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TRIET HOC, SO (230), T H A N G 7-2010 BnN CHRT TU'ONG TRC XH HOI CUR Glfl IM NGO T0LAP'*' Bdi viit dUa nhiing ludn gidi nhdm ldm ro bdn chdt tttcfng tdc xd hgi cua gid tri Theo tdc gid, mdc ddp dng cdc nhu cdu cua ngUdi chinh la gid tri Gid tri bao gom gid tri vdt ly dugc xde dinh bdi cdc yiu to'vdt chdt vd gid tri xd hgi dUdc xde dinh bdi cdc yiu tdxd hgi thdng qua trao ddi Td do, tdc gid ludn chdng vd iing hd quan diem gid tri khdng phdi chi lao dgng tqo ra, md cbn cdc yiu to'khdc diidc ggi la "cdc yiu to'duy tdm" Gid tri la khai niem trung tam cfla kinh te hgc Nen kinb te la tap hdp nhflng cd sd vat chat va xa hdi d mgt trinh phat trien nhat dinh cd nhiem vu tao ra, thay ddi, dich chuyen va tieu tbu eac gia tri; cdn kinh te hgc, ndi mgt each van tat, la mdn khoa hgc nghien cflu quy luat hinh thanh, lflu chuyen, thay ddi va tieu t h u cac gia tri ay Khdng phai ngau nhien ma Adam Smith da danh nbieu t r a n g phan dau cud'n The Wealth of Nations (Sii thinh vUdng cua cac qud'c gia) nd'i tieng de ndi ve gia tri Vi the, trUdc di sau hdn vao viec phan tfch cac hien tUdng kinh te, chflng ta can phai trd lai vdi van de ban chat cfla gia tri Day la cau hdi ldn cfla cac nha kinh td hgc va triet hgc tfl hang ngan nam Nhfl chflng ta da bidt, neu khdng ke xu hfldng dao dflc, tflc nd lflc xac dinh cai ggi la "gia tri dung" hay "gia tri hdp ly", cac quan niem mang tfnh kinb te hgc ve gia tri cd the dfldc chia t h a n h ba trfldng phai chfnh: trfldng pbai khdch quan, trUdng phai chu quan va trUdng phai chi chfl trgng de'n md'i tUdng quan gifla cung va cau Tdi mud'n ggi trfldng phai thfl ba la trfldng phai thi triidng Trfldng phai khdch quan cho r i n g , gia tri cfla hang hda cd the dUdc mdt each khach quan va dUdc quyet dinh bdi cac n h a n td' cfla qua trinh san xua't, nhfl da't dai, lao dgng, nguyen vat lieu va vd'n Den lUdt minh, dai ban, gia tri lai dUdc the hien qua gia ca tren thi trUdng Dai dien cfla trUdng phai la St.Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), John Duns Scotus (1265-1308), William Petty (1623-1687), Richard Cantillon (168?-1734), dac Met la cac nba kinb te hgc cd dien, nhfl Adam Smith (1723-1790), David Ricardo (17721823) va C.Mac (1818-1883), nhflng ngUdi eho rang ngudn gd'c nha't cfla gia tri la Ifldng lao dgng xa hgi c i n thidt de san xua't hang hda mgt bd'i canh cu the Trfldng phai chu quan, trai lai, cho rang vdi bat ky chi phf san xua't nhfl the nao, gia tri cfla hang hda cflng chi dfldc xac dinh bdi ldi ich (utility) ma ngUdi mua va ngUdi ban xac dinb (mgt each kba chfl quan) vdi thdng qua trao ddi Vdi trfldng phai nay, dai ban, gia tri chfnh la gia ca Dai dien cfla trfldng phai la cac nha kinh vien (Scholastics), cac n h a trgng thUdng (Mercantilists), Bernardo Davanzati (15291606), Nicolas Barbon (1640-1698), Ferdinando Gahani (1728-1787) va cac nha kinh te bgc tdn CO dien n h u William Jevons (1835- (*) Tien si, Chu