Kỹ năng phân loại và phương pháp giải nhanh bài tập Hóa học vô cơ 12: Phần 2

Plum loai vci phifcmij phop i^icii BT Hoa hoc 12 - Cu Thanh Toan => AgNOj du, Cu(N03)2 chua phan irng, Fe phan iJng het: Cac qua trinh xay ra: M Fe + 3AgNOj (dif) ^ Fe (NO3 )^ + 3Ag i m/56 3m/56(mol) Taco: —.108 = 19,44 =:>m=3,36(g) 56 Dap an diing la C Chu y: Fe + 2AgNO, -> Fe(NO3 )^ + 2Ag i ^ > M"* + ne 16,2.n 16,2 (mol) (mol) M M 16,2.n^ e (cho) = (mol) m O, + 4e 0,15 Fe(NO,)2 + AgNO, ->• Fe(NO,), + Ag i => Fe + 3AgNO, (du) -> Fe + 2AgNO, 0,1-> 0,2 i 0,2 (mol) + AgNO, ^ 0,05 (0,75-0,7)->• = 1,8 =^ 16,2n = 1,8M ^ 9n = M Fe(NO,)^ + A g i 0,05 (mol) m ^ g ^ (0,2+ 0,3+ 0,2+ 0,05) 108 = 81(g) Dap an dung la C 29 Cho 16,2 gam kim loai M c6 hoa tri n tac dung vdi 0,15 mol O, Chat ran thu duorc sau phan urng dem hoa tan vao dung djch HCl du tha'y thoat 13,44 lit H , Of dktc Kim loai M la B A l ' Sad6phaniJng: M 27 (Al) Thoa man kh6ng c6 kim loai nao thoa man) Mg2VMg;Ar^VAI;Cu2VCu;AgVAg Chat ran thu duoc chi c6 Ag A Be = l,8(mol) 22,4 Dap an dung la B Vay M la A l 30 Cho hiin hop gom 0,15 mol Mg va 0,1 mol A l vao dung djch chira dong thdi 0,2 mol A^ NO, va 0,25 mol Cu(N03)2, sau phan ihig hoan toan thu duoc dung dich X Cho NaOH du vao dung djch X thi khoi lirong ket tiia tao la A 21,4 gam B 18,4 gam C 8,4 gam D 13,6 gam Huong ddn gidi Thu' tuirong day dien hoa: Fe(N0,)2 + 2Ag i Fe(NO,)3 2.13,44 >Ie(nhan) =0,15.4 + (n =2, M = 18 0,3(mol) -> 22,4 18 9(Be) M Loai Loai Kl (n = 1, M = (Be)=> loai vi Be hoa tn n = 2) 0,2 (mol) ^ 13,44 22,4 Ta CO bang: Al + 3AgNO, ^ A l ( N O , ) + 3Ag i 0,l-).0,3 > M Mg + 2AgNO, ^ M g ( N , ) + 2Ag i 0,2 2e 2.13,44 Do do, ta c6: ^ 24x + 27x + 56x = 10,7 => X = 0,1 (mol) 0,1 ^ + Fe (NO, )^ + 3Ag i Huong dan gidi So mol moi kim loai Mg, Al, Fe la x 20"- 0,15 (mol) 2H" 28 Cho 10,7 gam h6n hcrp kim loai g6m Mg, A l , Fe (c6 d 16 mol 1: 1: 1) vao dung djch chiia 0,75 mol AgNO, den cac phan li-ng xay hoan toan thu duoc bao nhieu gam chat rSn? A 59,6 B 32,6 C 81 D 75,6 > C Ca Huong dan gidi ) M,0,,; M —tS^iiiHL^ MCL D Mg ' ,, , => Thu" ir phan ling hoa hoc xay ra: Mg + A g N , 0,1 M g ( N O , ) ^ + 2Ag I 0,1 Cu(NO,)2 0,05 Mg(NO,)2 + C u i 0,05 3Cu(N03)2 -> A l ( N ) + C u i " "2 0,1 ^ 0,15 ' ' ' '' -> 0,1 '• ' , _ => Dungdjch X c o : 0,15 mol MgCNO,),; O.lmolAl(N03)3 ; Dung djch thu duoc chura ion kim loai ' i=> ion phai la Mg"* , Zn"* va Cu"* (du) Vi Cu"* du => Mg va Zn phan xing het Cac qua trinh phan ling xay ra: 0,25-0,05-0,15 = 0,05mol Cu(N03)2 (du) X + dd NaOH (du): Mg(N03)2 + 2NaOH-^Mg(OH)2 4+2NaN03 0,15 ^0,15 • i7 Cu(N03)2+2NaOH^Cu(OH)2i+2NaN03 0,05 -> , Mg , 1,2 ( Zn 0,05 Al(N03),+4NaOH->NaAl(OH)^+3NaN03 Huong ddn gidi a) PTHH: Cu + Chat khu 2AgN03 Mg 22 Zn C 2,0 Huong ddn gidi Cu + le > Cu-* Zn 2+ + > Agi > Cui (mol) 2e > (mol) Vi Cu-*c6ndunen: 2,4 + 