Cdn dieu khic ciia cic den thip Cham, ngoai hinh tupng ngpn lua d cac gdc thap, cd nhidu hinh tuong trang tri rat sinh ddng, phd bien hon ca la nhung net cham khic true tiep len th[r]
(1)• i i HiA w c i f t i l
VAN MINH AIM DO V l VIEC HINH THANH
•
VAN MINH CHAMPA BA MINH TRUYEN
Nen van minh An Do tirng anh hudng khap khu vuc Dong Nam A, vdi nhung cong trinh kien true, ton giao vl vuong quoc Cham timg ghi dau an vang son ljch sd, cung chju anh hudng sau sac tU nen van minh An Dp Dieu ad d i dang nhan dien qua cac cdng trinh kien true tdn giao trai khap mien Trung
1 Anh hudng cua chii' viet An Dp den chuf viet Cham
An Dp la mdt qud'c gia sdm cd chQ viet NhQng khim phi khao cd hpc da xic dinh dupc tQ ndn van hda Harappa, chQ viet da dupe su dung phd bien Den khoang TK V trudc CN, d An Dp xuat hien loai chQ kharosthi, phdng theo chu vidt vung Ludng Ha Sau dd Iai xuat hien chQ brami, dupc su dung rdng rai, cic van bia CLia Asoka ddu vidt bing loai niy Tren co sd chQ Brami, ngudi An Dp lai dat chQ davanagari, cd cich vidt don gian, thuin tien hon de vidt tidng Sanskrit Ddn nay, d An Dp va Nepan vin dung loai chQ (1) Nhu vay, ndn van minh An Dp da sing tao ft nhat la loai chQ vidt khic
Champa sdm tiep xue vdi nen van minh An Dp, da tidp nhan van ttr Nn Dp tQ lap qud'c Mdt dac diem eua chQ vilt Champa la ghi chep tren bia da, ndi dung bia ky thudng phan anh viee dang t l thin linh, tudng thuat Iai
bidn cd da xay ddi vdi vuong tridu, ca ngpi edng dQc cua thin linh va bac minh vuong tidn nhiem Van bia dupe khic chQ tQ TK IV ddn TK XV bing ea van tu Cham cd va Sanskrit (2)
Sau TK XV, ngudi Cham khdng vidt chQ len bia d i nQa m i vidt tren giiy, tre, vai, da Ndi den chQ viet Cham Ii ndi den chQ akhar thrah, dupc dung phd bien eho den ngiy TQ chQ akhar thrah, ngudi Cham da bien hda them net thinh nhidu chQ viet khac nhau, su dung vao nhQng muc dfch khic nhau: akhar yok: chQ bf in, akhar atwor: chu treo, chQ tit, akhar kalimung: chQ nhen, chQ thau
Ngoai cdn cd chQ chi thiy tren bia ky la: akhar hayap, akhar rik
Tat ea cae kidu chQ vi bidn thd akhar dd ddu bit ngudn tu mdt nhQng chQ vidt d mien nam An Dp thude he van tu brami
Qua nhQng lin bidn the, chQ viet cang phu hpp vdi am tiet eiia tidng Cham Sir tilp nhan van tu An Dp de tao
(2)VAN HOA NGHE THUAT MUb-C MCOAI nen akhar thrah la mdt budc
phat tridn mdi eua ljch su ngdn ngQ Cham, bdi, ngudi An Dp neu khdng cd su hudng din se khdng dpc dupc akhar thrah
Tren co sd chQ phan va lay dang net cong cua chQ phan, ngudi Cham da xay dung mdt he thd'ng van tu Cham cd dd ghi chep tidng ndi, gdm 16 nguyen am, 31 phu am, khoang 32 diu am sic vi chi'nh ti (3)
2 Anh hudng ciia sir thi An Do van hoc Cham
An Dp cd hai bd su thi li Mahabharata va Ramayana, dupe truyin mieng tu nua diu thien nien ky I trudc CN rdi dupc chep Iai bing khiu ngQ, den cae thd ky diu CN thi dupe djch tilng Sanskrit (4) Ngudi Cham da ddn nhan hai bd su thi dd so niy theo each tu cua hp vi phu hpp vdi tam ly ciia edng ddng Van hpc Cham phat trien vdi nhilu thd loai phong phu nhu: thin thoai, su thi, truyen ed, tha ca, van xudi, van vin