nhiem bp mon Khda hpc Xa hpi, Nhan van va Kinh te, Khda Quo'e te, Dai hpe Qud'c gia Ha Npi 63 NGO TULAP 1882), Carl Monger (1840-1921), nhflng ngfldi da dgc lap - va ddng thdi vdi Leon Walras - phat trien ly thuyet ve ldi fch bien (marginal utility) Trfldng phai thi trUdng tfl bd sfl tim kiem mdi quan he n h a n qua trflc tidp gifla cac yeu to' khach quan hoac chfl quan vdi gia tri; cho rang gia tri cfla hang hda dfldc xac dinh bdi md'i tfldng quan gifla cung va cau tren thi trfldng Dai dien sdm nha't eua trfldng phai cd le la John Law (16711729), ngfldi da sfl dung quy luat cung c i u de giai thfch nghich ly ve gia tri cfla nfldc va kim cUdng Nhflng ngUdi hoan chinh ly thuyet cung cau ve gia tri la Leon Walras (1834-1910) vdi md hinh cdn bdng tdng qudt (General Equilibrrum) va Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) vdi md hinh cdn hdng cue hg (Partial Equilbrum) Hai trUdng phai khach quan va chu quan deu khdng dfl kha nang giai dap cau hdi ldn nha't cfla kinh te hgc, la ldi nhudn din tU ddu, cdi gi ldm cho nen kinh ti tdng trUdng? Ke tfl trUdng phai thi trUdng xua't hien, ngUdi ta dUdng nhU da tfl bd cugc tim kiem mgt each ly giai mang tinh triet hgc ve ban chat eua gia tri, ma chi cdn quan tam den gia ca vdi tU each kdt qua cua sfl tfldng tac gifla cung va cau tren thi trUdng Theo tdi, day chfnh la nguyen nhan co tfnh ly thuyet cfla sfl tdn sflng thuyet thi trUdng hieu qua nhieu thap ky Tuy nhien, cugc khflng hoang kinh te the gidi nam 2008 da bugc cac nha kinh te phai xem xet lai eac ly tbuyet cfla minh Va tbeo tdi, dieu dau tien can xem xet lai, chinh la ly thuyet ve gia tri Trfldc het, ta phai tha'y r i n g gia tri la mgt khai niem xa hdi Dieu cd nghia la mgt vat chi cd gia tri nd dUdc dem trao ddi gifla ngudi vdi ngUdi Mat khac, trUdc dUdc dem trao ddi, vat phai dUdc lam Nhu vay cd nghia la pbai cd 64 lao ddng NbUng chUa het, sfl trao ddi ludn dUdc tien h a n h nhflng hoan canh xd hgi va tU nhien khac Ta't ca nhflng n h a n to' deu t h a m gia vao viec xac dinh gia tri; bdi le, ndi cho cflng, ngfldi chfnh la mgt ddng vat xa hgi Vi ngUdi la mgt dgng vat xa hgi, nen chflng ta phai xem xet cdi ngudn vat ly cua nd Chung ta deu biet rang, sfl vat cd hai xu hfldng chfl dao: xu hUdng thU nhdt la tri sfl tdn tai cfla minh, xu httdng thU hai la anh hfldng den cac sii vat xung quanh Mgt each triic quan, xu hUdng thfl nha't, tflc xu hfldng tri sfl tdn tai, dfldc the hien d lite qudn tinh; cdn "xu hudng thfl hai, tflc xu hfldng anh hudng den eae sfl vat xung quanh, dfldc the hien d lite hdp ddn Mgt vat chi thay ddi trang thai neu cd mgt lilc tac ddng dfl m a n h de thang quan tfnh cua nd, nhflng ddng thdi vat dd cflng hflt cac vat khac Hdn nfla, vat ldn cd nhieu kha nang hut dfldc vat nhd hdn, va trfldng hdp hflt dfldc, nd se n h a n tbem khd'i Ifldng cfla vat nhd de trd t h a n h vat ldn hdn nfla O ngfldi, hai xu hudng tU nhien ndi tren dUde the hien d cac nhu c i u vdt ly va cac nhu cau xd