Investigation of a lysimenter using the simulation tool siwapro DSS and adaptation of this program to vietnamese requirements

® HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY PHAM THI BICH NGOC INVESTIGATION OF A LYSIMETER USING THE SIMULATION TOOL SiWaPro DSS AND ADAPTATION OF THIS PROGRAM TO VIETNAMESE REQUIREMENTS MASTER THESIS Supervisors: Prof Dr Ing habil Peter Wolfgang Graeber Dipl Ing Rene Blankenburg Technical University Dresden Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment Hanoi - 2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Two years have passed and marked a historical pathway toward my Master degree The two years were full of challenges, hopes, inspiration and wonderful support from many people I would like to thank you all for a big variety of reasons: My first greatest thanks go to my tutors Prof Dr Ing habil Peter Wolfgang Graeber and Dipl Ing Rene Blankenburg for having guided, supported and accompanied me through the process of this Master thesis Thanks also for having greatly contributed to the thesis with your vast experience and advice Many thanks to Prof Dr Bilitewski, Assc Prof Dr Bui Duy Cam and Assc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Diem Trang for making great efforts to establish and design the training program frame for this master course and develop it, so I can have a chance to join this course My acknowledgements go also to all teachers from Hanoi University of Sciences in Vietnam and Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment in Germany for giving me lots of valuable and interesting lectures and helping us to understand more clearly and have a thorough grasp of specific knowledge during this master course My grateful thanks to Dr rer nat Axel Fischer, Mr Christian and Mrs Hoang Phan Mai for helping and supporting during my time in Dresden and Pirna, Germany Thanks also to Pham Hai Minh for all administrative support during the Master course time I also would like to express my gratitude to:  The Committee on Overseas Training Project, Ministry of Education and Training for having granted the scholarship that supported this Mater thesis  Hanoi University of Sciences and Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment (IAA) for providing all materials and equipments that I used during the course  Vietnam National University, Hanoi and Technical University Dresden and German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for supporting this Master training program in which I attended Thanks to all the classmates for their nice and warm company for the encouragement and support And last but not least, special huge thanks to my family (my parents in law, my parents, my husband, my son and my brothers and sisters) and all my friends (especially Mrs Ha) and my relatives for thinking of me, helping me, and encouraging me in my pathway to a Master degree I love you all Hanoi, 10th December 2008 Pham Thi Bich Ngoc SUMMARY The main objective of this thesis is to use SiWaPro DSS to model and simulate the water flow process in the unsaturated zone with the available data from the lysimeter number 302 in Juelich, Germany The unsaturated zone is the portion of the subsurface above the ground water table It contains air as well as water in the pores This zone plays an important roll in many aspects of hydrology, such as infiltration, exfiltration, capillary rise, recharge, interflow, transpiration, runoff and erosion Interest in this zone has been increasing in recent years because the movement of water along with contaminants in this zone have been affecting the groundwater and the subsurface environment Water flow is concerned with movement of water in unsaturated porous media In order to handle water flow process under steady state or transient conditions in the unsaturated zone, a useful computer program is used to model and simulate this process This program combines the simulation module SiWaPro for numerical modeling of water flow and contaminant transport in variably saturated media with additional simulation and parameter estimation tools, data sources for the simulation and a graphical user interface The computer-based decision support system SiWaPro DSS software is a program for modeling and simulating