Grammar and exercises – grade 11

Chú ý : như ta đã biết hiện tại phân từ present participle có thể được dùng cho các động từ trên để diễn tả hành động đang tiếp diễn.. Còn động từ nguyên thể dùng trong trường hợp này ch[r]

GRAMMAR and EXERCISES – Grade 11 Unit : I PRONUNCIATION: 1) Phát âm là /dɔ/ với các từ có chữ viết là : j, dg, gg, ge, gi, di, du, Ex: jam, jar, jaw, jerk, joke, joy… Germ, gin, genes, urgent, agent Midget, edge, dodge, judge Suggest, danger, agenda, soldier 2) Phát âm là / t∫ / với các chữ viết là : ch, ture, tion, tual, and Chin, cheese, change, watch, church Picture, gesture, culture, future Question, digestion Mutual, II GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY: A Infinitive with to (Full Infinitive) To infinitive with to is used in these following situations: The subject of a sentence: Ex: + To save money is necessary now The complement of a verb: Ex: + Our duty is to study harder + My plan is to start my own business + To know her is to like her Object:  To infinitive is used as object of these verbs: (1a) S + V + to infinitive agree, afford, appear, arrange, attempt(try), begin, start, care, choose, claim, decide, deserve, determine, demand, desire, fail, forget, happen, hesitate (do dự), hope, intend, learn (how), manage, mean, need, neglect (bỏ mặc), offer, plan, prepare, promise, pretend (giả vờ), refuse, tend, threaten, swear, seem, want, wish, undertake (đảm nhận, đảm bảo, cam đoan), would like… Ex: + We hope to pass the next exam with high marks (1b) S + verb + obj + to inf advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, force, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remind, teach, tell, want, warn… Ex: + They don’t allow us to smoke in the office + I taught myself to play the guitar (2) S + V + N + to infinitive + to have s.th to eat/ drink/ … + to have a desire to s.th (ước muốn làm điều gì) + to shơ a determination to s.th (bày tỏ tâm làm gì) + to have a tendency to s.th (có khuynh hướng làm gì) + to make an attempt to s.th (nổ lực làm điều gì) + to make a decision to s.th Ex: + She had a desire to find a well-paid job (3) S + be + adjective + to infinitive  To infinitive is used as object of these adjectives: Able, afraid, amused, annoy, anxious, astonished, certain, cold, delighted, difficult, eager, easy, glad, hard, happy, hot, lovely, necessary, pleased, ready Ex: + I’m very glad to see you again  To infinitive is used after “ for/ of” Ex: + I’ll wait for you to finish the tasks To infinitive is used after Noun or pronoun to replace for a clause Ex: + English is an important language to master Ex: + Have you got anything to read now? To infinitive is used to express a purpose or result: TOO +Adj / Adv OR Adj / Adv + ENOUGH Ex: + We go to school to widen our knowledge Ex: + He was born to succeed in many fields + She is too tired to go for a walk + I’m strong enough to carry that heavy box Lop11.com + He isn’t rich enough to travel everywhere by taxi B Bare infinitive: Bare infinitive is used in these situations: After “modal verbs” Ex: He can speak three languages After the verbs of sense: (Perceptive) “feel, hear, see, watch, smelt, notice, observe, spot …” Ex: + I saw her get out of the car + We heard them sing all morning + He saw the thief enter the hall Chú ý : ta đã biết phân từ (present participle) có thể dùng cho các động từ trên để diễn tả hành động tiếp diễn Còn động từ nguyên thể dùng trường hợp này hành động đã hoàn tất hay hành động nào đó diễn từ đầu cuối Ex: + I watched them playing football for a while (trận đấu tiếp diễn) + I watched them play football yesterday afternoon (xem toàn trận đấu) + I felt the wind blow strongly from the northeast + The guard noticed the spy break into the computer network of the plant After “make (yêu cầu), let, have (nhờ, khiến), help… ” Ex: + They made me wait for them until they found the solution + I helped the child tidy his desk + He had a painter paint the gate + They let him enter the room without a ticket + My parents make me go to bed early After proverbs: had better, would rather … Ex: + You had better study hard for the exams After BUT, EXCEPT “ngoại trừ” Ex: + Why don’t you anything but complain? + She agreed to everything but help him with the homework Exercise: Insert TO where necessary before the infinitives in brackets It is easy (be) wise after the event Do you (wish) (make) a complaint? We don’t (want) anybody (know) that we are here IF you can’t (remember) his number you’d better (look) it up I want her (learn) Esperanto; I think everybody ought to (know) it He is said (be) the best surgeon [‘sə:dɔən] in the country (Bác sĩ quân y, bác sĩ phẩu thuật) Visitors are asked (not feed) the animals Could I (see) Mr Pitt, please? I’m afraid Mr Pitt isn’t in Would you like (speak) with his secretary It’d better (travel) hopefully than (arrive) 10 He should (know) how (use) the film projector, but if he doesn’t you had better (show) him 11 He was made (sign) a paper admitting his guilt /gilt/ (Tội lỗi) 12 I heard the door (open) and saw the shadow (move) across the floor 13 She tried (make) me (believe) that she wasn’t my stepmother 14 As we seem (have missed) the train we may as well (go) back to the house 15 I felt the house (shake) with the explosion 16 He told me (try) (come) early 17 Before he let us (go) he made us (promise) (not tell) anyone what we had seen 18 Would you (like) (come) in my car? - No, thanks, I’d rather (walk) 19 I advised him (ask) the bus conductor (tell) him where (get) off 20 It is better (put) your money in a bank than (keep) in under your bed is an old stocking 21 He doesn’t even bother (read) letters, let alone (answer) them 22 The bank robbers made the cashier (show) them how (open) the safe 23 If you knew he was wrong, why didn’t you (say) something? I didn’t like him (say) anything because he always gets angry if you contradict him 24 It’s better (be) to sure than sorry 25 What you (want) me (tell) him? Tell him that any time he cares (call) I shall be delighted (discuss) the matter with him 26 Did you remember (give) him the money? No, I didn’t I still have it in my pocket; but I’ll (see) him tonight and I promise (not forget) this time Lop11.com 27 I saw the driver (open) his window and (throw) a box into the bushes 28 This is far too heavy for one person (carry); let me (help) you 29 I was afraid (pick) up the revolver [ri'vɔlvə] (súng lục ổ quay) as I don’t know how (handle) firearms.(sung ngắn) 30 I saw the plane (crash) into the hill and (burst) into flames (ngọn lửa) * VOCABULARY: FRIENDSHIP recite/ri'sait/(v) ngâm (thơ), recite a poem(v) ngâm bài thơ, recitation (n) ngâm thơ, recital (n) ngâm thơ, be down(v) =be unhappy / sad : buồn, đau khổ, brighten up(v) = to make … brighter : làm rạng rỡ, acquaintance/ə'kweintəns/(n) người quen biết, incapable/in'keipəbl/(adj) không đủ khả năng, không thể # capable (adj) đủ khả năng, quality /'kwɔliti/(n) phẩm chất, unselfishness/,ʌn'selfi∫nis/(n) tính không ích kỷ, be concerned with(v) quan tâm đến, give and take(v) cho và nhận, constancy/'kɔnstənsi/(n) tính kiên định , constant(adj) kiên định , kiên trì , take up = became interested in(v) thích thú quan tâm , enthusiasm/in'ju:ziæzm/(n), enthusiastic(adj) hăng hái, enthusiast(n) người say mê, nhiệt tình , be tired of(v) = be fed up with , be bored with: chán nản , changeable/'t∫eindʒəbl/(adj) hay thay đổi, uncertain # certain(adj) không kiên định # chắn, kiên định, lifelong(adj) suốt đời, loyalty/'lɔiəlti/(n) trung thành, loyal(adj) trung thành, suspicious/sə'spi∫əs/(adj) nghi ngờ, hoài nghi, suspicion(n) nghi ngờ, suspect/sə'spekt/(v) nghi ngờ, rumour/'ru:mə/(n) tin đồn, gossip(n) lời bàn tán, trust(n) lòng tin, tín nhiệm, trustful (adj) tin người, hay tin, mutual/'mju:tjuəl/(adj) = each to the other : lẫn nhau, secret/'si:krit/(n) điều bí mật, thầm kín, secrecy(n) giữ bí mật, sympathy(n) thông cảm, sympathetic/,simpə'etik/(adj) thông cảm, sympathize(v) có thiện cảm, thông cảm, aim (n) = purpose mục đích, aimless(adj) = purposeless không mục đích, sorrow(n) nỗi buồn rầu, sorrowful(adj) đau buồn, pursuit/pə'sju:t/(n) theo đuổi, mưu cầu, pursue(v) theo đuổi, benefit(n) lợi ích, principle(n) nguyên lý, nguyên tắc, sum up(v) tóm lại, physical = mental(adj) thể chất tinh thần, square face (n) mặt chữ điền (vuông), medium(adj) trung bình, oval /'əuvl/(adj) trái