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Reducing Petroleum Consumption of Trucks Outline of Presentation  Background: oil and transportation   Stats showing trends in the trucking industry Sampling of methods for both improving fuel efficiency and reducing consumption of petroleum in heavy duty trucks  Conventional methods Methods of Reducing  Technologies Petroleum Consumption by  Hybrid technologies Trucks  Alternative fuels Issues Limiting Fuel Efficiency Improvements  No Fuel Trucks Efficiency standards for heavy duty for HD trucks   trucks Government regulation is more focused on lowering emissions Relatively low price of diesel fuel  Low fuel tax on Diesel fuel: 24.4 ¢  Cheaper to produce than gasoline Oil and Transportation Today      Highway transportation alone uses over 1/2 of the nation’s oil demand Transportation consumes about 2/3 of the nation’s oil demand US transportation sector is 97% dependent on petroleum fuels Transportation uses all domestic oil production plus 40% of imports Number of vehicles on our roads and miles driven continue to steadily increase History of Motor Vehicle Fuel Use Projected Fuel Use of Motor Vehicles Why We Need More Energy Efficient Heavy Essentially all of the increase in highway Vehicles transportation fuel use since 1973 has been due to  trucks  1996: highway energy use by trucks exceeded  that of automobiles for the first time in US history Our nation's economic health depends on HD vehicles, which transport the bulk of our country's goods Gross Domestic Product and Trucks  The Nation’s economy is linked to efficient heavy vehicle transportation How It Works: LNG in a high compression diesel engine  Use of a high pressure direct-injection fuel injector capable of introducing a small amount of diesel fuel into the cylinder during compression to create ignition, followed by a much larger injection of natural gas to generate power on the down stroke How It Works: LNG in a high compression diesel engine   The heat of compression ignites the diesel fuel, which in turn ignites the natural gas The injection of both LNG and diesel fuel occurs relatively late in the combustion cycle, which allows for a much higher compression ratio than in a typical natural gas engine Modification   Installation of the high-speed injectors to deliver the natural gas and diesel through separate outlets within the engine cylinder Either disable or remove the engine's camshaft since the natural gas is under pressure  The result is a quieter running engine Issues in Using LNG INFRASTRUCTURE:  For LNG vehicles, technical barriers pertain more to vehicle fuel storage and refueling stations rather than with the engine  Insufficient fueling infrastructure and unreliable fueling stations  Better for local fleets that have their own supply of LNG – – Currently about 30 facilities—Cost is over $10 million Small scale facility w/ access to pipeline—less $ Issues in Using LNG LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY:  The weight of the vehicle resulting from the extra components required on the engine as well as additional fuel tanks can be a barrier    Any increase in weight reduces load-carrying capacity If extra fuel tanks are required, the space availability on the vehicle for the extra tanks can also be a barrier for long haul trucks However, the Westport-Cummins fuel delivery system seems to have solved the load capacity issue for at least local trucks UPS Purchased 10 LNG TRUCKS for a 545 Mile Route Biodiesel What is Biodiesel?    Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning monoalkyl ester-based oxygenated fuel made from soybean oil or other vegetable oils or animal fats A renewable fuel domestically produced from agricultural resources, biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatic compounds The concept of using vegetable oil-based fuel dates back to 1895 when Dr Rudolf Diesel developed the first compression-ignition engine specifically to run on vegetable oil What is Biodiesel? Because it has similar properties, biodiesel can be blended in any ratio with petroleum diesel and can be used in diesel engines with no major modifications  Biodiesel is registered as a fuel and fuel additive with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and meets clean diesel standards established by the California Air Resources Board (CARB)  Neat (100%) biodiesel has been designated as an alternative fuel by the Department of Energy (DOE) and the US Department of Transportation (DOT) Biodiesel contains no sulfur or aromatics and already meets the 2007 sulfur standards  Biodiesel Operates in Conventional Engines  Biodiesel maintains similar payload capacity and range of diesel  Engine performance can be less than that of diesel by 8% to 15%, because of the lower energy content of the biodiesel (121,000 Btu compared to 135,000 Btu for No diesel fuel Pure biodiesel is not compatible with natural rubber, sometimes found in pre-1994 vehicles  Because it is a solvent, it can degrade natural rubber hoses and gaskets, so those would need to be changed to more modern material if B100 is used    Not a problem with B20 blends 20% biodiesel/80% diesel and below Since biodiesel is oxygenated, diesel engines have more complete combustion with biodiesel than with petroleum Safety of Biodiesel   Biodiesel is safer to use than petroleum diesel or E diesel The flash point for biodiesel in its pure form is more than 260 ° F versus about 125° F for regular No diesel  This makes biodiesel the safest fuel to use, handle and store Biodiesel Exhaust   Biodiesel exhaust is less offensive than diesel exhaust The use of biodiesel and biodiesel blends results in a noticeable, less offensive change in exhaust odor   Equipment operators have compared it to the smell of french fries Users also report having no eye irritation About 75 Biodiesel Retail Outlets for B 100 & B 20  Bosselman Travel Center 1944 Fuel North 9th; Interstate 70, Exit 252; Salina, KS 67401; (785) 825-6787; public B2 pump Hydrogen Fuel Cells?  Currently development of hydrogen fuel cells is only at the prototype stage   More development for busses in Europe and US Some truck makers are working on fuel cells for APUs