the processes as water flow, solute transport, bio degradation and sorption in variably saturated porous media In SiWaPro DSS, the discretization of the modeling area is realized using finite elements with the GALERKIN method SiWaPro DSS contains the 2D triangular mesh generator EasyMesh 1.4 The mesh generator allows the generation of meshes with varying element sizes and irregular mesh boundaries Currently, the generator allows flexible space quantization at modeling time given by the user To validate SiWaPro DSS, the means of measurement data from a lysimeter experiment are used Lysimeters are devices for measuring the characteristic properties of the soil water balance, amounts of seepage water and their quality In this thesis, lysimeter 302 located in Juelich, Germany is used for calibrating model The Juelich lysimeter 302 was established in August 2001, the monoliths were taken out from Munich-Neuherberg in June 2001 and the installation of the measurement devices occurred and the data logging started on December 10th 2001 This lysimeter is run by the Research Centre in Juelich (FZJ) This lysimeter is a large undisturbed lysimeter with 2m2 in area and 2,4m in depth including 0,8m of reference material The three suction cups are installed together with tensiometers, TDR and temperature sensors at 3-different depth layers distance from upper edge of the lysimeter in turn as 0,85m; 1,15m and 1,8m To model the water flow of the lysimeter in SiWaPro DSS, the finite element mesh of the lysimeter is constructed with the column of 1,6m in width and 1,6m in height (excluding 0,8m of reference material) The lower boundary condition is a first kind boundary condition that allows outflow only A second type boundary condition is applied at the upper boundary of the column of lysimeter It is a transient boundary condition using time – variable boundary conditions to simulate precipitation in the model Three soil water sampling device layers are applied as first kind boundary condition, and as the lower boundary condition, only outflow is allowed The column of the lysimeter soil is divided into layers; each of the soil layers is described in its hydraulics with 11 parameters To calibrate model, two data sets of 11 soil hydraulic and van Genuchten parameters with different initial pressure head and boundary condition of three suction cup layers as well as different amount of nodes and elements in the mesh are used Because the time is short – besides, one model took from 25 hours to 50 hours for running; some models took much more time, then they were stopped before they finish So there are only 10 models were run After getting the result from simulation of each model, the simulation result was checked and analyzed and then the data set was changed or finite element mesh of the lysimeter was adjusted or the software was reconsidered The simulation results that were shown in diagrams in section 4.1 are the best model, but the results still show some difference of output between simulation and measurement because input data which took from lysimeter station are not well documented and some soil parameters which are estimated by the person who operate the lysimeter are different from the fact The result shows that total inflow and total outflow of lysimeter are in balance That means the model and finite element mesh of the lysimeter is designed well Outflow of the suction cup layer number in the simulation is almost the same as measurement Outflow of the suction cup layer number and lower boundary condition in simulation are the same as measurement in the first year But in the second year, outflow of the suction cup layer number in simulation is higher than measurement; opposite to the outflow of the lower boundary condition the simulation one is lower than measurement Outflow at the suction cup layer number is different increasing by time between simulation and measurement The differences come from the data mentioned as above The SiWaPro DSS program have been introducing to Federal Environmental Bureaus and Consulting Companies in Germany These Bureaus and Companies can use this software tool primarily for leachate forecasts with respect to the German soil protection law In Vietnam it also can be apply similar