Tho ca Cham rat ddi dao am dieu, ndi dung trQ tinh va thudng la tho luc bit gieo vin lue tQ vi bat lue Ben canh van hpe viet van hpc dan gian eua ngudi Cham cung phit tridn dudi nhieu the loai vi phan inh nhidu ndi dung vl tam Iy dan tdc vi cac khia canh xa hdi (5)
Dac didm cua van hpc van Cham la phan inh thdi cupe, khic hpa ddi sdng xa hdi, ea ngpi tinh yeu IQa ddi, tinh yeu gia dinh vi que
huong Nhung cic tic phim cd gii trj cao vl nghe thuat thudng khuylt danh Cic tie phim dd la sing tic cua ca cdng ddng va cic the he ndi tiep cung tham gia sing tie
NhQng bin trudng ca cung phong phu, dupe sing tie lien tue, phd bidn rdng rai va luu truydn den ngiy Ben canh viec tilp nhan van hpc An Dp true tilp vao nhQng thdi diem Hindu giio anh hudng sau sic, sau niy, ddng chay van hpc An Dp vin din Champa qua trung gian Malaysia, mdt qude gia cung inh hudng van minh An Dp Dd la nhung the loai van hpc dan gian, vdi nhQng bai hit ll, hit giao duyen, nhQng kinh van, bai xudng ca dupc bidu diln vao djp le quan trpng lien quan din Hindu giio
3 Anh hudng cua ton giao An Do den Champa
An Dp li noi sin sinh rit nhilu tdn giao, dd quan trpng nhit la Balamdn giio, vl sau li Hindu giio va Phat giio Ngoai edn cd mdt sd tdn giio khac nhu dao Jain, dao Xich (6)
Balamdn giio sdm dupc truyin ba d Ddng Nam A vi mdt thdi ky dii ddc tdn qude giio (3 An Dp, Bilamdn chia hang ngudi rit chat che: Braman (Balamdn) l i ding cip cua nhQng ngudi lam nghi tdn giao; Ksatorya li ding cap cua cac chien si; Vaisya li ding cip ciia nhQng ngudi binh dan lam cic nghi nhu chan nudi, lim rudng, budn bin, mdt sd nghi thu cdng; Sudra la ding cip cua nhQng
ngudi cung khd, vdn li chiu cua cac bd lac bai trin khdng cd tu lieu san xuat
Nguyen nhan din ddn su ddi ciia chd dp ding cip la su phan hda giai cap, phan cdng nghd nghiep va phan biet bd toe Nhung c i c tang lii Bilamdn thi dung uy lire ciia than linh dd giai thfch hien tupng xa hdi i y (7)
6 Champa chd dp ding cap rat md nhat Bilamdn giio khdng nhihig la qud'c giio ma cdn la he tu tudng cua giai cap thd'ng trj, tdn giio eua ding c i p tren, vay, ehi anh hudng cung dinh, ddng ddi quy tdc ma thdi Champa tidp nhan tu tudng Balamdn giao cua An Dp kit hpp vdi tin ngudng dja phuong lim cho tdn giao cd sir bidn sic ro rang Trong ba vj thin tdi cao cua Balamdn giio Ii Braman, Siva, Visnu, thi Siva dupc coi trpng hon ci, the hien qua vi trf noi dat tupng thin, thudng li gian dien chfnh, noi trung tam, didu niy thay rd d cac ddn thip Cham Tdn giio An Dp anh hudng kha manh me Champa tQ nidm tin, tu tudng, tu vd ky thuat, ddn trang phuc ddi thudng, di nhien cQng bj dan gian hda nhilu Ben canh nilm tin vao cae vj thin An Dp, ngudi Cham cdn thd phung nhilu vj thin sieu nhien hay nhQng cdng than khai qud'c Viee nhan thin hda dupc thd cung vdi cic than linh An Dp la dieu hiim hoi, chi tha'y d Champa Cd le tQ An Dp, Balamdn khdng co ngudi sang lap, khdng he thd'ng giio ly chat che nen