2x < + => x < 1,3 Trong cac gia tn da cho thi x = 1,2 < 1,3 thoa man y6u ciu bai toan Dap an dung la D gam chat ran Z Gia trj ciia m la A 6,40 B 5,76 Theo bai ra: 0,017mol Thuf tir cac day dien hoa: Mg-^ Zn'' Cu-* 2e Ag* Ag C 3,84 Hu&ng ddn gidi D 5,12 Cdch 1: Kh6'i luong cua vat sau phan img (gia thid't Ag sinh bam h6't trdn vat): m,i, = 10 + (108 0,017) - (64 0,0085) = 10,536 g 32 Cho h6n horp gdm 1,2 mol Mg va x mol Zn vao dung djch chiia mol Cu""^ va 10.536 mol Ag"^ den cac phan ling xay hoan toan, thu dugc m6t dung dich chua ba ion kim loai Trong cac gia trj sau day, gia tri nao ciia x thoa man trucmg hoj tren? B 1,8 - thdm 5,85 gam bot Zn vao Y , sau phan umg xay hoan toan thu duoc 10,53 S6'mol AgNO, tham gia phan ling = = 0,01mol ^ 100.100 Cu + 2AgN03 > Cu(N03)2 + 2Ag i A 1,5 > > 2,4 (mol) ling thu duoc 7,76 gam h6n hop chat rdn X va dung dich Y Loc tach X, roi b) Kh6'i luong AgNOj c6 dung dich ban ddu: m^gN03 - ^^^'^ = 10(g) 100 > Mg' 33 Cho m gam bot Cu vao 400 ml dung djch AgNO, 0,2M, sau m6t thcri gian phan > CU(N03)2 + 2Ag i chat oxi hoa 0,0085 2x (mol) Ag* Khoi luomg ket tua thu duoc: m 1=0,15.58 + 0,05.98 = 13,6(g) b) Xac dinh kh6'i luong cua vat sau phan ung 2e x ' 'H: Dap an dung la D 31 Ngam m6t vSt bang dong c6 kh6'i luong 10 gam 250 gam dung dich AgNOj 4% Khi la'y vat thi khoi lirgng AgNO, dung djch giam 17% a) Viet phiromg trinh hoa hoc cua phan ling va cho biet vai tro cac chat tham gia phan urng - D 1,2 "AgNOj = 0,4.0,2 = 0,08(mol) = 5,85/65 = 0,09(mol) V I 2nz„ >nAgN03 (20,09>0,08) =>Zn du sau cac phan ling xay hoan toan Cu + 2AgN03 ^ Cu(N03)2 + 2Ag i => X (ran): Ag, Cu (chua phan ting) , ,; Y (dung djch): AgNOj (chua phan ling), CU(N03)2 Zn + 2AgN03 -> Zn (NO3)^ + 2Ag i , : : Zn + Cu(N03)2-> Cu >l+Zn(N03)2 => Z (ran): Ag, Cu, Zn (du) Vay thuc chat ciia thi nghiem tran la: ; - i JiJ 23 Zn + 2AgNOj ^ Zn (NO, \ 2Ag i 0,04«-0,08^ Dodo: mx + 0,08(mol) (• , = m + m^g + m^n (dir) ' => 7,76 + 10,53 = m + 0,08.108 + (0,09-0,04).65 => m = 6,40 Dap an dung la A Cdch 2: r i A g N o , =0.08mol;n5,„ Tinh dSn dien ctia kim loai phu thu6c vao A dac kbit cua kim loai B mat d6 electron tu C kieu mang tinh the kim loai D mat ion kim loai Hu&ng ddn gidi , \ Tinh dSn dien ciia kim loai phu thuoc vao mat electron tir Dap an dung la B Cho cac kim loai: Cr, W, Fe, Cu, Cs Sap xep theo chieu tang ddn cung tir trai =0,09(mol) sang phai la Vi 2nz„ =0,18>nAgNO3 =0,08=>Zn (du) A Cu < Cs < Fe < W < Cr C Cu < Cs < Fe < Cr < W So d6 torn tat: AgNO, ) AgN03,Cu(N03)2 - i | j ^ Z n ( N ) D6 ciJng: Cs < Cu < Fe < W < Cr + Zn Chu y; 2AgN03 + Zn -> Zn(N03)2 + 0,08 B Cs < Cu < Fe < W < Cr D Cs < Cu < Fe < Cr < W Hu&ng ddn gidi ^ Dap an dung la B Kim loai cumg nha't la crom (Cr); Kim loai mem nha't la cac kim loai kiem -> 0,04(mol) Dang 3: Bai tap ve pin dien hoa Theo