hgi Cac nhu c i u vat ly, nhfl an, mac, sfldi am , ndi chung nham vao cae dd'i tUdng vat chat va cd muc dfch tri Sli tdn tai cfla ngUdi Cdn cac nhu cau xa hdi, nhU quyen lUc, sac dep, trf tue , ndi chung n h a m vao cac dd'i tUdng tinh t h a n va cd muc dich gia tang Uu thi dd'i vdi ngudi xung quanh Cac nhu eau vat ly la nhflng nhu cau tbiet yeu nha't nhUng cd tinh hflu han, nghia la cd the dUdc dap flng trgn ven; do, cac nbu c i u xa bdi it thiet yeu hdn, nhUng lai ed the tang vd ban Bat ky vat nao dUdc ngudi san xua't va dem trao dd'i cung n h a m dap flng hai nhu cau do, nhUng vdi mflc khac Chang ban, mgt ga r a n cd the dap flng BAN CHAT TUONG TAC X A HQI CUA GlA TRI nhu cau vat ly vdi t u each la thiic pham, nhflng vdi nhflng each che bien nha't dinh, nd cdn dap flng nhu cau xa bgi cua thflc khach Mflc dap flng cac nhu cau cua ngfldi chfnh la gia tri Dieu khang dinh khdng mdi; bdi le, dd chfnh la dinh nghia gia tri eua Arixtd't, ngUdi dau tien tren the gidi nghien cflu va'n de ban c h i t cua gia tri Ta cd the tdm t i t nhflng dieu vfla trinh bay tren bang cdng thflc: V = Vp-fVs Trong do, V la gia tri, Vp la gia tri vat ly va Vs la gia tri xa hgi Trong cdng thflc nay, nhin chung, Vp dUdc xde dinh hdi cdc yiu to' sdn xudt, cbn Vs dUdc xde dinh hdi cdc yiu tdxd hgi thdng qua trao ddi Viec nghien cflu sfl thay ddi ty trgng eua Vp va Vs cdng thflc cho ta tha'y lich sfl phat trien cua nen san xuat nhan loai Trong nen kinh td tfl cung tfl cap thuan tuy, khai niem gia tri khdng tdn tai, bdi nhu tren da ndi, gia tri cbi xua't bien cd sfl tfldng tac cfla ft nha't hai ngfldi Tuy nhien, mdt nen kinh te nhfl the khdng tdn tai Bdi ca nen kinh te sd khai nha't cung da cd sfl trao ddi trflc tiep, vat doi vat — xin nhac lai vf du ndi tidng ve cai riu ddi lay cflu cfla C.Mac Neu nen kinh td chi cd hai ngfldi trao ddi vdi thi cae vat trao ddi eung se khdng cd gia tri xa hdi, mac dfl sfl trao ddi ddn gian cd tac dung td'i da hda gia tri vat ly thdng qua sfl chuyen dd'i sd hflu den ngUdi ed nhu cau vat ly cao hdn NhUng neu xua't hien ngUdi thfl ba, chang h a n ed hai ngUdi cung mud'n ddi riu lay cflu, thi gia tri xa bgi xuat hien So' ngfldi quan tam den viee sd hflu vat eang ldn thi itu thi tUcfng ddi cfla ngfldi sd hflu dfldc nd cang cao, nghia la gia tri cfla vat cang tang Ngfldc lai, ndu so' dd'i tUdng dUde quan t a m cang nhieu thi Uu the tUdng dd'i cua ngUdi sd hflu nd cang it, nghia la gia tri xa hgi cua no cung cang it Vi the ta cd the ndi r i n g gia tri xa hdi cfla vat ty le thuan vdi so' ngUdi quan tam va ty le nghich vdi sd'lUdng dd'i tUdng dUdc quan tam Khi nang s u i t cfla nen kinh td cdn rat tha'p va Sli trao ddi hang hda chUa phat trien, h i u nhU mgi thfl deu thidu thdn, md'i quan tam chfl yeu cfla dai da so' cac vien cfla xa hdi (trfl rat ft nhflng ngfldi dflng dau boac gidi dac tuyen(l)) la lam dap flng dfldc cac nhu c i u vat ly Khi a'y, phan ldn cac san pham cfla nen kinh te dUdc tao nham dap flng