g , so 320
(3)T H E GIC?I V A N H Q A
ddn Champa nd dl bj xam nhap vao tfn ngudng dan gian ban dja
Do vay, Bilamdn giio d Champa thien nhilu vl nghi thuc cung 11 d din thip va nhQng ll hdi dan gian han la chii tam hpc tap kinh ke
4 Anh hudng cua kien true An Do den nghe thuat xay dung thap Cham
Thdi cd trung dai, An Dp da cd mdt nln nghe thuat phong phu, dae sic, dd ndi bat nhit Ii kidn true, dieu khic Thdi Harappa, nha cua chi mdi xay bing gach, ddn vuang trilu Morya nghe thuit kidn true di mdi bit diu phit tridn ma cac cdng trinh tieu bieu li cung dien, chua thip, tru d i (8)
Tit ca nhQng cdng trinh cdng cdng, tdn giao deu lam bing vat lieu bdn, thd hien sQc manh uy quyin cua nha vua vi vuong trilu Ndi chung, nghe thuat tao hinh An Dp phin Idn nhim vao dl tai tdn giio, nhung VI bit ngudn tQ cudc sdng thuc td, nen tfnh hien thuc vin the hien rat rd net, vi du tupng nhieu tay nhidu diu la phdng theo tu thd eua dpi mua ddn chua va cung dinh (9)
Champa ddn nhan ddng chay cua nln van minh An Dp tQ bidn Ddng Mdt dilu dl nhan thiy kiln true di cung vdi tdn giao Hiu hit, eie cdng trinh kidn true Cham ddu phuc vu cho nhu ciu tdn giio Trong sudt chilu dai lich su Champa, vuong trilu nao len nim quyin diu cho xay dung hoac trung tu cdng trinh
tdn giio dd chQng td sue manh, nhung quan trpng hon ea vin nhim vao muc dfch ta on thin linh, qua \iec dang ll vat cung cho din thap vi da phu trp sQc manh vi chien thing cho vuang trilu
Vat lieu co ban vi chu ylu dd xay dung ddn thip la gach vi di Cd thd ndi, ngudi Cham la bac thay vl ky thuat che tic
Thap B3, My Son Anh Phgm Lu
gach, trii qua bao the ky, nhQng thap gach Cham vin cdn tuoi rdi, mau sic anh hdng, vang, ket dfnh vdi mdt each ky la mi nhidu nhi khoa hpc cdn chua thd giii ma hdt Tren than thip bing gach, nhQng thp dieu khic da cham trd hoa van, nhQng vat thieng lieng ciia Hindu giio hay canh sinh hoat cung dinh, rat sinh ddng va chan that Dae diem cua gach Cham la mim, xdp nen dung xong hinh thi, dang thip hoin chinh, sau dd se cham, khic, kham len thip nhQng mdtip ma nha vua vi nhan dan mud'n
gui gim vio Thap Cham thudng gdm ting, ting tren cung dat cac vj thin qud'c giao, ting giQa thudng didn ta hoat ddng sdng cua cung dinh, ting dd la ting am ehi gia cd ndn mdng cho vQng chic khdng cd trang trf Mdi mdt ngdi thip chi cd mdt ldi vio chi'nh, cung la vj trf dat cic nhan thin (vua dupc thin hda), ddng thdi la thue hanh cac nghi II chfnh thQc vao nhu'ng ngiy le trpng dai cua Balamdn giao Cac mat cdn lai diu la cua gia va ddng kfn Hinh thd cua mdt thip Cham bao gid cung thu nhd din cing len cao Tren chdp dinh thudng dat mdt linga Ngudi Cham da tiep thu ky thuat xay dirng thap tii An Dp, nhung qua bin tay ky su Cham cac khdi thap trd nen hai hda, cung rin, manh me, gin gQi, diy bf hiem Quan sit thip d bit cQ vj trf nio vi vao luc nio cung thiy net uy nghiem tring le