djnh luat bao loan khdi lirong, ta c6: 'nAgN03 + "^Zn + "^Cu = + + mzn(N03)2 L Trong pin difen hoa Zn - Cu, qua trinh khir pin la mcu = m = m x + m z + m^^^f^Q^)^ - mAgN03 - m = 7,76 + 10,53 + 0,04.189 - 0,08.170 - 5,85 =>m = 6,4(gam) Dap an diing la A A Zn — ^ Zn-" + 2e B Cu C Zn-" + 2e D Cu"" + 2e > Zn > Cvr* + 2e > Cu Hu&ng ddn gidi 34 Cho 6,4 gam bot Cu vao V ml dung dich AgNOa 0,2M, sau m6t then gian phan Trong pin Zn - Cu, phan urng xay pin boat d6ng la: ling thu duoc 7,92 gam h6n hop r i n X va dung dich Y Loc tach X, r6i them 10,35 gam bot Pb vao Y, sau mot thori gian phan ling thu duoc 10,44 gam h6n Zn + Cu-" > Cu + Zn-" Cu"" + 2e > Cu hop rdn Z va dung dich A Loc tach Z, r6i them 5,85 gam b6t iZn vao A, sau Phan ii-ng khiJr Cu"": phanchat ling tan xay Gia hoan toan thu duoc 10,28 gam chat xkn B va dung dich chi chiJa mot tri ciia V la A 200 B 400 C 600 D 150 Phan ling oxi hoa Zn: Zn Dap an dung la B > Zn"" + 2e r Dap an dung la D Cho m6t pin difn hoa duoc tao boi cac cap oxi hoa - khir Fe""/ Fe va Ag"/ Ag Phan ling xay d cue am ciia pin dien hoa (o didu kien chudn) la Dang 2: Bal tap tinh chat vat If cua kim loai A Fe L Cho cac kim loai: Cu, Ag, Fe, A l , Au Day cdc kim loai duoc xd'p theo chieu giam ddn dSn dien la A A l , Fe, Cu, Ag, Au C Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, A l B Ag, Cu, Au, A l , Fe D Ag, Cu, Fe, A l , Au Hu&ng dan gidi D6 dSn dien giam dan theo Ag > Cu > Au > A l > Fe Dap an dung la B Chu V Ag dSn difin t6't nha't, r6i d^'n Cu B Ag" + le >Fe-"+2e > Ag B Fe"" + 2e D Ag > Fe > Ag" + le Hu&ng ddn gidi Pin Fe - Ag: Cue am la Fe, cue duong la Ag Cue am xay qua trinh: Fe ^ , , > Fe"" + 2e Dap an diing la A Mot pin didn hoa c6 didn cue Zn nhung dung djch ZnS04 va dien cue Cu nhung dung dich CuSO^ Sau m6t thori gian pin phong didn thi khoi luong Phdn loai pliironi; jilu'ip t^liii /IT 116a hoc 12 -Cu Thanh Toan Huong ddn A ca hai dien circ Zn va Cu dfiu giam gidi Sua't dien d6ng E^,,, phu thuoc vao: B dien cue Zn tang khd'i luomg dien eirc Cu giam C dien circ Z n giam khoi lucmg dien cue Cu tang -Ban D ca hai didn cue Zn va Cu d^u tang - Ndng d6 cua cac ion k i m loai (dung djch mudi) Huong dan Sod6ciiapin: Zn / ZnS04 // gidi CUSO4/ Cu Khong phu thu6c vao khoi lugfng cae dien cue Suy ra, khd'i luong la Zn cang giam (Zn la Cu cang tang (Cu'^dd) + 2e > Cu - ,• Dap an diing la D Cho E°z„ 2* /7.„ = - 0,76V; E\+ /p, = - 0,13V + Zn-' (dd) > Cui ! , ' > , -Nhietdd @ Phan ling xay pin phong dien: Z n + Cu-* (dd) chat cae k i m loai lam dien cue , / Phat bieu diing la: > Z n ' * (dd) + 2e), kh6'i lucmg • A K h i hinh pin dien hoa, anot la cue Z n B Sua't dien d6ng chuc4n ciia pin dien hoa Zn - Pb bang 0,89V i) Dap an dung la C C Phan ling xay pin dien hoa Zn - Pb phong dien ( d dieu kien chuan): Pb + Zn-* K h i pin didn hoa