xoan, forehead /'fɔ:rid, 'fɔ:hed/(n) trán xói, crooked(adj) cong, khoắm, caring (adj) quan tâm chăm sóc, hospitable /'hɔspitəbl/(adj) hiếu khách, hospitality(n) tính hiếu khách, modest(adj ) tính kiêm tốn, modesty(n) kiêm tốn, generous(adj) rộng lượng, generosity(n) tính rộng lượng, sincere /sin'siə/(adj) lòng thành thật, # insincere(adj) không thành thật, honest(adj) trung thành, chân thật, honesty(n) tính chân thật, interviewee(n) người vấn, interview(v) vấn, admire /əd'maiə/(v) khâm phục, admiration /,ædmə'rei∫n/(n) ngưỡng mộ, admirable/'ædmərəbl/(adj) đáng khâm phục, profile(n) sơ yếu lý lịch, quick-witted(adj) nhanh trí, good-natured /'gud'neit∫əd/(adj) tốt bụng, studiuos /'stju:diəs/(adj) siêng năng, keenly :cách say mê, residential(adj) chỗ , residential area(n) khu gia cư , residence(n) chỗ * Physical charecteristics: - Build: slim, plump (bụ bẩm), obese/əu'bi:s/ = overweight, muscular /'mʌskjulə/, stocky ( lực lưỡng),… - Height: medium, tall, short, … - Face: square, large, oval, skinny, chubby /'t∫ʌbi/ (phúng phính), long, with high cheek-bones /'t∫i:kbəun/ (gò má cao) - Forehead: /'forid/ : broad /'brɔ:d/ = wide = large, high, wrinkled /'riŋkld/(nhăn), … - Nose: straight, crooked /'krukid/(a) cong, turned-up = snup (hếch), pointed (nhọn), flat (tẹt),… - Hair: black, grey, red, dyed /daid/(nhuộm), Curly, wavy, glossy /'glɔsi/(hào nhoáng), shoulder length, sleek (mượt, bóng), crew-cut(ca rê, đinh), a bun (búi tóc), plait /plæt/(đuôi sam), bald /bɔ:ld/ = receding/ri'si:diŋ/(hói, trọc), a fringe/frindʒ/(một mái, tóc thề, râu chòm cằm), … - Lips: heart-shaped, thin, full, black and blue … - Chin: pointed chin, double chin, … - Skin: suntanned /'sʌn'tænid/, oriental /,ɔ:ri'entl/(óng ngọc trai), a smooth complexion /smu:ð kəm'plek∫n/, pale complexion /peil/(tái), greasy skin /'gri:sil/(da nhờn), … * Personalities: quick-witted (adj) nhanh trí, good-natured (adj) tốt bụng ,studiuos (adj) siêng , keenly cách say mê, honest (adj) trung thành, chân thật, honesty (n) tính chân thật, eager to learn, patient, calm,… Lop11.com LISTENING Lan’s Talk My best friend is Ha We’ve been friends for a long time We used to live in Nguyen Cong Tru Residential in Hanoi Her family moved to Haiphong in 1985 It is said that Haiphong people are cold, but Ha is really, really friendly I started to get to know her when I was going on a two-day trip to Do Son last year and I didn’t know anybody there I gave Ha a ring and she was so friendly, she said, “Oh, I’ll come to visit you.” So she rode on her motorbike to Do Son and twenty minutes later she was there She stayed with me for two days She happened (chance- tình cờ) to know a lot of people there, so she introduced me around, and we’ve been best friends ever since Long’s Talk My best friend is Minh We met in college I was there singing and Minh was a guitarist So we worked together a lot Minh has a great sense of humour, he’s very, very funny, and that’s one of my favourite things about him And over the years, we have been through good times and bad times with each other, and that’s one of the things I like best about him And we have a lot of the same interests We like to go to plays and movies together But when we’re going through a rough time, he’s really a good friend, and he’s a very good listener, and he always helped me through Lop11.com Unit : I PRONUNCIATION: 1) Phát âm là /m / với các từ có chữ viết là : m, mm, mb, mn Ex: meal, map, milk, make; swimming, summer; climb, comb, lamb, tomb; autumn, column… 2) Phát âm là /n / với các từ có chữ viết là : n, nn, kn, gn, pn Ex: now, noon, neat, nurse; funny, annoy, dinner; know, knight, knit; sign, gnat, gnaw; pneumonia 3) Phát âm là /η / với các từ có chữ viết là : ng, n Ex: singer, hunger, hang, wrong, among; donkey, anchor, rank, bank II GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY: I PRESENT TENSE INDICATING PAST TIME (Diễn tả các hành động, kiện xảy quá khứ các hành động, kiện đó là chuỗi truyện cổ tích, câu chuyện kể còn mãi với thời gian Làm cho câu chuyện trở nên sống động hơn) Ex: + The story is about a girl called Cinderella who lives with her stepmother II PAST SIMPLE * Usage: Diễn tả hành động xảy và chấm dứt thời điểm xác định hay khoảng thời gian xác định quá khứ Ex: - We went to the summer music festival last year - They lived in Paris for years then they moved to Rome Diễn tả thĩi quen qu khứ Ex: - They met twice a month to handle administrative business Kể lại chuỗi hnh động xảy qu khứ Ex: - The woman came to the door, unlocked it, entered the room Dùng mệnh đề phụ câu điều kiện loại Ex: - If I were in your place, I would accept the job offer Exercise :put the verbs in brackets into the correct form : What you ………….(say) when you ………….(see)him last week Why you……………(not tell) me about her family before? It would be better if you……… (go) there yourself He ………….(teach) English in our school years ago I………… (mail) the letter when I went out to lunch III PAST PROGRESSIVE * Usage: Diễn tả hành động hay việc diễn thời điểm xác định quá khứ Ex: - He was writing a composition at o’clock last night Notes: Hành động làm gián đoạn hành động khác diễn thời điểm quá khứ chia Thì qu khứ đơn.(eg: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang) Nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động diễn suốt khoảng thời gian xác định quá khứ Ex: - We were watching TV all the evening last Friday Diễn tả hai hành động xảy đồng thời quá khứ Ex: - While I was doing my homework, my sister was writing an e-mail Notes: Some adverbs : at the time, at this time last week (month/ year), in the summer, during the summer, all (day/ week/ month) *Những trường hợp không chia với “past progressive” : - Be - Verbs of emotions : like/ dislike/ hate/ want/ love/ prefer/ admire - Verbs of mental states : think/ believe/ understand/ remember/ forget/ know/ need/ imagine/ suppose/ recognize - Verbs of sense : look/ seem/ appear/ taste/ smell - Verbs of possession : have/ own/ possess/ belong Lop11.com Exercise : Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form : ( past simple or past progressive ) She ………… (work) very hard yesterday They suddenly………………(realize) that they ……………(travel) in the wrong direction 3.When I………… (pick) up the teapot, the handle ………….(come off) While I……………(swim), someone (steal) my clothes and I ………….(have) to walk home in my swimsuit As he……………(eat), he could not answer clearly PAST PERFECT (a) My parents had already eaten by the time I got home (b) Until yesterday, I had never heard about it (c) Sam had already left when we got there (d) Sam left before we got there (e)After the guests had left, I went to bed (f) After the guests left, I went to bed The past perfect expresses an activity that was completed before another activity or time in the past If either before or after is used, the past perfect is often not necessary because the time relationship is clear The past tense may be used then Exercise : put the verbs in brackets into the correct form ( past simple or past perfect): When I …………… (reach) the station, the train…………… (already, leave) It was not until I ……………(read) your letter that I………………(understand) the truth He…………(sleep) all night but he……………… (be) still tired in the morning Tom and John……………(know) each other because they……………(meet) the summer I ………… (rush) to the airport, but the plane…………………(leave) before * VOCABULARY: PERSONAL EXPERIENCES ( Kinh nghiệm cá nhân ) embarrassing (adj) lúng túng , embarrass (v) làm lúng túng , embarrassment (n) lúng túng / ngượng ngùng , floppy hat (n) nón mền , idol(n) thần tượng , idolize (v) thần tượng hóa , idolization (n) thần tượng hóa , video clip(n) đoạn phim , glance (at) liếc nhìn , sneaky (adj) lén lút , vụng trộm , make a fuss (v) làm ầm ĩ , effect = influence(n) ảnh hưởng , appreciate(v) coi trọng , đánh giá cao , appreciation (n) đánh giá cao , appreciative (adj) biết đánh giá cao , attitude (n) thái độ , jumble (v) trộn lộn xộn , turtle (n) rùa biển , tortoise(n) rùa đất , scream (n) tiếng hét , la hét , embrace (v) ôm ấp , unforgettable (adj) không thể qquen , forgettable(adj) có thể quên , forgetful (adj) tính hay quên , complain to (someone ) about (something) than phiền (ai) (cái gì đó) , complaint (n) lời than phiền , string (n) sợi dây , hood (n) mũ trùm đầu , riding (n) môn cỡi ngựa, cottage(n) nhà tranh , set off (v) start to go (somewhere) bắt đầu đâu đó , break out (v) = start to happen : bùng nổ , marriage (n) hôn nhân , pay attention to (v) = notice chú ý Lop11.com Unit : I PRONUNCIATION: 1) Phát âm là /l / với các từ có chữ viết là : l Ex: letter, link, table, little, late 2) Phát âm là /r / với các từ có chữ viết là : r (đứng đầu từ) Ex: rain, rink, red, riddle, rubber 3) Phát âm là /h / với các từ có chữ viết là : h Ex: hat, ham, hit, heart … (except: hour, honor, honest…) II GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY: A Infinitive: (U.1 - Review) * FULL INFINITIVE: To infinitive with to is used in these following situations: The subject of a sentence: Ex: + To save money is necessary now The complement of a verb: Ex: + Our duty is to study harder + My plan is to start my own business + To know her is to like her Object: a To infinitive is used as object of these verbs: (1a) S + V + to infinitive agree, afford, appear, arrange, attempt(try), begin, start, care, choose, claim, decide, deserve, determine, demand, desire, fail, forget, happen, hesitate (do dự), hope, intend, learn (how), manage, mean, need, neglect (bỏ mặc), offer, plan, prepare, promise, pretend (giả vờ), refuse, tend, threaten, swear, seem, want, wish, undertake (đảm nhận, đảm bảo, cam đoan), would like… Ex: + We hope to pass the next exam with high marks (1b) S + verb + obj + to inf advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, force, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remind, teach, tell, want, warn… Ex: + They don’t allow us to smoke in the office + I taught myself to play the guitar (2) S + V + N + to infinitive + to have s.th to eat/ drink/ … + to have a desire to s.th (ước muốn làm điều gì) + to shơ a determination to s.th (bày tỏ tâm làm gì) + to have a tendency to s.th (có khuynh hướng làm gì) + to make an attempt to s.th (nổ lực làm điều gì) + to make a decision to s.th Ex: + She had a desire to find a well-paid job (3) S + be + adjective + to infinitive  To infinitive is used as object of these adjectives: Able, afraid, amused, annoy, anxious, astonished, certain, cold, delighted, difficult, eager, easy, glad, hard, happy, hot, lovely, necessary, pleased, ready… Ex: + I’m very glad to see you again  To infinitive is used after “ for/ of” Ex: + I’ll wait for you to finish the tasks To infinitive is used after Noun or pronoun to replace for a clause Ex: + English is an important language to master Ex: + Have you got anything to read now? To infinitive is used to express a purpose or result: TOO +Adj / Adv OR Adj / Adv + ENOUGH Ex: + We go to school to widen our knowledge Ex: + He was born to succeed in many fields + She is too tired to go for a walk + I’m strong enough to carry that heavy box + He isn’t rich enough to travel everywhere by taxi Lop11.com * BARE INFINITIVE: Bare infinitive is used in these situations: After “modal verbs”: - Ex: He can speak three languages After the verbs of sense: (Perceptive) “feel, hear, see, watch, smelt, notice, observe, spot …” Ex: + I saw her get out of the car + We heard them sing all morning + He saw the thief enter the hall Chú ý : ta đã biết phân từ (present participle) có thể dùng cho các động từ trên để diễn tả hành động tiếp diễn Còn động từ nguyên thể dùng trường hợp này hành động đã hoàn tất hay hành động nào đó diễn từ đầu cuối Ex: + I watched them playing football for a while (trận đấu tiếp diễn) + I watched them play football yesterday afternoon (xem toàn trận đấu) + I felt the wind blow strongly from the northeast + The guard noticed the spy break into the computer network of the plant After “make (yêu cầu), let, have (nhờ, khiến), help… ” Ex: + They made me wait for them until they found the solution + I helped the child tidy his desk + He had a painter paint the gate + They let him enter the room without a ticket + My parents make me go to bed early After proverbs: had better, would rather … Ex: + You had better study hard for the exams After BUT, EXCEPT “ngoại trừ” Ex: + Why don’t you anything but complain? + She agreed to everything but help him with the homework B GERUND: Danh động từ có cấu trúc giống phân từ (tức là động từ thêm ING): talking, learning, cutting,… Danh động từ, tên gọi, là động từ dùng danh từ Danh động từ chủ yếu đứng vị trí, và thực chức năng, danh từ câu Nó thường : 1/ Subject - Swimming is good for our health - Being friendly will bring you friends 2/ Object of a verb - These boys like swimming - My brother practises speaking English every day 3/ Subject complement - My hobby is swimming - Seeing is believing 4/ Object of a preposition - He is fond of swimming - She is interested in learning English 5/ Dùng câu ngăn cấm ngắn (short prohibition) để thành lập danh từ kép (compound noun) - No smoking - No talking, please - a swimming pool - a dining room - a washing machine 6/ Dùng sau tính từ sở hữu : - Please forgive my coming late - His driving carelessly often causes accidents 7/ After the verbs : appreciate*, anticipate (đoán trước), avoid, begin, consider, delay, deny, detest (ghê tởm), enjoy, escape, excuse*, fancy (tưởng tượng), finish, forgive*, go on, imagine, involve (bao hàm, gồm), keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon*, practise, prevent from, postpone, recall, recollect, resent (bực tức), quit, risk, suggest, understand*, can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand, can’t resist, can’t face, it’s no good, it’s no use, it isn’t, worthwhile, be worth, be near, be busy, feel like, there is (no, little, much, nothing like…), … Lop11.com Ex: + We must avoid hurting other people’s feelings + James suggested going to the movies + I can’t stand seeing you bite your nails + We enjoy listening to music + I can’t help laughing when she makes jokes * NOTE: The verbs marked (*) are nearly always followed by a possessive Adj / noun in the (Possessive case + Gerund.) E.g : + Please excuse ( forgive , pardon ) my disturbing you @ Here are some common verbs that are followed either by the Gerund or the Infinitive *Group : Either the gerund or the Infinitive may be used after these verbs , but there is often a difference of meaning adore begin cease Continue dread Like dislike intend mean hate love forget propose prefer recommend regret remember Try Start stop omit can’t bear E.g : He began to see the truth I must remember to post the letter I remember seeing her when I was a little girl *Group 2: The Gerund or a Personal object + Infinitive follow these verbs in the active voice; in the passive voice only the Infinitive is used advise allow forbid require admit consider permit E.g : He doesn’t allow talking in this room He doesn’t allow us to talk in this room We aren’t allowed to talk in this room *Group 3: The Gerund used after these verbs in equivalent to the Passive Infinitive (The gerund is the only form used after TO BEAR) need want require deserve bear E.g: My shirt needs mending (needs to be mended) * Chú ý : Một số động từ có thể theo sau danh động từ động từ nguyên mẫu có khác biệt nghĩa câu (*) Remember + gerund : nhớ lại việc đ thực - I remember posting the letter Remember + to infinitive : nhớ để thực - I remember to post the letter (*) Stop + gerund : ngưng thực việc làm - She stopped mending the dress Stop + to infinitive : ngưng làm việc gì khc để làm việc này - He stopped to have a drink (*) Try + gerund : thử lm việc gì - I try writing in blue ink to see if my handwriting is better Try + to infinitive : cố gắng lm việc gì - They tried to work as hard as they could (*) Mean + gerund : mang ý nghĩa - Failure in the exam means having to learn one more year Mean + to infinitive : dự định lm việc gì - He means to take the coming exam (*) Forget + gerund : quên điều gì đ xảy - I forgot telling her this story Forget + to infinitive : quên làm điều gì - I forgot to tell her about this (*) Regret + gerund : hối tiếc việc đ xảy - She regrets going to a village school Regret + to infinitive : hối tiếc lm việc gì - The party was great He regretted not to go there Lop11.com C PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND GERUND: * Passive Infinitive là dạng bị dộng động từ nguyên thể Động từ nguyên thể TO DO đổi sang câu bị động thì giữ nguyên thời, đổi TO DO thành TO BE DONE + to be going to → to be going to be done + used to → used to be done + to have to → to have to be done + to like (somebody) to → to like to be done + to want somebody to something → to want something to be done + to advise, recommend, urge, order… Direct Object + Infinitive + Object → advise that someone should be done Ex: + He urged the council to reduce the rates (câu thông thường: The council was urged to reduce the rates) → He urged that the rates should be reduced * Passive Gerund là dạng bị động động từ dạng V-ing V-ing chuyển sang dạng BEEING DONE HAVING BEEN DONE Ex: + They suggested banning advertisements for cigarettes on TV → They suggested that advertisements for cigarettes should be banned on TV * Notes: NEED + V-ing/ to be done Ex: + These shoes need polishing = These shoes need to be polished *PASSIVE INFINITIVE: Form: S + V + tobe + V3 Usage: a.) Động từ nguyên mẫu thể bị động dùng sau số động từ để bị động chủ ngữ eg: + She hope to be considered again + He swore not to be treated like that again b.) Dùng động từ nguyên mẫu để đưa lý eg: + She works hard not to be blamed c.) Dùng động từ nguyên mẫu bị động theo sau các tính từ Nhiều tính từ dược dùng để diễn tả tình cảm thái độ hành động tương lai Eg: + I am eager to be selected + She is glad to be invited to the party d.) Động từ nguyên mẫu bị động còn dùng sau danh từ eg: + It’s time to be separated (đã đến lúc phải bị tách ra) + We have the right to be loved (chúng ta có quyền yêu thương) *PASSIVE GERUND: Form: S + V + being + V3 Usage: GERUND PASSIVE GERUND Instead of selecting the applicants, he went out for a Instead of being selected the applicants, he went out coffee for a coffee The teacher is keen on including the new students in The teacher is keen on being included the new the school activities students in the school activities Danh động từ thể bị động có các cách dung giống cách dùng danh động từ thể chủ động nó mang nghĩa bị động a) Passive gerund làm chủ ngữ Eg: + Being treated unfairly made her decide to quit the job b) Passive gerund làm tân ngữ sau số động từ : like, hate, mind… eg: + I don’t like being laughed at c) Passive gerund làm tân ngữ cho giới từ eg: + She is afraid of being beaten + My father was looking forward to being warmly greeted at the meeting Lop11.com EXERCISE: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive) He hates (answer) the phone, and very often just lets it (ring) If you go on (let) your dog (chase) (đuổi theo) cars he’ll end by (be) run over I prefer (drive) to (be driven) I advised you (start) (look) for a flat at once Would you mind (lend) me 5$? I forgot (cash) a cheque (Lie) on this beach is much more pleasant than (sit) in the office She likes her children (go) to the dentist every six months By (neglect) (take) ordinary precautions he endangered the life of his crew An instructor is coming (show) us how (use) the aqualung 10 I have no intention of (go) to that film; I couldn’t bear (see) my favourite actress in such a dreadful part 11 I suggest (telephone) the hospital before (ask) the police (look) for him 12 After (hear) the conditions I decide (not enter) for the competition 13 Some people seem (have) a passion for (write) the newspaper 14 He expects me (answer) by return but I have no intentions of (reply) at all 15 I tried (explain) to him but he refused (listen) and went on (grumble) 16 By (offer) enormous wages he is persuading men (leave) their present jobs and (work) for him 17 He postponed (make) a decision till it was too late (do) anything 18 Image (have) (get) up at five a.m everyday 19 Try (forget) it; it isn’t worth (worry) about 20 There is no point in (remain) in a dangerous place if you can’t anything (help) the people who (stay) there 21 The horse won’t be well enough (run) in tomorrow’s race He doesn’t seem (have recovered) from his long journey 22 At first I enjoyed (listen) to him but after a while I got tired of (hear) the same story again and again 23 It is usually easier (learn) a subject by (read) books than by (listen) to the lectures 24 It wouldn’t be safe (start) down now; we’ll have (wait) till the mist clears 25 After (discuss) the matter for an hour the committee adjourned without (have reached) any decision 26 It’s not much use (have) a bicycle if you don’t know how (ride) it 27 He didn’t dare (leave) the house because he was afraid of (meet) someone who might (recognize) him 28 I distinctly remember (pay) him I gave him $ 29 Did you remember (give) him the key of the safe - No, I didn’t I’ll go and it now 30 Please forgive me for (interrupt) you but would you mind (repeat) that last sentences? Put the verbs between brackets in their correct Infinitive or Gerund form : The children are busy ( collect ) shells on the beach She had to ask the boys ( stop) ( make ) noise Our teacher has promised ( help ) us ( prepare ) for the exam I’d love ( have ) an opportunity of (meet ) you again There is no ( deny )that he enjoys ( listen ) to his own voice Is ( boil ) or ( fry ) the best way of ( cook ) this fish ? It’s no use you r ( ask )him ( lend ) you any money She stopped ( talk ) as if waiting for him ( speak ) He advised me ( consider ) all the facts before ( decide ) ( accept ) the job 10 My uncle used to ( show ) me where ( go ) and what ( buy ) 11 There is nothing like ( walk ) as a means of ( keep ) 12 I couldn’t resist ( ask ) him why he was trying ( avoid )(meet ) me * FURTHER: EXERCISE I : Supply the correct form of the verbs : 1/ Could I (see) _ Mr Brown, please ? 2/ He told me (try) _ (come) _ early 3/ I wanted her (learn) _ English 4/ Will you (help) _ me (move) _ this desk ? 5/ Please (let) _ me (know) _ your opinion 6/ Would you like (paint) _your bike or should I (have) a painter (do) it for you ? 7/ He warned me (not come) _ late 8/ There’s no (tell) _ what might (happen) _ 9/ Did you (see) _ Tom (try) (reach) _ the top of the dresser ?- He’s too short (reach) _ it 10/ We had to (ask) _ the students (stop) _ (make) _ so much noise 11/ I can’t understand his (want) _ (buy) _ such an expensive car 12/ I couldn’t stand (be) _ alone in the dark room 13/ They don’t want us (mention) _ their (come) _ late 14/ You must remember (lock) _ the door before (leave) _ the house 15/ After (get) _ (know) _ her at school, he finished by (ask) _ her address EXERCISE II : Use the correct verb form : 1/ The children are busy (collect) _ shells on the beach 2/ The teacher promised (help) _ us (prepare) _ for the examination 3/ We regret (say) _ that the lecture was dull and wasn’t worth (listen) _ to 4/ There’s no (deny) _ that he enjoys (listen) _ to his own voice 5/ Is (boil) _ or (fry) _ the best way of (cook) _ this fish ? 6/ It’s no use your (ask) _ him (lend) _ you any money 7/ Can you manage(finish) _ (write) _ these reports by yourself ? 8/ He advised me( consider) _ all the facts before (decide) _ (accept) _ the job 9/ They refused (allow) _ us (go) _ in without (sign) _ the book Lop11.com 10/ My uncle used to (show) _ me where (go) _ and what (buy) 11/ There’s nothing like (walk) _ as a means of (keep) _ fit 12/ Your doctor advised (go) to bed early, so I really can’t understand your (want) (stay) up late 13/ We considered (give) _ her a dress for her birthday, but couldn’t help (buy) _ her some flowers, too 14/ There’s nothing (be) _ done about it now except (tell) _ the police the truth 15/ I remember (hear) him (say) the grass needed (cut) _ 16/ Would you mind (keep) quiet for a moment ? I’m trying (fill) in a form - It’s no use (ask) _ children (keep) quiet They can’t help (make) noise 17/ The miser spent all his time (count) _ his money and (think) up new hiding places He kept (move) it about because he was terrified of (be) _ robbed He used to (get) _ up at night (make) sure it was still there 18/ They don’t allow (smoke) in the auditorium; they don’t want (risk) _ (set) it on fire 19/ Would you like me (turn) _ down the radio a bit ? - No, it’s all right I’m used to (work) _ with the radio on 20/ We couldn’t help (laugh) when he was making fun of himself EXERCISE III : Rewrite the following sentences 1/ Would you close the door, please ? - Would you mind _ ? 