5 Anh hudng ciia Ijch phap 4n Dp den each tinh Ijch ciia Cham
TQ rit sdm, ngudi An Dp da bilt chia mdt nam lam 12 thing, mdi thing 30 ngiy, mdi 30 gid, cu nam thi them thing nhuan Cac nhi thien van hpc An Dp cd dai da biet qua dat va mat trang hinh ciu, quy dao cua mat trang, va tfnh dupc eie ky trang trdn trang khuydt Hp cdn phan biet hinh tinh Hda, Thuy, Mdc, Kim, Thd, biet dupc mdt sd chdm va su van hanh eua cic ngdi Tic phim thien van hoe cd nhat eua An
(4)VAN HQA NGHE T H U A T MIWC NCOAI Dp la quydn Siddhantas ddi
vao khoang TK V trudc CN(IO)
Ngudi Cham da sdm tidp thu va bidt cich tfnh ljch, cac hpc gia tridu dinh Iuc biy gid da tfnh thao vj trf di chuydn cua cac hanh tinh dd dinh thdi gian mdt cich chfnh xic (11) TQ dau dung nudc, ngudi Cham da tie'p thu he thd'ng Ijch saka cua An Dp mdt cich chu ddng Trong tieng Cham ljch gpi la sakawi hay takawi Mdt nam cua ngudi Cham Ii 12 thing, mdt tuan cd ngay, dua vao su van hanh cua mat trang va ciia cic chdm Ljch phip dupe Qng dung rdng rai ndng nghiep de biet su bien ddi eiia tidt trdi ma gieo trdng va chpn gid'ng vat nudi cho thfch hpp Ddng thdi Cham vd'n la cu dan hoat ddng manh me tren eon dudng hang hai qud'c td, nen Ijch dupc ung dung de xem ngiy, gid du doin bao td trudc khoi Ben canh dd, mdi mdt mua tuong Qng vdi mdt kieu thdi tilt, diu diln nhimg II hdi cd tfnh chat cdng ddng nhu ll rija nagar, Id hdi kate de ciu mua thuan gid hda, qud'c thai din an
Hien nay, ngudi Cham quan cu theo cdng ddng tdn giao, nen ljch phap cQng theo ljch tdn giio vdi ba nhdm Cham CO ban tuong Qng vdi loai Ijch rieng, va tat nhien sinh hoat cung su dung Tay Ijch, ngudi Cham Braman cd sakawi ahier, ngudi Cham Bani cd sakawi awar, ngudi Cham Islam cd sakawi Islam
Trong vuang tridu Po Rome, da cd sir kdt hop Ijch ahier va awar tao thinh mdt he thd'ng lich mdi gpi Ii Ijeh am duong Nhu vay, ben canh Ijeh Tay, ngudi Cham cdn cd cich tinh Ijch khic hoat ddng tdn giio Chfnh didu nay, mac nhien, gay khd khan Idn cdng ddng vi thidu sir thd'ng nhit vd thing hanh Id va kieng ky Id eudi, ma chay Sir phan bd dan cu theo dia ban tdn giao keo theo sir phan hda khu vuc su dung Ijch phip
Ket luan
TQ TK II-XV, van hda Cham anh hudng dam net van minh An Dp Trong nhung nam diu cdng nguyen, van minh An Dp cung timg lan tda de'n Viet Nam, dien hinh la su xuat hien trung tam Phat giio Luy Lau d Bic Ninh Tuy nhien, ngudi Viet bj ndn van minh Trung Hoa anh hudng sau sic
Sir gap gd cua cac ndn van minh Trung Qud'c vi An Dp thd hien rd rang d Viet Nam va Champa td ehue ddi sdng kinh te, chfnh trj, van hda xa hdi
