Id: - Cdc hu tft noi ket hai vl thyc khdng Id chdng dupe coi Id nhiing tft thudng xuygn hodn todn tuang ddng vdi ve ngft phdp dupe diing sdng ddi vdi nhau, nhung cd the Tiong cdc hu tir dd, chi hu tir dan nil to thiy rdng cac "c$p quan hp tir" dd, chi nguyen nhdn mdi thuc sy Id quan hp tft phy cdc quan h$ tu dan ndi thdnh to nguyen nhdn N G N N G C & pen S N G xudt hipn thudng xuyen (chiing xuit hipn 883/U51 cdi^ chilm 76,7% t6ng s i cdu nhdn qua duoc tiidng ke) D|u; b i ^ tiidnh t l nguyen nhdn chilm vi tri thii hai, tiic Id dung sau thdnh td kit qua (tnidng hpp ndy ed 957/1151 cdu, chilm ^ % tong s i cau nhan qud dupe thong kS) thi sy cd mat cfta cdc quan h$ tii ddn ndi chiing hdu nhu Id bdt bupe Cdc quan he tft dan ndi t l kit qud, trdi lai, xuit hien han chi hem rit nhilu (ehi c6 d 194/1151 cdu, chilm 16,8% ting s i cdu nhan qud dupe thong k6) vd hon nfla, quan hp tft chi kit qud hiu nhu ludn cd khd ndng lupvc bd (Rieng cac quan hp tu nen, md, cho nen nhit thilt phdi vdng mdt nlu ve chi kit qud ddng trudc) So sdnh: (14a) Vi tdi thdng tgn nen hai cdu chu cua tdi yeu quy tdi ldm (Td Hoai) (14b) Vl tdi thdng tgn, hai cgu cha cOa tdi yeu quy tdi ldm (14c) Hai cdu chu cOa tdi yiu quy tdi lam vi tdi thdng tgn (14d) Hai cgu chu cOa tdi yeu qu^ tdi ldm toi thdng tgn (-) die vi du cho thay, cd ve kit qud diing trudc lan diing sau, quan h$ tft din nii chiing Id nen (cho nen, md) deu cd the hodc can phdi lupc bd (klii ve ket qua diing trudc, vi$c khdng dftng cdc quan hp tft nen, md, cho nen la bdt buOc) Ngupc lai, to nguyen nhan diing sau thi cdc quan h$ tu din nii chung (vi, do, bdi, tgi, nhd ) hiu nhu nhdt thiit phdi cd mat Nhu v$y, mdc du dupe coi la cdc "c^p quan he tft" diing sdng ddi cd y nghia "ho ung" vdi nhung ti^n thyc tl, cdc quan he tft ndi ket cdc thdnh to cau nhan qud khdng phdi ludn dupe ddng theo cap ma nhilu ti-udng hpp, cd the dimg ri&ig vd cd mftc dp phd biln, ddc dilm, gid tri ngft phdp rit khac Cung can phdi ndi thSm ring, cd chftng minh duac rdng cdc quan hp tu tixmg nhiing cau dang dupe xem xet thudng dupe S S (247)-2016 dung theo cap tiii (fi&i ciing chira phai Id cdn eft d l khdng dinh cdc th dupe nii kit bdi chiing la cdc thdnh to phy thudc qua Igi Tren tiiuc tl, nhilu hu tft (quan hp tft hodc phd tft) thudng dupe dilng tiieo cdp cd till nii kit ^ode dftng tirudc) cac to cd quan h$ ding ^ (quan he lya chpn, quan hp ding thdi, quan hf bo sung, quan h$ gOp) Vf dy; + Hoac hodc : (15) Bgn th^ ddn Ph^ hodc ddu hdng hodc bd chay (Ho Chi Minh) + Viea vMifl ; (16) Hdn ^a di, v^ chUi (Nam Cao) + Dd Igi : (17) Cd dy da thdng minh lai cham chi + Cd Idn (18) Tdi bdn ca sdch cu Idn sdch mdi 2.3 Tr6n ca sd sy phan ti'ch tren day, chiing tdi nghieng v l -^ kiln eho ring quan hp cd phdp giiia ^ nguyen nhan (trudng hpp thdnh t l ndy dupe din nii bdi quan hp tft) vd thdnh to kit qua cdu nhan qud dupe bilu h i ^ bdng quan h$ tu Id quan h$ phy thupc (chft khdng phdi Id quan hp phy thudc qua Igi) Gidi phdp tirSn day khdng chi giiip trdnh dupe nhftng han che efta cdch phdn tich thft nhit vd thft ba nhu ^ chi ma cdn phft hpp vdi kit qud ciia cdch xdc dinh quan hp cu p h ^ gifta cdc tft V S Panfilov d l xuit [8,80-89] Theo V S