cac nhu c i u dd Dieu cd nghia la, mgt each g i n dflng, ngfldi ta cd the bd qua p h i n gia tri xa hdi cda da sd sdn phdm va cdng thflc gia tri se la: V = Vp Hdn nfla, vi cd the bd qua phan gia tri xa hdi, ta cflng cd the ndi r i n g gia tri cua vat dfldc quyet dinh bdi cae yeu to' san xuat Do phan ldn cac yeu to' san x u i t cd lien be trflc tiep vdi lao dgng, nen ngfldi ta ngbi rang ngudn gd'c nha't cfla gia tri la lao dgng Day chfnh la each ly giai cfla cac nha kinh te cd dien Khi nang s u i t cua nen kinh te cao hdn va sfl trao ddi bang hda phat trien hdn, phan gia tri xa bgi (Vs) cfla hau bet cac san pham khdng the bd qua Trong qua trinh nay, thi trfldng ddng vai trd chfl chd't Di nhien, thi trfldng cd giflp lam tang gia tri vat ly cfla hang hda thdng qua viee hdp ly hda sd hflu, nhflng vai trd chinh cfla nd la lam tang dot bien so' ngUdi quan tam den mgt dd'i tUdng (hang hda) nha't dinh Thi trUdng cang phat trien va cang tU thi cang cd nhieu ngUdi mong mud'n sd hflu dd'i tUdng Dieu cd nghia la Uu the cfla ngfldi sd hflu dfldc dd'i tfldng se tang len, hay ndi each khac, gia tri xa hdi cua dd'i tUdng se tang len NhU da phan tich d tren, (1) Ddi cdn diidc gdi la gidi tinh hda (elite) (Tac gia - N.T.L) 65- NGO TULAP de tang gia tri xa hdi cua hang hda ngUdi ta cflng cd the chgn each giam so' Ifldng tUdng dd'i cfla hang hda so vdi sd ngfldi quan t a m day khdng pbai cai gi khac hdn la quy luat cung cau Trong thiic te, de tang sd ngUdi quan tam, ngUdi ta cd the sfl dung nhieu hien phdp nhdn tqo khac nhau, thudng gap n h i t hien la quang cao De giam mdt each tUdng ddi so' lUdng hang hda so vdi sd' ngUdi quan tam, each thudng dflng la thay ddi m i u ma, tfnh nang cfla hang hda Ngoai ra, ngudi ta eung cd the van dung nhflng dac diem tu nhien cfla hang hda de tao sil khac biet, chang b a n lUa chgn thdi diem de san xua't cac loai hoa qua trai vu Trai vdi gia tri vat ly, gia tri xa hgi khdng c6 gidi ban Chinh dieu se giflp chflng ta dUa cau tra ldi cho eau hdi d tren: nguon gdc cua sit tdng trttdng chu yiu ndm d sit gia tdng gid tri xd hgi dudi tac dgng cfla cac yeu to'duy tam(2) Nhflng dieu trinh bay sd Ifldc d tren cd mgt thdng diep ro rang: gia tri la mgt san pham cfla tfldng tac xa hdi Nd khdng bat bien va ehung ta cflng khdng the xac dinh mgt each khach quan Tuy nhien, chflng ta cd the nghien cflu cae nhan td' tae ddng den sfl bien ddi cfla gia tri de giai thfch cac hien tfldng kinb te hoac dieu h a n h nen kinh te Mgt vi du la nghien cdu ly cua tinh trqng chdm phdt triin Bi kich eua eac nen kinh te kem phat trien la d chd, vi chi san xuat cac loai san pham dap flng nhu c i u vat ly, nen nhflng ngfldi san xua't se gap phai nhflng gidi h a n khdng the vUdt qua ve phat trien Do eac nhu c i u vat ly la hflu ban, nen eang san xuat nhieu thi gia tri hang hda cang giam Neu sd Ifldng hang hda vfldt qua kha nang tieu t h u cua xa hgi, •gia tri eua hang hda se giam de'n mflc rat tha'p, tham chf gay tinh trang