2/ They didn’t allow us to smoke in here - They didn’t let _ 3/ My teacher advised buying that book - My teacher advised us _ 4/ The thief forced the bank manager to lie on the ground - The thief made _ 5/ He has studied English for six years - He began 6/ It is necessary to master English - Mastering 7/ He spent two hours writing the essay - It took _ 8/ He is too young to ride a motorbike - He isn’t 9/ The bag was so heavy that she couldn’t carry it upstairs - The bag was too _ 10/ He expects to hear from her as soon as possible - He is looking forward _ 11/ They didn’t allow us to smoke in here - They didn’t let …………………………………………………………………… 12/ He spent two hours writing the essay - It took …………………………………………………………………… 13/ He expects to hear from her as soon as possible - He is looking forward …………………………………………………………………… 14/ Why did you read this book? It wasn’t useful - It 15/ He practised in the gym - She saw 16/ She didn’t like to learn her lessons in the evening - They made her 17/ It was boring to read this novel - It was boring for 18/ It’s waste of time to try and explain anything to Henry - It’s not worth the time 19/ It’s been fourteen years since I last saw my brother - I haven’t seen * VOCABULARY: candle (n) đèn cầy , blow – blew – blown (out) (v) thổi tắt , couple (n) đôi , cặp , anniverary (n) lễ kỷ niệm năm , silver anniverary (n) lễ bạc ngân khánh (25 năm) , golden anniverary(n) lễ vàng ( kim khánh (50 năm) , diamond anniverary (n) lễ ngọc , ngọc khánh (60 năm), mark (v) ghi dấu , đánh dấu , milestone (n) mốc lịch sử , host (n) nam (chủ tiệc ) , hostess (n) nữ (chủ tiệc ) , decoration (n) trang trí , decorate (v) trang trí , decorative (adj) để trang trí , decorator (n) nhà trang trí , decide up (v) choose carefully : chọn kỹ , budget (n) ngân sách , ngân quỹ ,budget flight (n) chuyến bay rẻ tiền , budgetary(n) thuộc ngân quỹ , dress (n)= clothing (n) quần áo , formal dress (n) ăn mặt sang trọng , informal dress (n) quần áo thông thường , convice (v) = persuade (v) thuyết phục , convinced (adj) tin , convicing (adj) có tính thuyết phục , serve (v) phục vụ , serviceable (adj) có tính phục vụ , servant (n) người giúp việc , service (n) phục vụ , gathering (n) tập Lop11.com tụ , slice (n) lát mỏng , clap (v) vỗ tay (n) tiếng vỗ tay, tidy (adj) gọn ràng , ngăn nắp , mess (n) hỗn độn , refreshments (n) các món ăn nhẹ , melon (n) dưa tây , jelly (n) nước trái cây nấu đông , helicopter (n) phi trực thăng , operate (v) giải phẫu , operation (n) giải phẫu , operative (adj) thuộc giải phẫu , operator (n) nhà giải phẫu , speeding ticket (n) giấy phạt vượt tốc độ , slip out (v) thoát / khỏi , accidentally =suddenly tình cờ , accidental (adj) tình cờ , accident (n) tai nạn , origin (n) nguồn gốc , nguyên , original (adj) thuộc nguồn gốc , originality (n) tính chất gốc , judge (n) thẩm phán ,giám khảo , emergency (n) tính khẩn cấp , count on (v)= rely on (v) tùy thuộc vào , financial (adj) thuộc tài chính , finance (n) tài chính , financier (n) chuyên gia tài chính Unit 4: I PRONUNCIATION: 1) Phát âm là /w/ với các từ có chữ viết là: w Ex: wear, which, wheat, witness, world,… 2) phát âm là /j/ với các từ có các chữ viết là: y, u Ex: yellow, young, university, unit,… II GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY: A GERUND & PARTICIPLE: (U3) * GERUND: Danh động từ có cấu trúc giống phân từ (tức là động từ thêm ING): talking, learning, cutting,… Lop11.com Danh động từ, tên gọi, là động từ dùng danh từ Danh động từ chủ yếu đứng vị trí, và thực chức năng, danh từ câu Nó thường : 1/ Subject - Swimming is good for our health - Being friendly will bring you friends Like the form: it is + adj + to-infinitive (Ex: Going to the cinema is fun = it is fun to go to the cinema) 2/ Object of a verb - These boys like swimming - My brother practises speaking English every day 3/ Subject complement - My hobby is swimming - Seeing is believing 4/ Object of a preposition (to look forward to, to insist on, surprised at, interested in, busy with, fond of, …) - He is fond of swimming - She is interested in learning English 5/ Dùng câu ngăn cấm ngắn (short prohibition) để thành lập danh từ kép (compound noun) - No smoking - No talking, please - a swimming pool - a dining room - a washing machine 6/ Dùng sau tính từ sở hữu : - Please forgive my coming late - His driving carelessly often causes accidents 7/ After the verbs : appreciate*, anticipate (đoán trước), avoid, begin, consider, delay, deny, detest (ghê tởm), enjoy, escape, excuse*, fancy (tưởng tượng), finish, forgive*, go on, imagine, involve (bao hàm, gồm), keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon*, practise, prevent, postpone, recall, recollect, resent (bực tức), quit, risk, suggest, understand*, can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand, can’t resist, can’t face, be worth, be busy, it’s no use, there’s no… Ex: + We must avoid hurting other people’s feelings + James suggested going to the movies + I can’t stand seeing you bite your nails + We enjoy listening to music + I can’t help laughing when she makes jokes * NOTE: The verbs marked (*) are nearly always followed by a possessive Adj / noun in the (Possessive case + Gerund.) E.g : + Please excuse ( forgive , pardon ) my disturbing you * PRESENT PARTICIPLE: Go with “to be” to form “ continuous tense” Ex: We are practising English at the moment To combine two sentences with the same subjects: Ex: Opening the bottle, the boy poured water out Or having opened the bottle, the boy poured water out Result or reason: Ex: Not knowing the way, I stopped to ask for direction Ex: He was fired, wounding one of the bandits Replace the relative clause( active): Ex: The girl who talked to you this morning is my sister  The girl talking to you this morning is my sister After some verbs or verb phrase:  catch/ find/ leave/ + object+ V-ing Ex: I caught the boy kicking the ball into the window  Go/ come/ spend/ waste/ be busy+ V-ing Lop11.com Ex: We usually go shopping at weekend Used as adjective for things Ex: I didn’t enjoy the party, it was very boring * PAST PARTICIPLE As an attributive: The broken bottle.(The bottle was broken) As a predicative: after linking verbs (be, seem, look, become…) The worker looks tired Replace an adjective clause in passive voice: “Romeo and Juliet” which was written by Shakespeare is the best tragedy I’ve ever seen * NOTES: Past participle has passive meaning & present participle has active meaning Ex: After we read an exciting story, we felt excited * EXERCISES: Gerund, infinitive and present participle Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms No that sometimes a bare infinitive will be required ‘I was lonely at first,’ the old man admitted, ‘but after a time I got used to (live) alone and even got (like) it.’ Before trains were invented people used (travel) on horseback or in stage coaches It used (take) a stage coach three days (go) from London to Bath I meant (buy) an evening paper but I didn’t see anyone (sell) them Tom: I want (catch) the a.m train tomorrow Ann: but that means (get) up at 6; and you’re not very good at (get) up early, are you? He accepted the cut in salary without complaint because he was afraid(complain) He was afraid of(lose)his job She remembers part of her childhood quite clearly She remembers (go) to school for the first time and (be) frightened and (put) her finger in her mouth And she remembers her teacher (tell) her (take) it out Did you remember (lock) the car? No, I didn’t I'd better (go) back and (do) it now No, I didn’t move the bomb I was afraid (torch) it; I was afraid of (be) blown to pieces! Next time we go (house-hunt), remember (ask) the agent for clear directions I wasted hours (look) for the last house 10 Tom: Let’s (go) for a swim! Ann: I'm not particularly keen on (swim) What about (go) for a drive instead? 