Zn - Cu phong di6n thi ndng > Zn + Pb'* A cua Cu"* giam, ciia Zn"* tang B ciia Cu'"^ giam, ciia Z n ' * giam D Trong pin dien hoa Zn - Pb, nd'u sii dung cdu mudi la dung dich NH4NO3 C ciia Cu-* tang, ciia Zn"* tang D ciia Cu"* tang, ciia Zn"* giam K h i pin hoat d6ng thi ion N O di ehuye'n ve phia cue Pb Huong ddn gidi Huong ddn Phan ling xay pin Z n - Cu phong dien: Zn + Cu-* Pin dien hoa Z n - Pb > Cu + Zn-* - Phan umg xay pin: => n6ng d6 Cu"* giam, n6ng d6 ciia Zn"* tang Dap an diing la A Trong qua trinh hoat dong ciia pin didn hoa Zn - Cu thi > Pb + Zn-* => Zn CO tinh khii manh hon Pb => Z n la cue am (anot), Pb la cue duong (catot) B kh6'i luong ciia didn cue Zn tang ^ pin(Zn-Pb) C ndng ciia ion Cu'* dung djch tang — Pb-* /Pb = -0,13 D ndng d6 ciia ion Zn"* dung dich tang gidi ^ Zn Do dd, ion NH4 /Zn - ( - , ) = 0,63V - d cue Pb (cue duong, catot): Phan ling hoa hoc xay ra: Z n + Cu^"^ ^ Cu i + Zn^"^ Suy ra: - Z n + Pb-* - V i E°z„ 2+ ^„ < E°pb 2+ A kh6'i luong ciia dien cue Cu giam Huong ddn gidi Pb"* + 2e > ?hi se di chuyen ve phia cue Pb de trung hoa dien tich + Kh6'i luong cue Zn giam Dap an dung la A + Khdi luong cue Cu tang Trong qua trinh pin dien hoa Zn - A g hoat dong ta nhan tha'y + Nong d6 ion Cu"* giam (cho biet E°z„ 2+ ^ = - 0,76V; E ^ * + Nong ion Z n ' * tang Dap an dung la D Sua't dien d6ng (Ej,J cua pin didn hoa khong phu thuoc vao A ban chat ciia k i m loai lam dien cue B ndng ciia cae dung dich mudi C nhiet d6 D khdi luong cae dien cue * = "t" 0,80V, cSu mudi la dung djch KNO3) A khdi luong ciia dien cue A g giam B ndng ciia ion Zn"* tang C ion K* di chuyen v^ phia anot D sua't dien d6ng chudn cua pin bang 0,80 - 0,76 = 0,04V Hu&ng ddn gidi , Phan umg xay pin dien hoa Zn - A g hoat d6ng: Z n + 2Ag* > Zn-* + A g i Ph.'in Ji'.ii V,) n!i /»/; Fe Bia't E°c,^+,c, = - 0,74V Sua't dien ddng chu^n ciia pin dien hoa la • 0,8 E\„ 2+ ^„ Vay chi C O pin c6 k i hieu dung va E°p|„ dung C lam chat xiic tac cho phan iJng oxi hoa - khii xay pin boat ddng B 0,88V D.4 - Pin A g - Cu (ma phai la pin Cu - A g ) Dap an dung la B ' A.-0,60V C Huong ddn gidi - Suat dien dong chudn E ^ , , , z „ ^g, = E^g + /^g " E°z„ /z,, EV.z„-Ag, = ^ B > Agi Do catot thieu dien tich duong (do Ag* bj dien phan) ndn K* {cAu mu6'i) di chuy^n (chii khong anot) Cr + Sn-* = + 1,56V ( c h o b i e t E ^ g \ A g = +0,80V; E^cu + = + 0,34V; E°z„ + = - 0,76V) ^ Zn"* + 2e d catot (cue Ag): Ag*^ + le Zn - A g Pin Sd pin dien hoa chudn khong c6 chd nao sai la - Trong pin Z n - A g thi anot la A g , catot la Zn d anot (cue Zn): Zn Pin V TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Viet B N i ^ N i ^ * + 2e f^' c.y D N i ^ * + 2e Ni Huong ddn gidi Ca'u taopin: ( - ) F e / F e + / / N i ^ + / N i ( + ) Phan utig xay of cue am (anot): Fe > Fe^*" + 2e Phan lirng xay cue duong (catot): N i ^ ^ + 2e >Ni - V I Epi„ lu6n duong => loai phuong an A va D Phan ling tdng eong: Fe + Ni^"^ - VI Cr C O tinh khij manh hon Sn ndn: ^•Fe^^'+Ni Dap an dung la A " ^ (Cr - Sn) - S.I ASii ^ Cr /Cr Chu v; Trong pin dien hoa: = E''s„2+,s„ - ( - , ) I - d cue am (anot): = E°s,.2^s„ + , ( V ) Xay oxi hoa - d cue duong (catot): Xay su khir •, - Vi Sn diing tru6c H day dien hoa nen E^s,, ^+ ys, < ' 13 M d t pin dien hoa gdm dien cue la s d day bac nhiing vao dung dich A g N O j va Dap an diing la C dien cue la mot sgi day platin nhiing vao dung dich chiia ddng thdi Fe(N03)3 11 Co mot hoc sinh viet kf hieu ciia pin va tinh sua't dien ddng chu^n tuong ling ciia pin nhu sau: va Fe(N03)2 Phan ung xay d dien cue duong ciia pin dien ( d dieu kidn chu^n) Do EV-S,) < 0,74V => E°,a-s,) = 0,60V r PinZn-Cu : E % , = + 1,10V Pin A g - C u : E''pi„ = + , V la (cho E " ^ =+0,8;E° Ag+/Ag ,+ =+0,77V) Fe-'+/Fe2+ , j A Fe2+ - > Fe-^* + le B Fe-''^ + le - > Fe^* C A g * + le - > A g D A g ^ Ag"" + le [ '^ : • ' ' urn loai va phifcfnij phcip }>idi BT Hoa hoc 12 - Cii Thanh Toan Huong ddn gidi Pin GPt Ag^ Ag e Huong ddn gidi Taco: Phan ihig xay b cue duong (catot): Ag"^ + le Ag i Dap an diing la C CM VdiE° ^ V - Phan iJng xay pin (hoat d6ng): AgN03 + Fe (NO3 \e (NO3 )3 + Ag - Cue duomg cua pin (E° , Mn /M =0,8V Ag+/Ag ; T t r ( ) = > E ° ^ , , ^ ^ ^ = -H0,34V Tir(l)^E" - Cue am ciia pin lu6n xay su oxi hoa ^ Zn Dang 4: Bai tap tinh SDD chuan cua pin; tinh the dien cue chuan = , - , = - , (V) va E % ^ Zn2+/Zn Biet sua't dien dong chua'n cua pin Zn - Cu la 1,10V, the dien cue chudn ciia didn cue Zn la - 0,76V, the dien cue chu^n cua dien cue Cu la B - 0,34V => 1,10 ^ E°c„2+/cu =E°c„2^eu 1,10 Cho cac the'dien cue chu^n: - A P i n P b - C u E°,„2+,,„ B + 1,44V B Pin Zn - Cu C Pin Zn - Pb (-0,76) 0,76 = + 0,34(V) C + 0,76V D -1,44V D Pin Al - Zn Huong ddn gidi Pin CO sua't dien dong chudn 1dm nha't pin tao tir cap dien cue each xa nha't day dien hoa Do do, cac pin da cho thi pin Zn - Cu (vi tri ciia cap Zn'V Zn va Cu'V Cu each xa nha't) c6 SDD chu^n 16n nha't E ; , „ ( Z n - C u ) = E « ^ , , „ - E^^2.,,„ = Hu&ng ddn gidi Ta CO E°P i n , z n - C = „,- E I^^^2+/Cu Theo bai ra: 0,34 - ^Zn2+/zn E^ 2,^^_^ =1,10 ^zn^^/Zn = "^'^^^^ ^Pb2+/Pb E°,+3/A, = " = - 0,13V; E° 2+^^ = + 0,34V Trong cac pin sau day, pin nao c6 sua't dien d6ng chudn Idm nha't? - Dap an diing la C D + 1,86V Dap an dung la A Biet rang E ^ ,z„.c„) = i,10V va E^Cu'VCu) = +0,34V The'dien cue chu^n cua cap oxi hoa khir Zn'^/Zn la A - 0,76V ' ' '' Huong ddn gidi =E°c„2^eu - = C - 1,86V iSn luot la - 0,76 V va + 0,34 V Cu^+ZCu ' ' Tac6:EV„,„.c„, , /Zn Vay E ° 2+ A + 0,34V be hon) lu6n xay su khu +0,34 - (-0,76) = 1,1 V Dap an dung la B Cho biet phan ihig oxi hoa - khir xay pin dien hoa Fe - Cu la: E^^^.