khung hoang thfla Vi vay, cae qud'c gia cd nen 66 kinh te chfl yeu diia vao ndng nghiep, danh ca, tbu cdng nghiep ludn luan q u i n vdng ngbeo ddi Chung ta cung co thi sff dung ly thuyit gid tri not tren di gidi thich cugc khung hodng kinh tindm 2008 De d i hieu hdn, ta cd the hinh dung xa hgi chi bao gdm nhflng ngfldi trdng lua va hai ngfldi budn ban b i t ddng san la A va B Gia sfl A ban cho B mgt ngdi nha gia 100 trieu ddng, B lai ban lai ngdi nha dd cho chfnh A vdi gia 120 trieu ddng, nghia la dfldc lai 20 trieu ddng Sau dd, A lai ban chfnh ngdi nha cho B vdi gia 140 trieu ddng va rdi B tiep tue ban ngdi n h a cho A vdi gia 160 trieu ddng Neu khdng cd mdt nguyen nhan nao chat dflt chudi mua ban nay, thi qua trinh dd cd the keo dai vd tan va sau mdi lan giao dich, ngUdi ban deu cd lai Trong dd, vi nhu cdu vdt ly ve gqo Id hqn chi va each trdng Ifla ndi cbung khdng thay doi nen gia tri cfla gao ndi chung la cd' dinh Nhin tren quy md toan xa hdi, td'ng gia tri tai san khdng ngflng tang len Khi dd, de nen kinh td van h a n b binh thfldng, mgt khoan tien tfldng flng vdi sfl gia tang tdng gia tri dd phai dfldc bdm vao theo mgt each nao dd Trong xa hdi gian Ifldc nay, vd dai the, mflc sd'ng cfla nhflng ngfldi kinh doanh bat dgng san t a n g len r a t nhanh, bdi gia tri xa hdi cfla nhflng b i t ddng s i n ma hg sd hflu tang nhanh, cdn mflc sd'ng cfla ngfldi trdng lua khdng he bi a n b hudng, neu khdng ndi la cd the dUde cai tbien ddi chflt (Chang h a n cd the la vdi ldi n h u a n thu dUdc, A va B (2) Nen kinh te tdm: nen kinh te diia tren nhiing yeu td va thUdc tinh than, khae vdi nen kinh te truyen tho'ng diia tren nhiing yeu to' va thiide vat chat Xin chd nham \hn tam vdi me tin di doan (N.T.L) Xem them bai Go cda nin kinh ti' tdm "Minh triet cua gidi han" Nxb Hpi Nha van Ha Npi, 2005 B A N CHAT TUONG TAC XA HOI CUA GlA TRI se n a n g cap cd sd tang, cai tie'n cong nghe, p h a t trien giao due, hay tham chf trd giup cho ngUdi trdng lua de nang cao nang s u i t ) Bflc t r a n h ndi chung la tfch Clic, ngoai trfl mgt dieu la sU khac biet ve mflc sd'ng, hay ndi khac di la khoang each giau ngheo gifla nhflng ngfldi kinh doanh bat dgng san vdi ngUdi trdng Ifla tang len nhanh chdng Qua trinh se tiep tuc dien nhfl vay cho den cd mgt ly nao dd lam gian doan chudi mua ban gifla AvaB Khi dieu gi se xay ra? TrUdc hdt, gia nha se dot ngdt rdi xud'ng, mac dfl cd le khong bao gid cd the xud'ng den mflc bang hoac t h i p hdn gia ban d i u Tuy nhien, lUdng tien da bdm thi trUdng trUde dd de tUdng flng vdi mflc tang gia b i t dgng san van cdn lai va se tac ddng len toan bd cac tai san cfla xa hgi, d day la ca bat dgng san lan Ifla gao Dieu cd the dfl doan se la lam phat Bflc tranh tren day r a t gian Ifldc, nhUng ve ban chat chinh la nhflng gi da dien tren thiie te Va, dieu dien vdi sfl hd trd d i e lflc cfla nha nude thdng qua ngan hang qud'c gia vdi cdng cu chfnh cfla nd la dong tien phap dinh Vi, tren thiic te, ddng tien