11 I want the boy (grow) up hating violence but his father keeps (buy) him guns and swords It’s almost impossible (prevent) boy (play) soldiers 12 Would your children mind (keep) quiet for a moment? I'm trying (fill) in a form It’s no use (ask) children (keep) quiet They can't help (make) a noise 13 I'm thinking of (go) to Oxford tomorrow on my motorbike Would you like (come)? No, thanks I want (go) Oxford, but I'd rather (go) by train I loathe (travel) by road 14 Let’s (go) (fish) today There’s a nice wind What about (come) with us, Ann? No, thanks I'm very willing (cut) sandwiches for you but I’ve no intention of (waste) the afternoon (sit) in a boat (watch) you two (fish) 15 He resented (be) asked (wait) He expected the minister (see) him at once 16 The police have put up a railing here(prevent)people(rush)out of the station and(dash)straight across the road 17 All day long we saw the trees (toss) in the wind and heard the waves (crash) again the rocks 18 I didn’t mean (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn’t resist (try) one 19 Do you feel like (walk) there or shall we (take) a bus? I'd rather go by bus Besides, it’ll take ages (get) there on foot 20 All right When would you like (start)? In a few minutes? Oh, let’s wait till it stops (rain); otherwise we’ll get soak (walk) to the bus station 21 The old miser spent all his time (count) his money and (think) up new hiding-places He kept (move) it about because he was terrified of (be robbed) He used (get) up at night sometimes (make) sure it was still there 22 Jack suggested (let) one flat and (keep) the other for myself But Tom advised me (sell) the whole house Lop11.com 23 The child used (lean) on the gate (watch) the people (go) to work in the mornings and (Come) home in the evenings And he used to hear them (shout) greetings to each other and (talk) loudly 24 He soon got (know) most of them and even managed (learn) the greetings Then they began (greet) him too on their way to work and sometimes would stop (talk) to him on their way home 25 He succeeded in (untie) himself, (climb) out of the window and (crawl) along a narrow ledge to the window of the next room 26 Did you have any trouble (find) the house? No, but I had a lot of difficult (get) in Nobody seemed (know) where the key was 27 Bill couldn’t bear (see) anyone (sit) round idly Whenever he found me (relax) or (read) he would (produce) a job which, he said, had (be) done at once I wasted a morning (perform) his ridiculous tasks and spent the rest of the weekend (keep) out of his way 28 After (spend) a week in the cottage, he decided that he didn’t really enjoy (live) in the country and began (think) of an excuse for (sell) the cottage and (return) to London 29 It’s no use (argue) with him You might as well (argue) with a stone wall He is incapable of (see) anyone else’s point of view 30 I'm delighted (hear) that you can come on Saturday We are all looking forward to (see) you Remember (bring) your rubber boots EXERCISES Supply the correct forms of the words in brackets: It’s quite an (excite)……………… game When I saw it, I felt (excite)…………………… I went home early because I felt (bore)…………………… He seems quite (satisfy)………………… with his new job It’s an (astonish)……………… news All of us are (astonish)……………… She was (amaze)………………… to see that London drivers kept their cars to the left The government has promised to deal with the problem of (employ)………… among young people She was very (shock)………………… by the news He cycled (care)……………… and had an accident 10 It was a very (tire)……………… meeting 11 No tree can grow on that soil It is (tree)………………… 12 Julia sings more (beauty)………………… than Susan does 13 I was (delight)………………… to get your letter this morning 14 They all passed their exams without the slightest (difficult)………………… 15 The lesson was so (interest)……………… that most of them went to sleep in the middle 16 I feel (interest)……………… in this book 17 I think that the price here are (reason)…………………… 18 They were (disappoint)……………… when they read the result 19 The weather this summer has been (disappoint)…………… 20 Were they (satisfy)……………… when they got the job? 21 If you work hard, you’ll eventually (success)…………………… 22 The result of the test was (satisfy)………………… B PERFECT GERUND and PERFECT PARTICIPLE: + They are used the same in meaning: Ex: finishing my homework, I went to bed =having finished my homework, I went to bed * PERFECT GERUND Having + V3/ed dùng thay cho dạng danh động từ chúng ta đề cập đến hành động quá khứ Ex: - The boy was accused of having stolen/ stealing her money - She apologized for having broken/ braeking my vase + Perfect gerund thường dùng sau DENY Lop11.com Ex: - He denied having stolen her money * PERFECT PARTICIPLE (Phân từ quá khứ) có cấu trúc: Having + V3/ed dùng để nhấn mạnh hành động đã xảy hoàn tất trước hành động khác xảy quá khứ Ex: - Having finished all my exercises, I went to bed * VOCABULARY: moment (n) giây lát ,phút , magic (n) phép diệu kỳ , magical (adj) thuộc ma thuật , volunteering (n) tình nguyện , volunteer (v) tình nguyện , voluntary(adj) tự nguyện , donate(v) = give :cho , tặng , donation (n) tặng ,cho ,donatory(n) người nhận đồ tặng , enroll (v) ghi danh , enrollment (n) ghi danh , orphanage(n) nhà/viện mồ coi , mow (v) cắt cỏ , mower(n) máy cắt cỏ , lawn (n) thảm cỏ , disadvantaged (n) người nghèo , bị thiện thòi , handicap (v) cản trở , handicapped (adj) bị tàn tật , khuyết tật , the handicap (n) người bị khuyết tật , comfort (n) tiện nghi , comfortable (adj) tiện nghi, thoải mái ,comfortless (adj) không tiện nghi , overcome – overcame – overcome = get over : vượt qua , suffer (v) đau khổ , suffering (n) đau khổ , sufferable(adj) có thể chịu đựng , natural disaster (n) thiên tai , mountainous (adj) có núi , excursion (n) chuyến tham quan , place of interest (n) thắng cảnh , invalid (adj) tàn tật , tàn phế , war invalid , thương phế binh , martyr (n) người hy sinh , liệt sĩ , vehicles(n) xe cộ, vehicular (adj) thuộc xe cộ, charity (n) lòng bác ái /từ thiện , charities (n) các hội từ thiện , fundraising (n) các hoạt động gây quỹ , co-ordination (n) phối hợp , co-ordinate(v) phối hợp , co-ordinative (adj) để phối hợp , require = demand (v) yêu cầu ,đòi hỏi , requirement (n) yêu cầu , requisite(adj) =necessary = essential (adj) cần thiết , annually(adv) every year , yearly : năm , aim (n) =purpose : mục đích ,tiêu , aim at (v) nhắm vào , aimless (adj) = purposeless : không mục đích , gratitude (n) =thankfulness : lòng biết ơn # ingratitude (n) vô ơn , grateful (to somebody) (adj)= showing thanks : biết ơn , donor (n) người tặng , receipt (n) biên nhận , receive (v)nhận , receivable (adj) biên nhận đáng nhận , issue (v) phát hành , acknowledge (v) công nhận , báo cho biết đã nhận , acknowledgement (n) công nhận , veal (n) thịt bê , tutor (n) gia sư , giáo viên dạy kèm , tutorial (adj) thuộc giám hộ , objection (n) phản đối , object to (v) phản đối , objector (n) người phản đối, objectable (adj) có thể phản đối , khó chịu , modernize (v) đại hóa , modernization (n)sự đại hóa , modernity (n) tính đại, # backwardness(n) lạc hậu , waste (v) phung phí , lãng phí , wasteful (adj) lãng phí , accuse (someone) of (doing st ) buộc tội ( đó ) làm điều gì, accusation(n) buộc tội , accuser (n) người tố cáo , accusatory (adj) buộc tội / tố cáo , deny(v) = refuse (v) từ chối , denial (n) lời chối , rope (n) dây thừng , snatch up (v) nắm lấy / giật lấy , snatcher (n) kẻ cướp giật , fire extinguisher (n) bình chữa lửa , extinguish = put out : dập tắt , desert (v) bỏ , rời bỏ , desertion (n) bỏ , rời bỏ ,deserted (adj) bị bỏ , hoang vắng Unit - ILLITERACY ( Nạn mù chữ ) – illiteracy (n) nạn mù chữ # literacy (n) biết chữ , illiterate (adj) không biết đọc / viết , universalize (v) phổ cặp ,universalization (n) phổ cặp , universaliity (n) tính phổ biến , eradication (n) xóa bỏ , eradicate (v) = get rid of :xóa bỏ, campaign (n) chiến dịch , ethnic (adj) thuộc dân tộc , ethnology (n) dân tộc học , ethnological (adj) thuộc dân tộc học , ethnologist (n) nhà dân tộc học , minority (n) thiểu số # majority (n) đa số , ethnic minority(n) dân tộc thiểu số , highlands (n) vùng cao nguyên , fight (n) chiến đấu , fight = fought = fought (v) chiến đấu , honourable (adj) / honorable (adj) đáng tôn kính , danh dự , honour (n) danh dự , relevant (adj) thích hợp , relevant (adj) thích hợp, relevance (n) thích hợp , material (n) tài liệu , family planning (n) kế hoạch hóa gia đình , promotion (n) xúc tiến , thăng cấp , promote (v) thăng cấp , learning promotion (n) khuyến học , expand (v) mở rộng , expansion (n) bành trướng , expensive (adj) có thể mở rộng , expansionism (n) chủ nghĩa bành trướng , struggle (v) đấu tranh , đấu tranh , equivalent to (adj) tương đương, equivalence (n)sự tương đương,sum up (v) tóm tắt , adequate (adj) =satisfacory = appropriate = suitable (adj) thích hợp , phù hợp , adequacy (n) tính phù hợp , rate (n) giá biểu , tỉ lệ , enfore (v) đem thi hành , enforement (n) thi hành , low-income (n) thu nhập thấp , cheat (v) gian lận , cheater (n) kẻ lừa đảo , cope with (v) đương đầu , shortage (n) thiếu thốn , self-respect (n) tự trọng , maturity (n) trưởng thành , mature (adj) = fully grown : trưởng thành , academic (adj) thuộc học thuật ,academy(n) học viện , option (n) lựa chọn , realistic (adj) có óc thực tế , reality (n) thức tế , goal (n) mục tiêu , strategy (n) chiến thuật , strategic (adj) có tính chiến thuật , consultant = expert (n) cố vấn , chuyên gia , consult (v) tham khảo , hỏi ý kiến , consultation (n) kham khảo , consultative (adj) tư vấn , để hỏi ý kiến , motivate (v) thúc đẩy , motivation (n) thúc đẩy , motivative (adj) để thúc đẩy , dramatically (adv) cách ngoạn mục , varied (adj) đa dạng , lowlands (n) vùng đất thấp , on the contrary (adv) trái lại , decline (v) =refuse =decrease : từ chối , sharply (adv) =abruptly , suddenly: đột ngột , trend (n) = trendency xu hướng, Lop11.com huynh hướng, lifeguard(n) vệ sĩ , encourage (v) cổ vũ ,kích lệ # discourage (v) làm chán nản ,encouragement (n) cổ vũ / kích lệ , encouraging (adj) cổ vũ , kích lệ -Unit – COMPETITIONS ( Những thi đấu ) – final competition (n) thi chung kết , stimulation (n) kích thích , stimulate (v) = encourage = motivate : khích lệ , stimulant (n) kích thích tố , stimulative (adj) kích thích , stimulus (n) kích lệ , tác dụng , spirit (n) tinh thần , sponsor (n) người bảo trợ , tài trợ , society (n) xã hội , hiệp hội, in all (adv) altogether : chung kết , completion (n) achievement (n) thành tựu , complete (v) =finish : hoàn thành , worksheet (n) tờ giấy làm bài , judge (n) giám khảo , thẩm phán , judgement (n) lời / phán xét , observe (v) quan sát , theo dõi , observation (n) quan sát , observable (adj) có thể quan sát , observational (adj) thuộc quan sát , maximum (n) tối đa # minimum :tối thiểu , smoothly (adv) cách trôi chảy , recite the poem (v) ngâm thơ , recite (v) ngâm thơ , recitation (n) ngâm thơ , apologize for (v) xin lỗi điều gì đó , apology (n) lời xin lỗi , apologetic (adj) xin lỗi , enjoyment (n) thích thú, enjoy (v) hưởng thụ , thích thú , appoint (v) định , appointment (n) bổ nhiệm , on behalf of (prep) : nhân danh thay mặt cho , go away (v) tan , patter (v) rơi lộp bộp , window pan (n) ô cửa sổ , general knowledge (n) kiến thức tổng quát , poetry (n) thi ca , poetic (al) (adj) nên thơ , poet (n) nhà thơ , athletic meeting (n) thi điền kinh, creative (adj) sáng tạo, create (v) tạo , sáng tạo ,creation (n) tạo , The Creator (n) đấng sáng tạo , physical training (n) rèn luyện , formally (adv) cách chính thức , trang trọng , clock (v) đạt , ghi danh , officially (adv) cách chính thức , participant (n) người tham dự , entry (n) ghi tên , lối vào , procedure(n) thủ tục, tiến trình , venue (n) = meeting place :chỗ hẹn , nơi thi đấu , arrival (adj) đến # departure (n) khởi hành , absolute (adj) = complete = perfect : tuyệt vời , twinkle(v) chiếu lấp lánh , congratulate (v) chúc mừng , congratulation (n) lời chúc mừng , congratulatory (adj) để chúc mừng, detective (n) thám tử -Unit – WORLD POPULATION ( Dân số giới ) – figure (n) số, double (n) lượng gấp đôi, resources (n) nguồn tài nguyên , support (v) nuôi chịu đựng, supportable(adj) có thể chịu đựng , limit (n) giới hạn , limitation (n)sự hạn chế, hạn định , limited (adj hạn chế, raise animals (v) nuôi thú vật , petroleum (n) dầu mỏ , iron (n) sắt: metal (n) kim loại, metallize (v) chế thành kim loại , metallic (adj) thuộc kim loại , birthcontrol (n) hạn chế sinh sản , method (n) phương pháp ,methodical (adj) có phương pháp , methodology (n)phương pháp luận , methodize(v) hệ thống hóa , available (adj) có sẵn , availability(n) tính ích lợi , journalism (n) ngành báo chí, nghề viết báo, injury (n) thương tật, injure (v) làm bị thương , explosion (n) tiếng nổ , explode (v) nổ , explosive (adj) có thể nổ , be aware of (v) = realize : ý thức , awareness (n) ý thức , religious(adj) thuộc tôn giáo , insurance /ensurance(n) bảo hiểm , insure / ensure (v) bảo hiểm , insurable (adj) có thể bảo hiểm , insured (adj) bảo hiểm , overpopulated (adj) đông dân quá mức , overpopulatation (n)sự đông dân quá mức , living standard (n) tiêu chuẩn , standardize (v) tiêu chuẩn hóa , standardization (n) tiêu chuẩn hóa , implement (v) =take action :thực hiện,implementation (n) thực , implementary (adj) thuộc thực , carry out (v) = realize = implement: thực , punishment (n) hình phạt ,sự phạt , punish (v) phạt , shortage (n) = want , lack : thiếu , khan , rank (n) hạng loại (v) xếp hạng , generation (n) hệ , generational (adj) thuộc hệ , improvement (n) cải thiện / cải tiến , improve(v) cải thiện / cải tiến , expert (n) chuyên viên , chuyên gia , expert in / at (adj) chuyên môn, thành thạo , expertise (n) tài chuyên môn, strictly (adv) cách nghiêm túc , distribute (v) = give out : phân phối , distribution (n) phân phối ,distributive (adj) phân phối , region (n) vùng , miền , regional (adj) thuộc vùng , evenly (adv) cách đồng , even (adj) chia đồng , account for (v) = explain : giải thích , wake someone up (v) đánh thức đó , billionaire (n) tỉ phú -Unit - CELEBRATION ( Lễ kỉ niệm ) – firework (n) pháo bông , grand (adj) =splendid , very impressive : hoành tráng , grandeur (n) hoành tráng , mark (v) đánh dấu , agrarian (adj) = farmer : thuộc nghề nông,excitement (n) nhộn nhịp , sôi , excite (v) kích thích , kích động , excited (adj) hào hứng , build up (v) = increase gradually : tích tụ , gom góp , banner (n) biểu ngữ , blossom (n) hoa , peach blossom (n) hoa đào , apricot (n) trái mơ , apricot blossom (n) hoa mai , kumquat tree (n) cây kim quất , ripe (adj) chín ( trái cây) # green (adj) sống (trái cây) , ripen (v) làm chín , sticky rice (n) gạo nếp , pork (n) thịt heo ,fatty (adj) có nhiều mỡ , plum : trái mận , luck (n) vận may , lucky (adj) may mắn , comment (n) lời nhận xét , phê bình (v) phê bình , bình luận , lucky money (n) tiền lì-xì , adult (n) người lớn , pray for (v) cầu nguyện , Thanksgiving (n) lễ Tạ ơn chúa , purpose = aim (n) mục đích , purposeful (adj) chủ ý ,có mục đích , Valentine (n) lễ tình nhân , harvest (n) mùa gặt , vụ mùa thu hoạch , harvester (n) thợ gặt , parade (n) diễu hành , roast (v) quay (adj) quay , turkey (n) gà tây , longevity (n) tuổi thọ , constancy (n) tính kiên định , constant (adj) kiên định , shrine Lop11.com (n) = temple (n) đền thờ , represent (v) đại diện, tượng trưng , representattion (n) đại diện ,representative (adj) tượng trưng , tiêu biểu , National Independence Day (n) lễ Quốc Khánh , flag (n) cờ , cauliflower (n) bông cải , throat (n) cuống họng , keep away (v) cất , dẹp , turn up = arrive (v) đến , xuất , attract (v)thu hút , lôi , attraction (n) thu hút , attractive (adj) hấp dẫn, quyến rũ , spirit (n) tinh thần , thần linh , spiritual (adj) thuộc tinh thần , good spirit (n) phúc thần , ward off (v) trách ngăn ngừa ,evil (n) điều ác , evil spirit : ác thần , prince (n) hoàng tử -Unit - THE POST OFFICE ( Bưu điện ) – equip (with) (v) trang bị , equipment (n) thiết bị , advanced (adj) tiên tiến , advancement (n) tiến , spacious (adj) = roomy : rộng rãi , space (n) không gian , well-trained = skilled : lành nghề , staff (n) (toàn thể) nhân viên , thoughtful (adj) chín chắn , sâu sắc # thoughtless (adj) không suy nghĩ , courteous (adj) = polite : lịch , courtesy = courteous behaviour (n) lịch , mail (n) thư tín , parcel (n) bưu kiện , gói hàng , mail and parcel service (n) dịch vụ chuyển thư và bưu phẩm , airmail (n) thư gửi máy bay , surface mail (n) thư gởi tàu ,xe , EMS ( Express Mail Service ) dịch vụ thư chuyển phát nhanh , weight limit (n) trọng lượng , giới hạn , competitive (adj) có tính cạnh tranh , compete (v) cạnh tranh , competition (n) canh tranh , EMT ( Express Money Tranfer ) chuyển tiền nhanh , speedy (adj) = quickly , fast : nhanh chóng , speed (n) tốc độ , secure ( adj) bảo đảm, an ninh , security (n) an ninh/ an toàn , transfer (v) chuyển (n) chuyển , transferable (adj) có thể chuyển , transferance (n) chuyển , Messenger Call Service (n) dịch vụ điện thoại , notify (v) thông báo, notification (n) thông báo / khai báo , notifiable (adj) phải khai báo , recipient (n) người nhận , shape (n) hình dạng , shapeless (n) không hình dạng , original shape (n) dạng gốc / nguyên thủy , facsimile (n) = fax (n) , máy fax , transmission (n) chuyền , transmit (v) truyền , graphics (n) đồ họa , họa , press distribution (n) phát hành báo chí , subscribe (v) đăng kí (mua báo ) subscription (n) đăng ký -Unit 10 – NATURE IN DANGER ( Thiên nhiên lâm nguy ) – endangered (adj) bị nguy hiểm , bị tàn phá , endanger (v) gây nguy hiểm , endangerment (n) gây nguy hiểm , species :chủng loài, cheetah (n) báo gấm , estimate (v) ước tính, estimation (n) ước tính, panda (n) gấu trúc , wild(n) hoang dã , man rợ , influence (n) ảnh hưởng , influential(adj) có ảnh hưởng , pollutant (n) chất gây ô nhiễm , pollute (v) =contaminate , dirty : làm ô nhiễm , respect (n) =aspect: phương diện, result in (v) =cause,make something happen : gây ra, đưa đến , consequence (n) =result : hậu , rare animal (n) động vật quý , as a result (prep) = therefore : đó , extinct (adj) tiệt chủng , extinction (n) tiệt chủng, fund (n) quỹ, prohibit (v) ban, cấm , prohibition (n) cấm , interfere (v) can thiệp , giao diện , interference (n) can thiệp, survive (v)sống còn, sống sót , survival (adj) sống sót, off – spring (n) cháu , dòng dõi, co-exist (v) chung sống , cùng tồn , co-existence (n) chung sống , dinosaur (n) khủng long , fur (n) lông (mao) lông , capture (v) bắt giữ , recreation (n) giải trí ,sự tiêu khiển, recreate (v) làm giải khuây , recreational(n)thuộc giải trí , cultivaion (n) canh tác , cultivate (v) trồng trọt , cultivated (adj) có trồng trọt , discharge (n) tuôn / đổ , measure (n)= action , step : hành động , biện pháp , discourage (v) làm nản chí # encourage (v) khích lệ , discouragement(n) làm nản chí, impact (n) = influence : tác động , ảnh hưởng , (v) ảnh hưởng , scenic (adj) thuộc phong cảnh , scenery(n) phong cảnh , devastate (v) =destroy : tàn phá , devastatation (n) = destruction(n) phá hủy , tàn phá , approximately (adj) nearly, almost : gần , maintenance (n) bảo trì , gần gũi , maintain (v) bảo trì , giữ gìn , maintainable (adj) có thể bảo trì , vehicles (n) xe cộ , preserve (v) gìn giữ / bảo tồn , preservation (n) bảo tồn , gìn giữ , preservative (adj) để giữ gìn , preservable (adj) có thể bảo tồn , currently (adv) at the present time : hôm , coastal (adj) thuộc bờ biển , abundant (adj) = plenty : nhiều , phong phú , abundancy (n) phong phú , area (n) diện tích , swear (v) thề (n) lời thề , snore (v) ngáy (ngủ) grateful (adj) biết ơn , gratitude (n) lòng biết ơn , midway (n) nửa chừng , owe (v) nợ , be blamed for (v) đáng khiển trách -Unit 11 – SOURCES OF ENERGY ( Các nguồn lượng ) – fossil (n) hóa thạch , fossil fuel (n) nhiên liệu hóa thạch , reserve (n) vật trữ , strictly (adv) cách nghiêm khắc , demand (n) yêu cầu , exhausted (adj) cạn kiệt , exhaust (v) làm cạn kiệt , exhaustion (n) kiệt quệ , alternative (adj) thay , alternate (v) luân phiên , nuclear (adj) thuộc hạt nhân , nucleus (n) nhân nguyên tử , nuclear energy (n) lượng hạt nhân , need (n) nhu cầu , needy (adj) nghèo túng , heat (n) nóng (v) hâm nóng , geothermal heat (n) nóng địa nhiệt , dam (n) cái đập nước , solar panel (n) thu lượng mặt trời , potential (adj) tiềm , potentiality (n) tiềm , potentialize (v) làm cho tiềm tàng , make use of (v) tận dụng , ceremony (n) nghi lễ , ceremonial (n) thuộc nghi lễ, infinite: vô tận không giới hạn # finite (adj) hữu hạn , nuclear reactor (n) lò phản ứng hạt nhân , radiation (n) xạ , radioatiive (adj) xạ, phóng xạ,radiate(v)tỏra, chiếu ra, Lop11.com hydrolectricity(n) thủy điện , hydrolectric (adj) thuộc thủy điện , run of out (v) = use all of : cạn kiệt , xài hết , renewable (adj) có thể thay # non-renewable(adj) không thể thay , renew (v) =make new : đổi mới,hồi phục , renenewal (n) thay mới,hồi phục , harmful (adj) có hại , harm (n) hại,tổn hại , ecologist(n) nhà sinh thái, ecology (n) sinh thái,ecological (adj) thuộc sinh thái, fertilize (v)bón phân, làm màu mỡ , fertilized (adj) làm màu mỡ, fertile (adj) màu mỡ, consumption (n) tiêu thụ, consume(v) tiêu thụ, proportion (n) cân đối, trend (n)=trendency : xu hướng , khuynh hướng, shrug(v) nhún vai , splay (v) giang ra,bẹt ra, fence (n) hàng rào, surround (v) vây quanh, surroundings (n) vùng phụ cận ,môi trường xung quanh, surrounding (adj) phụ cận, vây quanh, experiment (n) thí nghiệm (v) thí nghiệm, experimental(adj) có tính thí nghiệm, sponsor (v) bảo trợ,(n) người bảo trợ -Unit 12 – THE ASIAN GAMES ( Á vận hội ) – intercultural(adj)liên văn hóa , knowledge(n) kiến thức, knowledgeable (adj) thông thạo, event(n) thí đấu, kiện, solidary(adj)đoàn kết,liên kết, solidarity(n) tình đoàn kết, deepen (v) khắc sâu, decade (n) thập niên, aspect(n) =respect =particular part : phương tiện, official(adj) chính thức, facilities (n) phương tiện dễ dàng, aquatic (adj) thuộc nước , aquatic sports(n) thể thao nước, athetics (n) điền kinh,weightlifting (n) môn cử tạ, shooting (n) bắn súng, wrestling (n) đô vật, squash (n) bóng quần , fencing (n) đấu kiến, rugby (n) bóng bầu dục, mountain biking (n) môn cỡi xe đạp leo núi, enthusiastic (adj) hăng hái, nhiệt tình, enthusiasm (n) hăng hái, nhiệt tình, appreciate (v) coi trọng,đánh giá cao,appreciative (adj) biết đánh giá cao, appreciation (n) đánh giá cao, bodybuilding(n) thể dục thể hình, karaedo(n) không thủ đạo, host country (n) nước chủ nhà, standing (n) địa vị, bronze (n) đồng , live (adj) trực tiếp, freestyle (n) kiểu bơi tự do, gymnast (n) vận động viên thể dục, gymnasium = gym (n) phòng tập thể dục, gymnastics (n) môn thể dục dụng cụ, record (n) kỷ lục, bar (n) thanh, xà, long jump (n) nhảy cao, car park (n) bãi đậu xe, guest house (n) nhà khách , recruit (v) tuyển chọn , recruitment (n) việc tuyển chọn, hold – heldheld = organize(v) tổ chức ,squeeze (v) nén,xiết chặt, squeak (v) kêu chít chít , diamond (n) kim cương, ring (n) cái khoen , vòng , nhẫn, book(v) = reserve : đặt/mua vé trước , enjoyable =interesting (adj) thú vị -Unit 13 – HOBBIES ( Sở thích ) – present (v) trình bày (n) món quà, presentation(n) trình diễn , accomplished (adj) có tài ,cừ khôi, tune (n) giai điệu, accompany (v) đệm đàn, keep fish (v) nuôi cá, modest (adj) not very big : không to , fish tank (n) bể cá / chậu cá , avid (adj) thèm thuồng , khao khác, discard (v)= throw away : bỏ ,vứt đi, discarded (adj) loại bỏ, mostly (adv) =mainly,generally : chủ yếu , hầu hết, once in a white (adv) =from time to time = occasionally : , indulge in (v) say mê, indulgence (n) say mê, indulgent (adj) hay chiều theo ,for a while = for a moment : giây lát, occupied (adj) = busy : bận rộn, admire (v) ngưỡng mộ,admiration (n)sự ngưỡng mộ, admirable (adj) đáng khâm phục, stall (n) quầy , sạp, classify(v) phân loại, classification(n) phân loại, broaden (v) = make … broad ,enlarge : mở rộng, category(n) hạng, loại, categorize(v) phân loại, categorical(adj) rõ ràng , minh bạch , tag (n) thẻ ghi tên ( tên , địa chỉ), overseas (adj) hải ngoại, hero (n) anh hùng, heroic (adj) anh hùng, heroize (v) tôn thành anh hùng, heroism (n) chủ nghĩa anh hùng, profitable (adj) có lợi ,sinh lợi, profit (n) tiền lời# profitless(n) không có lời, bygone (n) quá khứ, gigantic (adj) = giant ,huge : không lồ, kếch xù , ignor (v) lờ đi, không biết đến , ignorance(n) ngu dốt, ignorantly(adv) ngu dốt, cope with (v) đương đầu, bump into (v) đụng, va phải, rub (v) lau, xoa (tay) , frighten (v) làm hoảng sợ, fright (n) làm sợ hãi , frightened (adj) = scared : sợ hãi,hoảng sợ, pedestrian (n) người -Unit 14 – RECREATION ( Sự giải trí ) – spare time (n) rảnh rỗi, spare (adj) thừa ,dư, household(n) hộ, gia đình, by far (adv) số lượng nhiều, nhiều, view(v) = watch : xem , pursuit(n) đeo đuổi, include(n) bao hàm ,gồm, inclusion(n) bao gồm, inclusive (adj) gồm , spectator sports (n) môn thể thao xem, do- it – yourself (exp)tự làm lấy, gardening(n) sự/ việc làm vườn, undertake –undertook –undertaken (v) thực hiện, snooker (n) (môn snooker : loại hình bi –di), pool(n) môn pool(một loại hình bi-da) , dart(n) phi tiêu(trò chơi phóng phi tiêu), enormous(adj) nhiều to lớn, on offer (prep) =available(adj) sẵn có, bricklaying (n) xây dựng, sophisticated= complex, complicated (adj) phức tạp, stock market (n) thị trường chứng khoán, shoemaking(n) đóng giày, engrave (v) khắc , chạm, practical skill(n) kỹ thực hành, entry examination(n) điều kiện nhận học, generous (adj) dễ dãi , rộng lượng, basement(n) tầng hầm, spectacular (adj) = very impressive & exciting : hùng vĩ , ngoạn mục, hire(v) = employ (v) thuê , mướn, memento (n) kỷ vật, campground (n) bãi đất cắm trại, trash (n) rác, giant (adj)= huge : khổng lồ, giant tree (n) cây cổ thụ, dirt bike (n) xe đạp địa hình, depressed (adj) chán nản, thất vọng, solitude (n) biệt lập , cô độc, desert (n) sa mạc, umbrella tent (n) lều dù, wallet (n) cái ví (đựng tiền , giấy tờ) Lop11.com