Panfilov, viec xdc dinh tinh chat eua moi quan hp cu phdp gjGa hai tft (da dupe khing dinh la cd quan hp cii phdp vdi nhau) can dupe tiln hdnh dya vao kit qud ddnh gid b hai mat: danh gid ben vd ddnh gid b& ngodi sy danh gid ben tix)ng, hai tft co quan hp cu p h ^ vdi nhau, tii phy thupc Id tur: 1/Ve hmh tilde, cd Idia ndng thay thi bdng tii nghi van; 2/Ve npi dung, mang y nghia cii phap bo sung xet m l i quan hp vdi tft sy ddnh gia bSn ngodi, tft phy thupc Id til khdng cd kha ndng dai dien cho ca to hpp xet moi quan hp cii phdp vdi yiu ^ b6n ngodi, tiic Id tft cd kha ndng lupc bd s i (247)-2016 N G N NGt* & Ddi S6NG Ap dyng cdch xdc dinh mli quan hp cu - Ve ngi dung: phdp trgn ddy vdo cdu hay ciu tnic nhdn qua ta Nhu da ehi d tren ddy, m ^ du moi thiy; qua hp ngft nghia giiia thdnh tl i^uyen nhan vd IM nhdt, xet theo su ddnh gid ben trong: tiidnh to kit qud, cd till n h ^ thiy mli quan h$ -Vl hinh tiiuc; phy thupc lan giiia hai thdnh td (thanh tl + Trong tiirdng hpp chi tiidnh tl nguyen nguy&i nhan chi nguydn nhan cua sytinhnSu nhdn dupe din noi bdi quan h$ tft (trudng hpp dtiianhto kit qua, cdn thdnh to kit qud chi kit ndy la phd biln nhdt nhu da chi d tr6n) tii qud gdy bdi su tinh n6u d thdnh to nguySn chi thdnh td ndy cd khd thay thi bdng tft nghi nhdn) nhung can thiy rang mli quan h$ qua Igi vin Vi dy; vl thuc chit, Id mli quan hp cd tinh chit (I9a) Vi dd dgi hgc, dng Ba rdt vui ~* thidn ve ngft nghia (vd cd till xdc dinh gifta _(19b) Vi dng Ba rdt vuiV; (19c) Vi contiidnh to chinh chi kit qud vatiidnhtl phu la dSdgi hgc thi ndo (ldm sao)? (?) trang ngft chi nguyen nhan nhu d cdu (7b) 6S + Trong tnrdng hpp cd thdnh tl nguyen phdntichtren ddy) Nhu v§y, mli quan he qua nhdn lin thdnh to kit qua deu dupe dan nii bdi Igi ve ngft nghia giiia thdnh td nguySn nhdn vd quan he tft, khd nang thay thi bing tft nghi vin thdnh tl ket qua khdng ed sy tuong ling vdi ciiatiianhto nguyen nhdn vln Idn hon tl moi quan he qua Igi vl mJit hinh thiie eii phdp kit qud So sanh; nhu da phdn tich (19d) Vi dgi hgc nin dng Ba rdt vui Tha hai, xet theo s{r ddnh gid ben ngodi: —t Nhu chi trSn day, cdc biln till cOa (19d) Vi md dng Ba rdt vuP.\ (19e) Vi cdu nhdn qud, biai till vdr^ quan he tft dthdnh dgi hgc nen thi ndo Gdm sao)? (?) to kit qud la bien till phd bien nhit (chilmtiIp Nhu cdc vi dy tien ddy cho thiy, ti^ng cd 83,2%) Cd till tiiiy vdng quan hp tii d hai trudng hpp (trudng hpp chi to thdnh tl kit qud,tiongdilu kien ngft cdnh bmh nguyen nhdn dupe din nii bdi quan h^ tii vd trudng hpp cd thdnh to nguySn nhdn lan thdnh thudng, ve nguyen tdc, chi cd khd nang lupc bd to ket qud deu dupe din nii bdi quan h§ tft), thdnh to nguyen nhdn chft khdng cd khd ndng khd nang dat cdu hdi ve nguyen nhdn lupc bd thdnh to kit qud Vi dy: (20a) Hodng Lan bf dm vi ciedng dg hgc deu Idn hon so vdi khd ndng ddt cdu hdi ve tl kit qud (Cdu hdi vl td nguygn t^ qud cao (Bao An nmh thi gidi) —>(20b) nhdn cd tinh tu nhien hon so vdi cau hdi ve Hodng Lan bi dm; (20e) Vi cudng hgc tap thdnh td kit qud) Sdcffcd linh hinh nhu v|lyc6 qud cao.