UNIT 7: WORLD POPULATION-GRAMMAR I/ Conditional sentences type 1, 2, 3 Câu điều kiện thường có hai phần: If-clause (mệnh đề if) và main clause(mệnh đề chính). Câu điều kiện được chia làm ba loại A.Type 1 Cách dùng:diễn tả hành động hoặc tình huống có thể xảy ra trong hiện tại hoặc tương lai Công thức If clause Main clause Simple present Will + V-bare Eg: 1.If I(find)__________________ your key, I(phone)__________________ you 2.If you (not/set)__________________ your alarm clock, you(oversleep)__________________ 3.I(not/wait)__________________for you if you(be)__________________ late B.Type 2 Cách dùng:diễn tả hành động hoặc tình huống không có thật và không thể xảy ra trong hiện tại hoặc tương lai Công thức If clause Main clause Past subjunctive Be->were Would + V-bare Examples: 1.If I (have)__________________ a car, I (give)__________________ you a lift ( But I don’t have a car, so I won’t give you a lift) 2.If I(win)__________________ one million dollars, I(give)__________________ up my job (I don’t think I’ll win one million dollars) 3.What(you/do)__________________if you suddenly (see)__________________a UFO(I don’t think you will see a UFO. This is an imaginary situation.) C.Type 3 Cách dùng: diễn tả hành động hoặc tình huống không có thật ở quá khứ Công thức If clause Main clause Past perfect tense(had + V-ed/3 Would have + V-ed/3 Chú ý: Đối với câu điều kiện loại 1 1/ Ngoài thì hiện tại đơn chúng ta cũng có thẻ dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn hoặc thì hiện tại hoàn thành trong mệnh đề If Eg: 1.If you are waiting for the manager, he will be here in fifteen minutes. 2.If you have finished your homework, you can go out. 2/ Chúng ta có thể dùng câu yêu cầu với Imperative hoa75c với “should” và” had better” trong mệnh đề chính Eg: 1.If you need help, please let me know! 2.If you are tired, you should take a rest. 3.If you know anything about the accident, you had better phone the police 3/ Chúng ta có thể dùng thì hiện tại đơn trong mệnh đề chính khi nói về tình huống xảy ra một cách tự động thường xuyên theo thói quen, loại câu điều kiện này được gọi là “The zero Conditional” Examples: 1.If water(be)__________________ colder than 0 Celsius, it(freeze)__________________ 2.If you (heat)__________________ iron, it(expand)__________________ 3.If I (go)__________________ to bed late, I(feel)__________________ bad. 4.If you (press)__________________ this button, the machine (stop)__________________ Đối với câu điều kiện loại 2 1/ Chúng ta thường dùng câu nói “If I were you…” để cho ai lời khuyên. Eg: 1.If I were you, I(never/ believe)__________________ him 2.I (not/try)__________________ to make her angry if I were you Chú ý: Chúng ta thường dùng”were” đối với động tứ “Be” cho tất cả các ngôi thứ trong câu điều kiện loại 2. hình thức “ was” cũng có thể được dùng với chủ ngữ số ít, nhưng được xem là cách dùng bình dân trong văn nói. Do đó tốt nhất ta dùng “were” khi viết và nói 2/ Chúng ta dùng”might” trong mệnh đề chính khi diễn tả ý nghĩa “có lẽ”, và dùng “could” khi diễn tả ý nghĩa”có khả năng” Eg: 1.If you sent you’re your application, they might accept you. 2.If I knew her address, I could write to her. 3/ Chúng ta có thể dùng:” were + to-infinitive” trong mệnh đề “If để nhấn mạnh ý không “thể xảy ra” Eg: If I were to win one million dollars, I’d give up my job. Đối với câu điều kiện loại 3: 1/ Ngoài” would have + past participle”, chúng ta cũng có thể dùng”might have + past participle” trong mệnh đề chính để diễn tả ý nghĩa” có lẽ đã xảy ra”, và dùng”could have + past participle” với ý nghĩa” có khả năng xảy ra” Eg: 1.If you had applied for the job, you might have got it 2.If you had asked him, he could helped you 2/ Chúng ta có thể dùng cấu trúc đảo ngữ (Inversion) thay cho “ If”.Cấu trúc này cũng dùng được với câu điều kiện loại 1 va loại 2 Eg: 1.If I had heard about his trouble, I would have come to helped him ->Had I heard about his trouble, I would have come to helped him. 2.If I were to fly in a spaceship, I would be extremely excited. ->_____________________________________________________________________ 3.If you know anything about the murder, phone the police. -> Should you know anything about the murder, phone the police. Chú ý đặc biệt: 1/Unless If … not Example 1.If he doesn’t work harder, he’ll fail the exam. ->Unless_____________________________________________________________ 2.If you didn’t earn more than 10,000 dollars a month, you couldn’t join that golf club. ->Unless_______________________________________________________________ 2/ Conditional mixed type. Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp thường có cấu trúc sau If clause Main clause Past perfect(had + past participle) Would + V-bare Cách dùng: khi muốn giả định một tình huống xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng kết quả lại xảy ra trong hiện tại Eg: 1.If you (not/stay)__________________ up too late last night, you(not/ feel)__________________ so tired now. (But you stayed up too late last night , so you feel tired now) 2.If I (tell)__________________ about the change of the meeting, I(not/be)__________________ here today (But I wasn’t told about the change of the meeting, so I am here today.) II/ Conditional in Reported speech Khi tường thuật câu điều kiện, chúng ta cần chú ý những điểm sau: 1.Reporting conditional type 1: Thay đổi thì của động từ và làm những thay đổi cần thiết khác với đại từ và thời gian. Eg: Direct: “ If I get more information, I’ll let you you know,”Nam said to me Reported: Nam said if he got more information, he would let me know 2.Reporting conditional type 2: Không thay đổi thì của động từ, nhưng vẫn làm những thay đổi cần thiết khác. Eg Direct:”If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t go to work,” Carol said Reported speech: Carol said if she had a lot of money she wouldn’t go to work 3.Reporting conditional type 3: Không thay đổi thì của động từ, nhưng vẫn làm những thay đổi cần thiết khác. Eg: Direct:” If you had gone to my house warming, you would have met some ofyour friends” Mai said to me Reported: Mai said if I had gone to his house warming, I would have met some of my old friends. 