to Germany, but it takes a bit time for Vietnamese to familiar with it For Vietnamese to apply this software, the GUI and help system were initially translated into Vietnamese Therefore, it can be said that SiWaPro DSS is one of the useful tools for leachate forecast However, it should be applied for a wide variety of contaminants if the software is revised to adapt with not only all available data but also a few available data The lysimeter is good for calibrating the model and will be better if the data is documented well and frequency TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES 11 LIST OF DIAGRAMMS 12 INTRODUCTION 13 FUNDAMENTALS OF SOIL HYDROLOGY 15 2.1 Definition of soil and unsaturated zone 15 2.2 Soil hydraulic parameters 16 2.3 Soil water balance .19 2.4 Soil water flow 22 MATERIAL AND METHODS 23 3.1 Theoretical approaches and methodology 23 3.2 Finite element method 24 3.3 Lysimeter 30 3.3.1 General information about lysimeter 30 3.3.2 Juelich lysimeter station description 32 3.3.3 Description of the Juelich lysimeter number 302 34 3.4 Water flow model .37 3.5 Description of the finite element mesh of the lysimeter 38 3.6 Description of software SiWaPro DSS 40 3.6.1 General 40 3.6.2 Layout and Structure 40 3.6.2.1 Graphical user interface (GUI) and Help System 41 3.6.2.2 Mesh Generator 43 3.6.2.3 Weather Generator 44 3.6.2.4 Database Layer 44 3.6.2.5 Pedotransfer Functions 45 3.6.2.6 Import and Export Interfaces 49 3.6.3 Manual SiWaPro DSS Mesh Generator 50 3.6.3.1 Create a simple 2D mesh 51 3.6.3.2 Definition internal curves 53 3.6.3.3 Inserting a background image as construction basis 56 3.6.3.4 Boundary condition editor 57 3.7 Data sets for calibrating the model 62 3.7.1 Time space 62 3.7.2 Evaporation 62 3.7.3 Inflow 62 3.7.4 Outflow 63 3.7.5 Soil hydraulic parameters 63 RESULTS 66 4.1 Simulation results .66 4.2 Extension and adaptation to Vietnam requirements 71 DISSCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 75 REFERENCES 76 STATEMENT UNDER OATH 79 APPENDICES 80 Appendix 1: Precipitation using for simulation 80 Appendix 2: Brief of output of simulation for 784 days 85 Appendix 3: Data from measurement .89 Appendix 4: Data from simulation for the days equivalent with measurement days 90 ABBREVIATIONS BbodSchG German Soil Protection Law CART Classification and Regression Trees CART Classification and Regression Trees DSS Decision Support System Eq Equation FE Finite Element FZJ The Research Center in Juelich GMDH Group Method of Data Handling GSF The National Research Center for Environment and Health GUI Graphical User Interface LUA NRW The North Rhine-Westphalia State Environment Agency NIPP National Institute of Plant Protection PFT Pedotransfer Function SiWaPro Sickerwasserprognose / Leachate Forecast SKE Soil water sampling device layer at 0,85m distance to upper edge of the lysimeter SKE Soil water sampling device layer at 1,15m distance to upper edge of the lysimeter SKE Soil water sampling device layer at 1,80m distance to upper edge of the lysimeter SKE Saugkerzenebene / Soil water sampling device layer TDR Time domain reflectometry vGP van Genuchten Parameter LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The unsaturated zone compares with the saturated zone 16 Figure 2: Division of soil fraction sizes, German (left) and American (right) 17 Figure 3: Dicretization / meshing of area to be modeled 25 Figure 4: Boundary conditions and discetization of a simple model for groundwater flow (from Chris McDermott, 2003) 26 Figure 5: Boundary conditions and discretization for a simple column model .26 Figure 6: Stress applied to the top of the rock column causes deformation 27 Figure 7: Mesh in details 28 Figure 8: Pressing of the stainless steel bottom plate (left) and lifting of a readily filled monolithic lysimeter (right) 31 Figure 9: Lysimeter covered with grass (left), the round surface of the Lysimeter (middle) and lysimeter cellar with complete instrument (right) .31 Figure 10: The lysimeter system at the Büel measurement site 32 Figure 11: Cross-section of a guideline lysimeter surrounded by a control plot .32 Figure 12: The lysimeter station in Munich-Neuherberg 33 Figure 13: The instrument for measuring the wind speed (right) and the rainfall (left)at lysimeter station 33 Figure 14: Simplified sketch of the lysimeter and boundary conditions in the upper, lower and suction cup layers at lysimeter 302 in Juelich 35 Figure 15: The schematic composition and the arrangement of measurement devices .36 Figure 16: Structure of SiWaPro DSS 41 Figure 17: Graphical user interface (GUI) of SiWaPro DSS 42 Figure 18: SiWaPro DSS help system .43 Figure 19: Search options for database access 45 Figure 20: GeODin interface form for data import 50 Figure 21: First start of the mesh generator 51 Figure 22: Define the modeling domain 52 REFERENCES Blankenburg R & Kemmesies O & Graeber P.W (2005), SiWaPro DSS – A Helpful Software to Simulate the Behavior of MTBE in the Unsaturated Zone Blankenburg R & Kemmesies O., Development of SiWaPro DSS for Computer Aided Leachate Forecast Dingman S L (2002), Physical Hydrology, Second edition, University of New Hampschire, Prentice Halll – Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Graeber P.W (2006), Groundwater Measurement Technology Herb P., Graeber P W & Kemmesies O (2002), Combersick – a computer based decision support system for seepage prognosis Jury W & Horton R (2004), Soil physics, John Wily & Sons, Inc, The United States of America Kutílek M & Nielsen D R (1994), Soil Hydrology, GeoEcology textbook, Catena Verlag, Cremlingen-Destedt Lanthaler C (2004), Lysimeter Stations and Soil Hydrology Measuring Sites in Europe – Purpose, Equipment, Research Results, Future Developments, Diploma Thesis, School of Natural Sciences at the Karl-FranzensUniversity Luckner L et al (1989), “A consistent set of parametric models for the twophase flow of immiscible fluids in the subsurface”, Water Resources Research, 25(10), p 2187-2193 10 Lysimeter group, on website http://www.lysimeter.com/, visited in Oct 2007 11 Marshall T J et al (1996), Soil Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 12 McDermott C.I (2003), Inside Finite Elements for Outsiders: Groundwater flow, stationary and transient conditions, contaminant transport, heat transport, stress strain, Technical Report, Center for Applied Geosciences, Uni- 76 versity of Tübingen, Germany, On web site http://www.unituebingen.de/zag/members/mcdermott/, visited on Sept 16, 2007 13 Nemes A., Schaap M.G., Leij F.J & Wösten J.H.M (2001), “Description of the unsaturated soil hydraulic database UNSODA version 2.0”, Journal of Hydrology, 251, p.151-162 14 Niceno B (1997), EasyMesh Version 1.4 A twodimensional quality mesh generator, http://wwwdinma.univ.trieste.it/~nirftc/research/easymesh.html 15 Puetz T., Ruetzel H & Vereecken H (2004), Leachate forecast of low contaminated materials in realistic lysimeter experiments, GSF report of the Institute of Groundwater Ecology 16 Schaap M G., Leij F.J & van Genuchten M.Th (2001), “Rosetta: a computer program for estimating soil hydraulic parameters with hierarchical pedotransfer functions”, Journal of Hydrology, 251, p.163-176 17 Simunek J., Vogel T and van Genuchten M Th (1994), The SWMS_2D Code for Simulating Water Flow and Solute Transport in Two-Dimensional Variably Saturated Media, Version 1.21, Research Report No 132, U.S Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research service, U.S Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California 18 Spitz K & Moreno J A., Practical Guide to Groundwater and Solute Transport Modellin, A Wiley-Interscience Publication John Wiley & Sons 19 Unsaturated zone flow project (2001), Unsaturated-zone flow: definitions and details, On web site http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/uzf/unsatflow.html, visited on Oct 16, 2007 20 Van Genuchten M Th., 1980, “A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils”, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44, p 892-898 21 Vogel T & Cislerova (1988), “On the reliability of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Calculated from the Moisture Retention Curve”, Transport in Porous Media, 3, p 1-15 77 22 Ward R.C (1975), Principles of Hydrology, McGraw-Hill Book Company (UK) 23 Wösten J H M., Pachepsky Ya A & Rawls W J (2001), “Pedotransfer functions: bridging the gap between available basic soil data and missing soil hydraulic characteristics”, Journal of Hydrology, 251, p 123-150 