(7) (21a) Nha den van to, Binh nhgn rd timg IS Id vi pham trft nguySn nhdn Id pham trii hit sue bien nhu logic hpc da khing dinh: net mgt Ndm (Nguydn Hong) -* (21b) Binh "Mgi sif ki$n dieu cd nguyin nhdn" [3, 142] nhdn rotiingn^t mdt Ndm; (21 c) Nhd den van Trong do, khdng phdi mpi su kipn (sy tinh) to.(?) deu gdy hodc dan din m^t kit qua ndo dd Nhu v§y,tiieocdch ludn giditi^nddy, quan (Chinh vi vgy md ben canh kieu cdu nhdn qua hp cu phdp giiia to nguyen nhan vd cdn cd kilu cau nghich nhan qua hay cau tl kit qua nhftng cdu nhan qud nhupng bp dd, sy tinh nhupng bp khdng tiiudng dupe coi Id cdu don cd trgng ngu chi din din kit qud theo IS thudng) nguyen nhdn (till dy; (22) Vl no md tdi khd Nhu vdy, x6t ve mdt hinh thiic, theo sy ddnh (23) Tgi anh, no phdi mdng) va nhiing gia b^n trong, tinh chit chinh hay vai trd chinh cdu nhan qua tiiudng dupe coi Id cdu ghep nhan qud (titi dy; (24) Vi no ludi nen tdi khd nghi&ig ve thdnh td ket qud N G N N G C & D6fl S N G (25) Vi trdi mua nen dudng tran) vl bdn chit, Id nhu vd deu Id quan h$ chinh phy (trong thdnh to phy la ^ chi i^;i^ennhdn) Tuy nhien, cin thay ring xet vl miic dO phy tiiudc thi sy phy tfauOc cda thdnh tl nguyen nhdn vdo td kit qud d hai dang cdu ndy cd sy khdc nhit ^nh Vipc khdo sdt, so sdnh ve m^ n$i dung (y i ^ h ^ quan hp) vd m§t hinh Ihiic ngft phdp efta hai.dgng cau cho thdy d nhiing cdutiiudngdupe gpi Id cdu dan cd trang ngft chi nguy&i nhdn, sy phy thuOc efta trgng ngft vdo vi ngft hay bp phan ndng cot cdu la sy phy thuOe hodn todn mang tinh mOt chilu (quan hp chinh phy d ddy la quan hp chMi phy dien hinh hay dich thyc); cdn d nhftng cdu dupe gpi la cdu g^6p nhdn qud titi nhu viia nhdn xet d tren, cd cd It nhilu tinh chdt phy thuOc qua Igi Nlu cho rdng quan h§ tft vi (do, bdi, tgi, nhd) Id diu hifu chi sy phytiiu$cthi diu hifu ndy chi cd tinh thudng tryc cao d trgng ngft nguygn nhdn cd dgng Id danh tft, cym danh tft (quan hf tft d ti:gng i ^ nguyen nhan dupe bieu hifn bing danh tft hiu nhu khdng thi luoc bd quan hp tft chi nguyen nhdn cd till vdng m^t d mft bien liie vj tri cua vl chi nguy&i nhdn ciia nhiing cdu dupe gpi la cdu ghdp nhdn qud (khi vl chi :^uy€n nhdn chilm vi tri trude vl chi kit qud)) So sdnh: (26a) Vi nd md tdi IdtS (26b).T6ikhSvind.(+) (26c) Tdi vindmd khd (+) (26d) No md toi IdtS (-) (26d).Tdikhdn6(~) (26e) Tdi nd md khd (-) (27a) Vi nd ludi nin tdi khd (27b) Tdi khd vi no ludi (+) (27c) Toi khd no ludi (-) (27d) Nd ludi nin toi khd (+) Nhu cdc thi dy tren cho thdy, kha ndng lupc bd vi chi cd thi cd trudng hpp sau v? Id cym C - V vd cym chu vi ndy chilm vj trudc (d 27d) Chinh vipc lupc bd vi d (27d) da ldm S6 (247)-2016 gidm bin tuih phy thupc (nhit Id vl hinh thiic) ciia cym chu v\ ehi nguyen nhdn vdo cym chii vj chi kit qud ddng sau nd Nhiing cdu nhdn qud cd dgng nhu cdu (27^ khong phdi Id cdu gh^ chinh phy dich thyc ma la cau cd ddc tinh trung gian gifta cdu ghep ehmh phy vd cdu gh^ ddng lap Mli quan h$ cii phdp gifta cac thdnh tl cdu ghep nhdn qud (ciing nhu cdu gh^ ^eu kipn, cau gh6p nhupng bO) cd d$c (film khd phftc t^ Mdi quan hf vfta cd n^ gdn gui vdi quan he t ^ g l§p (till hifn d tinh dlr^ logi vl cdu tgo cda cdc thdnh to tryc tilp), vira cd tinh chdt phytiiuOcqua Igi d miic d$ nhit (finh nhung vl ca bdn, cdtinhchdt ciia quan hf chinh phy dd thdnh to nguydn nhan (