phap dinh chi ddn t h u a n la mgt y niem, nha nUdc cd the de dang bdm vao thi trUdng mgt lUdng tien khdng b a n che ma khdng gay lam pbat, mien la lUdng tien bdm them tUdng flng vdi sii gia tang cfla td'ng gia tri tai san NhUng, nhu chung ta tha'y d phan trfldc, tdng gia tri tai san eua xa hdi bi anh hfldng bdi nhflng ye'u to' t a m va vi the, bat ky lflc nao sfl rd'i loan cflng ed the xay Dl nhien, tren thflc te khdng ehi ed nganh kinh doanh bat ddng san mdi cd kha nang gay b i t dn tai chinh Cd the ndi, nen kinh te hien dai, tuyet dai da so' cac nganh kinh doanh deu chfla diing nguy cd Tuy nhien, nhflng nganh dich vu chfla dung nhieu nguy cd hdn la cac nganh san xua't, va nganh nao cang ft yeu to' vat chat thi lai cang tiem an nhieu nguy cd Nganh kinh doanb ba't dgng san la nganh dUdc n h i c den nhieu tfl kbi xay cugc khflng hoang tai chfnh den nay, nhflng nguy cd chfl ydu dfldc tao tfl viec dinh gia bat dgng san, chfl khdng phai la qua trinh xay dflng Nganh kinh doanh chflng khoan t h a m chf cdn chfla dflng nhieu nguy cd hdn Dieu ed the tha'y rd qua nhflng gi dien vdi thi trfldng chflng khoan Viet Nam Trong mgt thdi gian rat n g i n , gia tri tai san cfla nhieu nha dau tfl da tang len vfldt mgi du doan, khien nhieu ngUdi nhanh chdng trd nen giau ed Khi dd, Nha nUde da bdm rat nhieu tien vao lUu thdng cho tUdng flng vdi tdng gia tri tang them, giup cac nha giau mdi ndi nhd chflng khoan cd the vat chat boa cac gia tri tang them Dieu dien sau mgi ngUdi deu biet rd Khi gia chflng khoan dot ngdt giam xud'ng cflng vdi gia bat dgng san, Ifldng tien bdm them da gay lam phat d mflc hai so' O day, chflng ta phai lflu y mgt van de mang tfnh dao dflc Chung ta da tha'y bflc tranh tren, kinh te tang trUdng, sU giau cd mdi chfl yeu rdi vao tay nhflng ngfldi kinh doanh d khu vflc tam hda cao, tflc la vao tay nhflng ngfldi giau, va h i u nhU khdng ed tac dung cai thien mflc sd'ng cua nhflng ngfldi lao dgng cac khu vflc truyen thd'ng cd mflc tam hda thap, tflc la nhflng ngUdi ngbeo Tuy nhien, xay khflng hoang, tac dgng cfla lam phat se dUdc phan phd'i len mgi t h a n h vien xa hgi Dieu dung tren quy md qud'c gia va cung dflng tren quy md qud'c te Khi kinh te the gidi eat canh, eac gia tri mdi dUdc tao chfl yeu rdi vao nhflng qud'c gia phat trien va hau nhu khdng giflp fch gi cho cac nUdc ngheo Tuy nhien, khflng khoang lai tac dgng den mgi qud'c gia Q 67 ...NGO TULAP 1882), Carl Monger (184 0-1 921), nhflng ngfldi da dgc lap - va ddng thdi vdi Leon Walras - phat trien ly thuyet ve ldi fch bien (marginal utility) Trfldng... chinh ly thuyet cung cau ve gia tri la Leon Walras (183 4-1 910) vdi md hinh cdn bdng tdng qudt (General Equilibrrum) va Alfred Marshall (184 2-1 924) vdi md hinh cdn hdng cue hg (Partial Equilbrum)... tang len NhU da phan tich d tren, (1) Ddi cdn diidc gdi la gidi tinh hda (elite) (Tac gia - N.T.L) 6 5- NGO TULAP de tang gia tri xa hdi cua hang hda ngUdi ta cflng cd the chgn each giam so' Ifldng