24 Yaron B., Dagan G & Goldshmid J (1984), (edited), “Introductory Comments”, Pollutants in Porous Media – The Unsaturated zone between soil surface and groundwater, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York and Tokyo 25 Muller J.C (1996), “un point sur trente ans de lysimétrie en France (19601990)”, Une technique, un outil pour l’étude de l’énvironnement, INRA, editions, Comifer, Paris 78 STATEMENT UNDER OATH I hereby declare that this Master thesis is my own work with the assistance from my tutors and persons who are mentioned in the acknowledgements section And I only used sources listed in References Hanoi, December 10th, 2008 Pham Thi Bich Ngoc 79 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Precipitation using for simulation Date Rainfall Rainfall Other Inflow Total Inflow Total Inflow to (lys.- related to to lysimeter to lysimeter lysimeter operation- lys.-surface surface surface surface day) area [mm] [L] 10/12/01 0.00 17/12/01 cumulated [L] [L] [L] 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 24/12/01 19.10 38.20 38.20 40.20 31/12/01 34.20 68.40 68.40 108.60 02/01/02 0.88 1.76 1.76 110.36 14/01/02 3.10 6.20 6.20 116.56 21/01/02 14.60 29.20 29.20 145.76 28/01/02 29.40 58.80 58.80 204.56 04/02/02 0.50 1.00 1.00 205.56 11/02/02 14.50 29.00 29.00 234.56 18/02/02 31.90 63.80 63.80 298.36 25/02/02 56.40 112.80 112.80 411.16 04/03/02 11.20 22.40 22.40 433.56 11/03/02 1.00 2.00 2.00 435.56 18/03/02 28.10 56.20 56.20 491.76 25/03/02 26.90 53.80 53.80 545.56 31/03/02 0.00 0.00 0.00 545.56 04/04/02 0.00 0.00 46.98 46.98 592.54 15/04/02 4.80 9.60 78.86 88.46 681.00 22/04/02 23.70 47.40 47.40 728.40 29/04/02 17.10 34.20 34.20 762.60 06/05/02 42.40 84.80 84.80 847.40 80 Date Rainfall Rainfall Other Inflow Total Inflow Total Inflow to (lys.- related to to lysimeter to lysimeter lysimeter operation- lys.-surface surface surface surface day) area [mm] [L] 13/05/02 7.00 21/05/02 cumulated [L] [L] [L] 14.00 14.00 861.40 12.70 25.40 25.40 886.80 27/05/02 3.40 6.80 46.23 933.03 03/06/02 1.40 2.80 2.80 935.83 10/06/02 10.80 21.60 61.03 996.86 17/06/02 22.40 44.80 44.80 1041.66 24/06/02 2.00 4.00 43.43 1085.09 01/07/02 5.10 10.20 10.20 1095.29 08/07/02 9.00 18.00 18.00 1113.29 15/07/02 32.40 64.80 64.80 1178.09 22/07/02 8.90 17.80 17.80 1195.89 29/07/02 4.70 9.40 9.40 1205.29 05/08/02 39.60 79.20 79.20 1284.49 12/08/02 26.50 53.00 53.00 1337.49 19/08/02 10.50 21.00 21.00 1358.49 26/08/02 40.30 80.60 120.03 1478.52 02/09/02 0.40 0.80 0.80 1479.32 09/09/02 14.40 28.80 28.80 1508.12 16/09/02 6.50 13.00 13.00 1521.12 23/09/02 6.80 13.60 13.60 1534.72 30/09/02 4.60 9.20 9.20 1543.92 07/10/02 15.70 31.40 31.40 1575.32 14/10/02 1.60 3.20 3.20 1578.52 21/10/02 29.90 59.80 59.80 1638.32 28/10/02 27.80 55.60 55.60 1693.92 04/11/02 40.30 80.60 80.60 1774.52 39.43 39.43 39.43 39.43 81 Date Rainfall Rainfall Other Inflow Total Inflow Total Inflow to (lys.- related to to lysimeter to lysimeter lysimeter operation- lys.-surface surface surface surface day) area [mm] [L] 11/11/02 34.30 13/11/02 cumulated [L] [L] [L] 68.60 68.60 1843.12 1.90 3.80 3.80 1846.92 25/11/02 23.40 46.80 46.80 1893.72 01/12/02 9.80 19.60 19.60 1913.32 09/12/02 2.30 4.60 4.60 1917.92 16/12/02 6.80 13.60 13.60 1931.52 23/12/02 21.90 43.80 43.80 1975.32 30/12/02 35.30 70.60 70.60 2045.92 06/01/03 24.20 48.40 48.40 2094.32 14/01/03 1.20 2.40 2.40 2096.72 20/01/03 2.40 4.80 4.80 2101.52 27/01/03 8.70 17.40 17.40 2118.92 03/02/03 26.70 53.40 53.40 2172.32 10/02/03 4.80 9.60 9.60 2181.92 17/02/03 0.00 0.00 0.00 2181.92 24/02/03 0.00 0.00 0.00 2181.92 03/03/03 25.70 51.40 90.83 2272.75 10/03/03 8.30 16.60 16.60 2289.35 18/03/03 9.70 19.40 19.40 2308.75 24/03/03 0.00 0.00 39.43 2348.18 31/03/03 2.10 4.20 4.20 2352.38 07/04/03 11.80 23.60 23.60 2375.98 15/04/03 0.40 0.80 40.23 2416.21 21/04/03 0.00 0.00 0.00 2416.21 28/04/03 16.70 33.40 72.83 2489.04 05/05/03 14.10 28.20 28.20 2517.24 39.43 39.43 39.43 39.43 82 Date Rainfall Rainfall Other Inflow Total Inflow Total Inflow to (lys.- related to to lysimeter to lysimeter lysimeter operation- lys.