^^^ =0,34 -1,10 = - , V Fe + Cu-* ^ Fe-" + Cu E" (Fe-7 Fe) = - 0,44V, E° (Cu'V Cu) = + 0,34V Sua't dien d6ng chudn cua pin Dap an diing la A Cho sua't dien dong chua'n cua cac pin dien hoa: Zn - Cu la 1,1V; Cu - Ag la dien hoa Fe - Cu la A 0,10 V B 0,78 V 0,46V Biet the' dien cue chudn E V / A g = + 0,8V The' difin cue chu^n C - 0,76V va + 0,34V B -1,46V va - 0,34V , ; ,(j D - 1,56V va + 0,64V D 1,66 V Huong ddn gidi E''pin(Fe-Cu) = A + 1,56V va + 0,46V C 0,92 V E''cu2+/cu- = 0,34 - E^^+ZFe (-0,44) " ' ;,i = 0,78 V Dap an diing la B •^1 fhan loai vd phUang phap nidi til Hoa hoc 12 - Cii Thanh Todn Cho th6' dien cue chu£n cua cac cap oxi hoa - khu A g ^ / A g , Cu^^/Cu, Pb^^ /Pb, Zn^"^ / Z n c6 gia tri Idn lucrt la: +0,80V; + 0,34V; -0,13V; -0,76V Huong ddn gidi Ti'nh sua't dien d6ng chuSn E° ciia cac pin: -•(;'> Epe-Ni Trong cac pin sau, pin nao c6 suS't didn dong chudn Idti nha't? A PinPb-Cu B P i n Z n - A g C P i n Z n - C u E-;0z n - F e = - ' 4 - ( , ) = , V D P i n P b - A g Hu&ng dan gidi Y trai sang phai la =-2,37V vay E^g_y„ = - , - ( - , ) = , V Dap an dung la B ' A.Z,Y,Cu,X B.X,Cu,Z,Y C Y, Z , Cu, X D X, Cu, Y, Z Huong ddn gidi V I E V „ - X = 0,46V ^ E"c„ - /cu < E ^ x « ' => Tinh k h u X < C u Dang 5: Bai tap so sanh tinh ox! hoa - khiir, xac dmh c h i l u cua phan ihig oxi hoa - khiir Cho E",,, 2+ = - 0,76V; E"c„ 2+ = + , V ; E\, 2+ ^ , = - , V Cac cation CO tinh oxi hoa giam d i n theo thii tir C Cu-^ Nr\^ D Nr\^ Cu-\ Sapthu-tir E ' ' M " ^ M :E''cu^^cu>EV^%i E^X-T => T r i h k h u C u < Z -i F " (' - C i i ) F ° (3) —> E, , x _ C u ) ^ ^ _ pO y+ 2+ F " Cu /Cu C Y -' ^ /Y I - Cu l* - pO 7,+ 2+ F " /Cu E\+ /Y < E"z ^+ r,, => Tinh khijf Y > Z ^ Z /Z- » (4) Dap an diing la B, E x _ Y - l , l V ; E x _ z = , V ; E " _ Z = , V (X, Y, Z , T la bon k i m loai) Day cat: k i m loai xep theo c h i l u tang ddn tinh khCr tir tnii sang phai la A Y , Z , T , X B.T,Z,X,Y C Z , T, X, Y D T, Z , Y , X Huong ddn gidi = + 0,32V Tinh k h u ciia k i m loai X, Y, Z , T tang ddn theo thi} t u - K i m loai viet truoc la cue am (anot), kim loai viet sau la cue duong (kim loai A X, T, Y , Z B Z , Y, T, C T, Y , Z , X D X, Y, Z , T X dong vai tro la cue am eo tinh khu manh hoii kim loai dong vai tro cue ducfng) => Tinh khu: X>Y;X>Z;T>Z Hu&ng ddn gidi Nhan xet - Pin CO E° cang lorn thi tinh khiJf cQa cac k i m loai cang chenh lech nhifiu (hay noi each khac chiing cang xa tren day dien hoa) - Trong cac pin tren, X ddu dong vai tro cue am => X CO tinh k h u manh hem cac k i m loai Y, Z va T - VI E^x-V < E ^ x - z > E^x-T (1) E ° v y - / Y - E ' ' x ^ ^ « < E»,^V " E°x^"/x E ° Y y + ; y > E " z ' + / - ^ = ^ Tinh k h u Y > Z - V I E-'x-V (2) Cho su£ t dien dong chuan E° ciia cac pin dien hoa: >^\„^' Dap an dung la C, = + 1,1V; E\y^^ V i E V - c u , = 0,47V :=> E " c ^ c u > E'V/^/z ^ Cho sua't dien dong chudn ciia cac pin dien hoa: E\.