4.Khi tường thuật câu điều kiện loại 1 có mệnh đề chính ở dạng mệnh lệnh hoặc yêu cầu (commands or requests) , chúng ta có thể dùng các cách sau: A. dùng:He/She told/asked + object + to –infinitive Eg: Direct:”If you have any difficulty, give me a ring,” he said Reported: He told/asked me to give him a ring if I had any difficulty B. dùng was/were + to inf Eg: Direct:”If you miss the last bus, take a taxi,” Kevin said Reported : Kevin said if I missed the last bus, I was to take a taxi C.Khi câu điều kiện có ý nghĩa lời khuyên, dùng: advised + object + to-inf Eg: Direct:” If you feel tired,” he said, “ why don’t you have a rest?” Reported : He advised me to have a rest if I felt tired. EXERCISES EXERCISE 1: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. 1.People cannot ski in the Alps if there(be)__________________ no snow 2.Unless Mabel(run)__________________, she can’t catch the bus. 3.I’d take you to the exhibition if I (not / be)__________________ so busy. 4.Ice always(melt)__________________ if the air temperature is warm enough. 5.I could repair the car if I (have)__________________ the right tools. 6.I(not/sign)__________________ the contract unless you agree to it. 7.What would you do if he(refuse)__________________ to lend you the money? 8.Unless you go to bed early , you(feel)__________________ tired tomorrow. 9.If she really loved you, she ( not be)__________________ so horrible to you. 10.If you didn’t pass the exam,(you/take)__________________ it again? EXERCISE 2:Rewrite the following in reported speech 1.”The video pauses if you press this button,” Mary said to me -> Mary said_____________________________________________________________________ 2.”If I knew they were honest, I’d gladly lend them the money, “ said Peter ->Peter said______________________________________________________________________ 3.”If you have a mobile phone, check that it is turned off”,” she said to me. -> She said_______________________________________________________________________ 4.”I will be angry if it turns out that you’re wrong, “ John told me. -> John said______________________________________________________________________ 5.”Take another sandwich if you’re hungry,” she said to him -> She asked_____________________________________________________________________ MOR EXERCISE ON REPORTED SPEECH IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1.“ If I had a wish, I would wish for my parents’ good health,” he said. -> _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. “ I will give you my book if I finish it,” the boy said to me. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. “ If you had borrowed me money, I would have lent you some,” her uncle said to her. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. “If I were you, I would help that old man,” her boyfriend said to her. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. I’d have gone to New York last summer if I had had money,” he said. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 6. “ The video pauses if you press this button,” Mary said to me. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 7. “ I knew they were honest, I’d gladly lend them the money, “ she said to me. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 8. “ If you have a mobile phone, check it is turned off,” she said to me. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 9. “I will be angry if it turns out that you’re wrong,” John told me. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 10. “ Take another sandwich if you’re hungry,” she said to him. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 11. “ If I were you I would choose medicines to study at college,” Nam told me. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 12. “ If you change your mind, give me a ring,” Peter said to Helen. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 13. “ If the disease is untreated, it can lead to brain damage, “ said to the doctor. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 14. “ If you had been in time for work, your boss wouldn’t have been annoyed,” Susan said to Nancy ->_____________________________________________________________ ________________________ 15. “If you complain about me, I’ll get into trouble with my teacher,” Nam said ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 16. “ I’ll help you if I finish early,” she said to me. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 17. “ If I could turn back time again, I would take back the words I said.” -> _____________________________________________________________________________________ 18. “ You could have won the race if you hadn’t fallen,” she said to Jim. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 19. “ If I could reach the stars, I’d give them all to you,” Mike said to Ann. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 20. “ If you had told me about the plans, I would have helped you.” ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 21. “If you close your card, we will send a new one within 24 hours.” the clerk told me ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 22. “ I wouldn’t have met her if I hadn’t missed the train that day.” said Lan ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 23. “ If the director agrees, I’ll finish the report for you,” he said to Nancy. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 24. “ If I were you, I wouldn’t go there alone, “ he said. ->______________________________________________________________________________________ 25. “ What would you do if you won the lottery?” he asked her ->______________________________________________________________________________________ . UNIT 7: WORLD POPULATION -GRAMMAR I/ Conditional sentences type 1, 2, 3 Câu điều kiện thường có hai phần: If-clause. have finished your homework, you can go out. 2/ Chúng ta có thể dùng câu yêu cầu với Imperative hoa75c với “should” và” had better” trong mệnh đề chính Eg: 1.If you need help, please let me know! . (have)__________________ the right tools. 6.I(not/sign)__________________ the contract unless you agree to it. 7. What would you do if he(refuse)__________________ to lend you the money? 8.Unless you go to bed