-surface surface surface surface day) area [mm] [L] 12/05/03 5.00 19/05/03 cumulated [L] [L] [L] 10.00 10.00 2527.24 19.40 38.80 38.80 2566.04 26/05/03 33.90 67.80 67.80 2633.84 02/06/03 47.70 95.40 95.40 2729.24 10/06/03 21.40 42.80 42.80 2772.04 16/06/03 5.70 11.40 11.40 2783.44 23/06/03 2.90 5.80 5.80 2789.24 30/06/03 11.00 22.00 22.00 2811.24 07/07/03 10.50 21.00 21.00 2832.24 16/07/03 0.00 0.00 39.43 2871.67 21/07/03 7.50 15.00 15.00 2886.67 28/07/03 13.30 26.60 26.60 2913.27 04/08/03 5.00 10.00 39.43 49.43 2962.70 11/08/03 0.00 0.00 78.86 78.86 3041.56 18/08/03 23.70 47.40 47.40 3088.96 25/08/03 0.00 0.00 39.43 39.43 3128.39 01/09/03 19.00 38.00 19.72 57.72 3186.11 09/09/03 14.70 29.40 29.40 3215.51 15/09/03 4.70 9.40 9.40 3224.91 22/09/03 1.10 2.20 2.20 3227.11 29/09/03 8.80 17.60 19.72 37.32 3264.42 09/10/03 66.80 133.60 19.72 153.32 3417.74 13/10/03 3.90 7.80 7.80 3425.54 20/10/03 0.00 0.00 0.00 3425.54 27/10/03 2.80 5.60 5.60 3431.14 03/11/03 15.20 30.40 69.83 3500.97 39.43 39.43 83 Date Rainfall Rainfall Other Inflow Total Inflow Total Inflow to (lys.- related to to lysimeter to lysimeter lysimeter operation- lys.-surface surface surface surface day) area [mm] [L] 12/11/03 0.00 17/11/03 cumulated [L] [L] [L] 0.00 0.00 3500.97 15.10 30.20 30.20 3531.17 24/11/03 1.50 3.00 3.00 3534.17 01/12/03 4.10 8.20 8.20 3542.37 09/12/03 0.50 1.00 1.00 3543.37 15/12/03 19.80 39.60 39.60 3582.97 22/12/03 8.10 16.20 19.72 35.92 3618.88 29/12/03 10.40 20.80 19.72 40.52 3659.40 05/01/04 2.76 5.52 19.72 25.24 3684.63 13/01/04 39.03 78.06 78.06 3762.69 19/01/04 24.07 48.14 48.14 3810.83 26/01/04 9.74 19.48 19.48 3830.31 02/02/04 2.51 5.02 5.02 3835.33 84 Appendix 2: Brief of output of simulation for 784 days Unit: metre Inflow to Date lys surface 10/12/01 17/12/01 24/12/01 0.003437714 31/12/01 0.006980571 07/01/02 14/01/02 21/01/02 0.002409143 28/01/02 0.005792 04/02/02 11/02/02 0.002843429 18/02/02 0.005860571 25/02/02 0.012512 04/03/02 0.001083429 11/03/02 18/03/02 0.005472 25/03/02 0.005174857 01/04/02 08/04/02 0.019290667 15/04/02 0.019290667 22/04/02 0.002637714 29/04/02 0.002980571 06/05/02 0.008763429 13/05/02 0.000672 20/05/02 0.001612 27/05/02 0.005236 03/06/02 10/06/02 0.006184 17/06/02 0.004054857 24/06/02 0.004035429 01/07/02 0.000260571 08/07/02 0.001106286 15/07/02 0.006477714 22/07/02 0.001106286 29/07/02 0.000146286 Outflow of SKE 0 -4.6864E-05 -0.00064227 0 -0.00015983 -0.00065842 -0.00027426 -0.00069466 -0.00143889 -0.00012548 -0.00061382 -0.00062531 -0.00186011 -0.00186374 -0.00031941 -0.00033311 -0.00106303 -7.4322E-05 -0.00013385 -0.00059152 -0.00072081 -0.00048494 -0.00047812 -2.7076E-06 -5.5887E-05 -0.00075831 -0.00011281 Outflow of SKE 0 -0.00014604 0 -5.2685E-05 -0.00038686 -6.4632E-05 -0.00016286 -0.00044944 -0.00103095 -0.00016567 -2.7637E-05 -0.00035772 -0.0004283 -7.5152E-05 -0.00122476 -0.00133288 -0.000271 -0.00024234 -0.0007404 -0.00013631 -0.00011019 -0.00035505 -6.2549E-05 -0.00044367 -0.0003483 -0.00033786 -7.7319E-05 -5.7721E-05 -0.00046698 -0.00014036 -2.7754E-05 85 Outflow of SKE 0 0 -3.92E-05 -9.6736E-05 -0.0001292 -0.00029527 -0.00028928 -0.00025135 -0.00041294 -0.00101399 -0.00040803 -0.00024978 -0.00030557 -0.00045988 -0.00031812 -0.00038746 -0.00130361 -0.0004594 -0.00036065 -0.00068884 -0.00038173 -0.00026705 -0.00032755 -0.00028904 -0.00037235 -0.00043899 -0.00042386 -0.00030307 -0.00022488 -0.00037078 -0.0003411 -0.00023785 Outflow of lower boundary 0 0 -6.236E-06 -0.00024926 -0.00144971 -0.00178338 -0.0013546 -0.00264768 -0.00862317 -0.00279366 -0.00144823 -0.00167444 -0.00313461 -0.00206063 -0.00166852 -0.01061922 -0.00318112 -0.00231416 -0.00527742 -0.0025933 -0.00154149 -0.00190051 -0.00179367 -0.00225862 -0.00299671 -0.002857 -0.00191659 -0.00119861 -0.00220334 -0.00222314 -0.00134492 Total outflow 0 -4.6864E-05 -0.00078832 -3.92E-05 -0.00010297 -0.00059096 -0.00279026 -0.00213729 -0.00204306 -0.00420472 -0.012107 -0.00349284 -0.00172565 -0.00295156 -0.0046481 -0.00245391 -0.00514084 -0.01511944 -0.00423093 -0.00325026 -0.0077697 -0.00318566 -0.00205258 -0.00317462 -0.00214526 -0.00379546 -0.00426894 -0.00409685 -0.00229969 -0.0015371 -0.00379942 -0.0028174 -0.00161052 Inflow to Date lys surface 05/08/02 0.008123429 12/08/02 0.005129143 19/08/02 0.001632 26/08/02 0.012629714 02/09/02 09/09/02 0.002363429 16/09/02 0.000557714 23/09/02 0.000626286 30/09/02 0.000123429 07/10/02 0.002660571 14/10/02 21/10/02 0.005906286 28/10/02 0.005426286 04/11/02 