^ E ^ - C U , = , V = ^ E"e,2+^,„ > T u ( l , 2, 3,4) t a c o : X < C u < Z < Y => Cac cation c6 tinh oxi hoa Cu"* > N i " * > Zn^* E°x-Y = + , V ; (1) => Tinh k h u C u < Y * ' Huong ddn gidi • Vi Vi A Ni-\^ Zn'\ Cii'\^ N i " * >> ^ E%y+;v - E ° x ^ V > E \ > V - E ^ x ^ V ; - Do do, thu tu tren day dien hoa ciia cac k i m loai: X > T > Z > Y > ' / vay tinh khir tang ddn theo thii tu Y , Z , T, X Dap an diing la A (2) Trong day the dien cue chuan ciia k i m loai, vj tri mot so cap oxi hoa - khu duoc sdp xep nhu sau: ' • ' • ' " A l ' V A l , Fe-^/Fe, Ni=*/Ni, Cu'VCu, Fe'^/^e=^ A g V A g , Hg=*/Hg , /'/(,/(/ \ p/i(/p gidi BT Hoa hoc 12 -Ci) Thanh Toan T r o n g so c a c k i m loai A l , F e , N i , C u , A g , H g , so k i m loai tac dung v6i dung djch F e ' * chi khCr duoc F e ' * Fe"* la A Al'* Al B Fe-* Ni-* C Hu&ng dan gidi , Cu-* Fe'* Ni Fe D.4 Ag* ^ • Hg-* (2) Mn + 2H* > Mn-* + H , z=> Tmh oxi hoa Mn"* < H* Do Mn'* < H* < Fe'* < Ag* Chii v: Day dien hoa: Mn Fcr* Ag Hg Dira vao day dien hoa trSn va qui tdc a ta bid't duoc cac kim loai doan Fe-*/Fe va Fe'*/ Fe"* se chi khiJr diroc Fe'* f)ap an dung la C Day cac ion xep theo chilu giam ddn tinh oxi hoa la (biet day dien hoa, cap Fe'*/ Fe-* diJng trirorc cap Ag*/Ag) B Ag*, Fe'*, Cu"*, Fe"* D Ag*, Cu"*, Fe'*, Fe"* Dap an dung la B Mdnh d^ khong dung la Dap an diing la D H* Fe'* Ag* H, Fe-* Ag Cho cac phan ling sau: Fe + 2Fe(NO,)^ -> 3Fe(NO3 )^ > Fe"* Do CO kim loai Fe, Ni, Cu Mn"* -) — \> • Cu A Fe'*, Ag*, Cu-*, Fe-* C Fe'*, Cu-*, Ag*, Fe-* Ti'nh oxi hoa Fe'* < Ag* '' :v ( AgNO, + Fe(NO,)2 ^ Fe(N03)3 + Ag Day sdp x6'p theo thii tu tang ddn tinh oxi hoa cua cac ion kim loai Id A Ag^Fe2^Fe^+ B Fe2^Fe•'^Ag+ C Fe2+,Ag",Fe-'" D Ag",Fe"'",Fe^" ' • Hu&ng ddn gidi Suy thu tu day dien hoa: Fe^"/Fe;Fe-'"/Fe2";Ag"/Ag A Fe khij duqfc Cu"* dung dich B tmh oxi hoa cua cac ion tang theo thir tir: Fe"*, H*, Cu"*, Ag* C Fe'* CO tinh oxi hoa manh hon Cu"* D Fe-* oxi hoa duoc Cu Vay tinh oxi hoa: Fe^" < Fe"*" < A g " Dap an dung la B 10 Thii tu m6t s6' cSp oxi hoa - khCr day dien hoa nhu sau: Hu&ng dan gidi Fe-*/Fe; Cu'*/Cu; Fe'*/Fe"* • Xet cac phuong an sau: A Dung Fe-*/Fe + Cu-*/Cu Cap chat khong phan ung vori la (quy tdc a): A Fe va dung djch FeClj Fe + Cu-* > Fe-* + Cu B dung dich FeCK va dung dich CuQi B Dung Tinh oxi hoa Fe'* < H* < Cu"* < Ag* C Dung 2Fe'* + Cu D Sal D Cu va dung djch FeClj Dap an dung la D (2) AgNOj + Fe(NO_,)3 Mn + 2HC1 > Fe(N03)3 + Ag i B > MnCK C Fe + CuCU Day cac ion sdp x6'p theo chidu tang ddn tinh oxi hoa la A Ag*, Fe'*, H*, Mn=* B Ag*, Mn"*, H*, Fe'* C Mn-*, H*, Ag*, Fe'* D Mn"*, H*, Fe'*, Ag* Hu&ng dan gidi - Ta c6: (1) Ag* +Fe-* > Fe'* + Ag j,,' X^t cdc phuofng an: A Fe + 2FeCl3 +H.t ! Huong ddn gidi Fe'* c6 tinh oxi hoa yeu hcfn