0.008283429 11/11/02 0.006912 18/11/02 0.002192 25/11/02 0.002192 02/12/02 09/12/02 10/12/02 0.000649143 16/12/02 0.000649143 23/12/02 0.004260571 30/12/02 0.007552 06/01/03 0.003986286 13/01/03 20/01/03 27/01/03 0.002180571 03/02/03 0.004352 10/02/03 17/02/03 24/02/03 03/03/03 0.009452571 10/03/03 0.001197714 17/03/03 0.000812 24/03/03 0.004329333 31/03/03 07/04/03 0.001769143 Outflow of SKE -0.00096674 -0.00062991 -0.00017817 -0.00144822 -0.00022083 -7.4802E-06 0 -0.00021654 -0.00066376 -0.00065864 -0.00101293 -0.00085403 -0.0002463 -0.00022304 -5.1186E-05 0 -0.00043922 -0.00091604 -0.0004839 0 -0.00016332 -0.00047582 0 -0.00111645 -0.00013269 -4.0988E-05 -0.0004574 -0.00012855 Outflow of SKE -0.0006184 -0.00045029 -0.00017625 -0.00103361 -0.00010151 -0.00014569 -4.998E-05 -1.963E-05 -0.00010325 -4.2606E-06 -0.00037972 -0.00045161 -0.00071386 -0.00060844 -0.0002126 -0.0001718 -0.0001131 -8.3101E-06 -4.2027E-06 -1.9472E-06 -0.00023473 -0.00061736 -0.00036044 -6.7284E-05 -8.1576E-05 -0.00028457 -5.0145E-05 0 -0.00071932 -0.00016122 -7.0315E-05 -0.00025956 -4.5454E-05 -8.2435E-05 86 Outflow of SKE -0.0004474 -0.00052724 -0.00036798 -0.00097982 -0.00037576 -0.00026761 -0.00023484 -0.00019521 -0.00016838 -0.00017959 -0.00019176 -0.00029116 -0.00047604 -0.0007136 -0.00065728 -0.00039561 -0.00031154 -0.00027448 -0.00021486 -0.00020643 -0.00017438 -0.00022903 -0.00054603 -0.00048119 -0.00030695 -0.00020523 -0.00018712 -0.00028304 -0.00026659 -0.00019308 -0.00015427 -0.00044604 -0.00037995 -0.00026039 -0.00027121 -0.00025803 -0.00021537 Outflow of lower boundary -0.00283645 -0.00377152 -0.00244497 -0.00838367 -0.00253786 -0.00151177 -0.00128273 -0.00094775 -0.0007241 -0.00071506 -0.00089305 -0.00150193 -0.00327326 -0.00548669 -0.004932 -0.00267099 -0.00190979 -0.00160055 -0.00114442 -0.00107365 -0.00077346 -0.0010432 -0.00385957 -0.00338494 -0.00195865 -0.00107052 -0.00081825 -0.00149937 -0.00158591 -0.00096434 -0.00061918 -0.00262802 -0.00256872 -0.0015159 -0.00145345 -0.00150677 -0.00108853 Total outflow -0.00486901 -0.00537897 -0.00316737 -0.01184532 -0.00301512 -0.0021459 -0.00157503 -0.00116259 -0.00089247 -0.00121445 -0.00108906 -0.00283657 -0.00485955 -0.00792708 -0.00705175 -0.0035255 -0.00261617 -0.00203931 -0.00136759 -0.00128429 -0.00094978 -0.00194618 -0.005939 -0.00471047 -0.00233288 -0.00127575 -0.00125027 -0.00254279 -0.00190265 -0.00115741 -0.00077345 -0.00490982 -0.00324258 -0.00188758 -0.00244163 -0.00181026 -0.00151489 Inflow to Date lys surface 14/04/03 0.003095 21/04/03 28/04/03 0.007624 05/05/03 0.002706286 12/05/03 9.14286E-06 19/05/03 0.003072 26/05/03 0.006820571 02/06/03 0.009974857 09/06/03 0.003372 16/06/03 0.000565333 23/06/03 30/06/03 0.001632 07/07/03 0.001860571 14/07/03 0.002576889 21/07/03 0.001536 28/07/03 0.002066286 04/08/03 0.004721143 11/08/03 0.008084571 18/08/03 0.004489143 25/08/03 0.003578286 01/09/03 0.005668 08/09/03 0.002012 15/09/03 0.000325333 22/09/03 0.000717714 29/09/03 0.001942286 06/10/03 0.0113372 13/10/03 0.000632 20/10/03 27/10/03 03/11/03 0.007052571 10/11/03 17/11/03 0.004064 24/11/03 01/12/03 08/12/03 15/12/03 0.004352 22/12/03 0.003176571 Outflow of SKE -0.00031291 -0.00090248 -0.00031775 -0.00029774 -0.00082055 -0.001199 -0.00041093 -4.6923E-05 -9.8759E-05 -0.0001441 -0.00024622 -0.00013681 -0.00018799 -0.00053841 -0.00098915 -0.00055065 -0.00042286 -0.0006902 -0.00022632 -4.6736E-06 -0.00014633 -0.00132861 -0.00013675 0 -0.00081531 -0.00039647 0 -0.00040885 -0.00033943 Outflow of SKE -0.00018802 -4.5491E-05 -0.00057339 -0.00025827 -5.0017E-05 -0.00017347 -0.00053994 -0.00085329 -0.00032412 -0.00010615 -9.3571E-06 -5.6316E-05 -9.1811E-05 -0.00015389 -0.00012067 -0.00013249 -0.0003405 -0.00068819 -0.00040471 -0.0003106 -0.00047014 -0.00020296 -6.3029E-05 -3.0233E-05 -8.5836E-05 -0.00093344 -0.00023385 -4.329E-05 -0.00047841 -7.5592E-05 -0.00020323 -3.369E-05 0 -0.00017734 -0.00022036 87 Outflow of SKE -0.0002522 -0.0002506 -0.00043325 -0.0004141 -0.0002781 -0.00024851 -0.00047292 -0.0008484 -0.00048411 -0.00032576 -0.00022181 -0.00018915 -0.00020646 -0.00024172 -0.00026286 -0.00025523 -0.00034353 -0.00065767 -0.00051632 -0.00042508 -0.00048968 -0.00038065 -0.00027315 -0.00020847 -0.00020114 -0.00081501 -0.00054744 -0.00027952 -0.00019157 -0.00032633 -0.00030967 -0.0002482 -0.0002382 -0.00018176 -0.00014878 -0.00017344 -0.00028044 Outflow of lower boundary -0.00131649 -0.00142858 -0.00275014 -0.00282306 -0.00170266 -0.00131369 -0.00317607 -0.00680814 -0.00340975 -0.00209742 -0.00121088 -0.00086207 -0.00096501 -0.00124382 -0.00147639 -0.00140935 -0.00206253 -0.00496001 -0.00368038 -0.00288383 -0.00339971 -0.00254657 -0.00164084 -0.00106766 -0.0009371 -0.00667867 -0.00404324 -0.0017086 -0.00094653 -0.0017405 -0.00197395 -0.00131925 -0.00132317 -0.00086216 -0.00056967 -0.00060694 -0.00151523 Total outflow -0.00206962 -0.00172467 -0.00465926 -0.00381318 -0.00203078 -0.00203341 -0.00500948 -0.00970883 -0.0046289 -0.00257626 -0.00144205 -0.00120629 -0.00140738 -0.00188565 -0.00199673 -0.00198506 -0.00328497 -0.00729502 -0.00515207 -0.00404237 -0.00504973 -0.0033565 -0.00197701 -0.00131104 -0.00137041 -0.00975574 -0.00496128 -0.00203141 -0.0011381 -0.00336055 -0.00235921 -0.00216715 -0.00159507 -0.00104392 -0.00071844 -0.00136657 -0.00235546 Inflow to Date lys surface 29/12/03 0.003702286 05/01/04 0.002605143 12/01/04 0.0082835 19/01/04 0.006965333 26/01/04 0.000123429 02/02/04 0.002569143 Outflow of SKE -0.00041955 -0.0002847 -0.0010066 -0.00086093 -7.2923E-06 -0.00024786 Outflow of SKE -0.00028121 -0.00021454 -0.00069422 -0.00061366 -0.00010027 -0.00015983 88 Outflow of SKE -0.00034597 -0.00034074 -0.00063383 -0.00066218 -0.00035785 -0.00027059 Outflow of lower boundary -0.00214183 -0.00215844 -0.00473745 -0.00497932 -0.00240151 -0.00153295 Total outflow -0.00318856 -0.00299842 -0.0070721 -0.00711609 -0.00286692 -0.00221123 Appendix 3: Data from measurement Unit: litre Date 04/04/02 06/05/02 03/06/02 08/07/02 12/08/02 09/09/02 14/10/02 13/11/02 16/12/02 14/01/03 17/02/03 18/03/03 15/04/03 12/05/03 16/06/03 16/07/03 11/08/03 Outflow of SKE 0.0 15.6 24.1 34.7 45.2 55.1 61.2 69.5 74.7 81.1 87.3 93.5 98.7 103.9 110.7 115.1 121.3 Outflow of SKE Outflow of SKE 0.00 3.2 6.0 10.9 14.8 18.4 21.3 24.5 27.3 30.0 32.8 35.5 38.0 40.6 45.9 48.3 51.1 89 0.0 12.1 22.2 35.9 50.1 61.7 73.1 84.4 93.2 102.5 109.9 118.8 127.6 136.7 148.9 158.7 169.3 Outflow of lower Total outflow boundary 0.00 120.51 151.3 192.70 245.0 294.70 376.2 408.08 518.3 550.30 685.5 585.94 741.6 769.46 947.9 843.17 1038.3 980.61 1194.3 1049.46 1279.5 1133.40 1381.3 1191.81 1456.1 1284.40 1565.6 1428.06 1733.6 1476.15 1798.3 1576.72 1918.4 Appendix 4: Data from simulation for the days equivalent with measurement days Unit: litre Date 04/04/02 06/05/02 03/06/02 08/07/02 12/08/02 09/09/02 14/10/02 11/11/02 16/12/02 13/01/03 17/02/03 17/03/03 14/04/03 12/05/03 16/06/03 14/07/03 11/08/03 Outflow of SKE Outflow of SKE Outflow of Outflow of lower bound- Total outflow SKE ary 9.993347366 23.03241193 34.83852811 48.09480787 63.88889804 67.00287266 83.35017543 92.97214338 105.8462404 110.3202461 119.0641952 123.4527696 134.1847657 153.2822873 155.3107636 163.0767868 2.423366838 8.817013931 15.7049189 20.88342695 25.215035 30.44494396 37.29102248 45.1201393 52.62150064 58.00654566 63.17028008 68.37465182 71.83087725 77.41674451 81.26218607 87.49498338 10.81959437 22.4757717 35.26699731 46.62114529 62.3767694 69.69612507 81.40402656 95.82541034 105.8397876 114.5822364 122.7955764 129.8305638 139.2815666 155.6058118 162.2080523 169.9315253 90 132.7236194 211.9126504 294.6707524 363.3159814 483.2821503 519.5519939 597.6365445 690.9562861 754.384458 802.9133427 850.3751476 889.3277351 947.5556092 1062.427803 1098.375524 1141.72006 155.959928 266.2378479 380.4811968 478.9153615 634.7628528 686.6959356 799.6817689 924.8739791 1018.691987 1085.822371 1155.405199 1210.98572 1292.852819 1448.732646 1497.156526 1562.223356 ... numerical modeling of water flow and contaminant transport in variably saturated media with additional simulation and parameter estimation tools, data sources for the simulation and a graphical user... flow and contaminant transport in variably media with additional simulation and parameter estimation tools, data sources for the simulation and a graphical user interface The main objective of this. .. the conceptual understanding and mathematical description of water flow and solute transport processes in the unsaturated zone A variety of analytical and numerical models are now available to