Cu"* ntn Cu + Fe"* khong xay Cho cac phan ung xay sau day (1) C Fe va dung djch CuCl > Cu"* + 2Fe-* FeCU + CuCK D Cu + 2FeCl3 > 3FeCi2 > khong xay ) - // i ; > Cu + F e d > 2FeCl, + CuCl, ' Dap an dung la B 11 Cho cac cap oxi hoa - khiJ duoc sdp xep theo chieu tang ddn tinh oxi hoa ciia dang oxi hoa nhu sau: Fe^" / F c C u ^ " /Cu,Fe''" /Fe^" Phat b'iiu nao sau day la dung? 37 A Cu klurduDC Fe'* th;uih Fe B Cu"^^ oxi hodduoc Fe^"^ Fe^^ j C Dung C Fe'* oxihoaduDC Cu thiuih Cu^* D Fe"* oxi hoadiioc Cu thaiih Cu^* D Sai, VI tfnh oxi hoa Fe'* > Huong dan gidi ; 2Fe-'* +21' 2Fe2*+Io Dap an dung la C Ta c6: Cu + 2Fc^^ ^ Cu'+ + 2Fe^+ Cu^* + Fe^"" Chit y: * Chung minh tfnh khir: Cu > I > Fe^* Khoiig xay 2Fe^*+Cu^2Fe'*+Cu'* -.^^ (Fe'* oxi hoa duoc Cu Cu'*) Fe'^* + Cu -> Khong xay Cu + 1, -> Cu^* + 2r ; Tfnh oxi hoa: I j > Cu^* • => Phat bieu diing la C ' Dap an diing la C 12 Cho cac ion kim loai: Zir*, Svr*, Ni"*, Fe"*, Pb"* Tlii} tir tinh oxi hoa giam diln la A B C D Zn-* > Sn=* > Ni"* > Fe"* > Pb'* Pb-*>Sn-*>Ni-*>Fe-*>Zn-* Sn-*>Ni-*>Zn-*>Pb-*>Fe-* Pb-* > Sn-* > Fe-* > Ni'* > Zn"* Huong dan gidi ThiJ tir tfnh oxi hoa giam dSn: Pb"* > Sn'* > Ni"* > Fe"* > Zn"* Dap an dung la B 13 Cho day cac ion: Fe"*, Ni"*, Cu"*, Sn"* Trong cung dieu kien, ion c6 tinh oxi hoa manh nhat day la A Sn-* (Cu'*/Cu;l2/r;Fe'VFe2*) B Cu-* C Fe-* D Ni"* Huong dan gidi Trong cling dieu kiSn (nhiet d6, nong do), thu- tir tfnh oxi hoa ciia cac ion la: Fe-* Fe'* > Ni"* > Fe"* Dap an diing la B 2Fe-^* + 2r->2Fe^*+l2 =^TfnhkhiJf: F >Fe^*; Tfnh oxi hoa: Fe'* > I , ^ Ul^^l^ * Cac the dien circ chuilin E " Oxi Mg-*/Mg K*/K hoa/Kh -2,36 -2,92 E°(V) Zn-*/Zn s/s-' Fe-*/Fe Ni-*/Ni -0,76 -0,51 -0,44 -0,25 Oxi hoa/Kh Cu-*/Cu Fe'*/Fe-* Ag*/Ag 0,77 0,80 H*/H Cu-*/Cu 0,54 0,52 0,34 0,00 15 Day gon1 cac ion deu oxi hoa duoc kim loai Fe la E"(V) A Cr^*, Au-'*,Fe-'* B Cr2*,Cu2*,Ag* C Fe'*, Cu^\Ag\ Zn^^Cu2*,Ag^ Huong dan gidi Cac ion oxi hoa dugc Fe (cac ion ciia cac kim loai dung sau Fe day dien hoa va ion Fe''* : B Tfnh klur ciia K > Mg > Zn > Ni > Fe > Hg 2Fe'* + Fe-^3Fe2* •, C Tfnh khir ciia K > Fe > Cu > f > Fe"* > Ag C u - * + F e ^ C u + Fe^^ D Tfnh oxi hoa ciia Ag* > I > Fe'* > Cu"* > S"- 2Ag*+ F e ^ F e ^ * + A g Huong dan gidi Xet cac phuong an: 16 Day gom cac kim laii ddu tac dung duoc vol dung djch FcQ, la: g A Sai, VI tfnh oxi hoa Fe'*>Cu^* 2Fe'* + Cu ^ 2Fe-+ + Cu^* B Sai, VI tfnh k h u F o N i Dap an dung la C Fe + Ni^* ^ N i + Fe^+ A Fe, Mg, Cu, Ag, Al B Fc, Zn, Cu, Al, Mg C.Cu,Ag,Au,Mg,Fc D.Au,Cu,AI,Mg,Zn , , Huong dan gidi Cac kim loai tac dung vai FeCl,: Fe + 2FeCl3->3FeCl2 38 , ,/ ^ " - • 39 ... —>M4+H2S04 0,07 + 0,5 02 ^ => FeCl2+^Cl2T FeClj 0,1 ^ CUCI2 0 ,2 0,05 > Cu + CI2 t ^ 0 ,2 Khi thu duoc b anot la CI2: n^-^^ = 0,05 + 0 ,2 = 0 ,25 mol => Vp^ = 0 ,25 .22 ,4 = 5,60(1) '»*' Dap an dung la