Khi Viet Nam timg budc thoit khdi su thd'ng tri eua Trung Qud'c cung la giai doan Champa da dat dupe nhidu thinh tuu van minh Trudc nhu ciu phat tridn kinh td dat nude v i khic phuc nhQng ginh nang chfnh sich khai thic thdi Bic thudc de lai, Viet Nam da kidn thidt Iai dat nude Cac vuong tridu Viet Nam da thi hanh mdt chfnh sach thd'ng nhit vi lien tue Dd la chfnh
sich nam tidn, da timg budc day lui nen van minh An Dp o Ddng Nam A ma Champa la mdt dai dien
Cd the ndi ring, su sup dd cua ndn van minh Champa la sir sup dd cua ndn van minh An Dp trudc nen van minh Trung Hoa Nhung nhung gii trj dac sic nhat cua van mmh Champa vin cdn bao tdn va dupe Itru truydn Cac Stupa tQe Bimon Kalan li ngdi ddn thieng lieng thd cic vj thin cd ngudn gdc An Dp nhu Brahma, Siva, Visnu, Ganesa, Nandin cung cac nhin thin Anh hudng ve ky thuit xiy dung ddn thip nhu viec chpn cic vat lieu cd tfnh ning bdn vung, cac mdtip, cic hinh the thip Vi du: thap Po Klong Garai d Phan Rang, ben canh thap chinh cdn cd hai thip phu, la nai dd ding Id co mai thap hinh yen ngua hay m i i thuydn bidu tupng eiia ngpn nui thieng lieng Meru d An Dp
Net dae sic ciia den thap Cham la anh hudng kidn true An Dp nhung vin cd net rieng, ddc dio Cd gid'ng chang la cac tupng thin dupc thd cac ngdi thip Cdn dieu khic ciia cic den thip Cham, ngoai hinh tupng ngpn lua d cac gdc thap, cd nhidu hinh tuong trang tri rat sinh ddng, phd bien hon ca la nhung net cham khic true tiep len than thip canh sinh hoat, mua hit cung dinh cua cac vu nQ Apsara, cic nhan vat su thi Mahabrata hay cae thin hd phip
Hindu giio trd qudc giao thdng trj sudt Ijch su Champa, he tu tudng Sd 320
(5)T H E GICII V A N H Q A
chi'nh trj dd quan ly dit nudc Qui trinh tiep bien Hindu giio da lim cho nd khic vdi chfnh qud'c rit nhilu, ching han Champa khdng ed sir phan chia ding cip nghiem khic nhu An Dp, xuit hien nhilu bf in, nghi II, nghi thQc tdn giao mdi khdng h i tim thay d An Dp Trudc du nhap tdn giio d ben ngoai, Champa Ii mdt nude ndng nghiep Bdi the, hp gin nhQng nghi Id ndng nghiep vio nidm tin tdn giio tao nhidu nghi Id mdi qui trinh thue hinh nghi thQc tdn giio Cing dac sic, ddng tu tudng Islam giio mdi du nhip da kdt hpp, hda lin vdi Bilamdn giio tao nen Bani giio Cd le ring, tren the gidi ching cd noi nao ma hai y thQc he tu tudng hda lin vio dupc nhu d Champa Cac tdn giao tdn tai song song vdi minh chQng cho tinh dung hpp va nang tiep bidn nhQng ludng van hda tu ben ngoai
Trudc tidp thu van hpe An Dp, van hpc dan gian da kha phit trien d Champa nhu than thoai, cd tfeh Viec tiep xuc vdi van hpc An Dp va sau la Malaysia da lam cho nen van hpe bic hpc Champa phat tridn The loai van hpe nay, the hien qua cic bai minh van, xudng ca, cic cau thin chu dupc ghi tren bia di
Su anh hudng ciia van hpc An Dp rd net nha't Ii bd su thi
Mahabrarata vi Ramayana,
su dut doan, mit lien he qua lai cung lam phai md sQc truydn ba van hpc An Dp Vl sau van hpc Cham tiep xue
qua dudng Ma Lai da dua van hpe Cham dat nhilu tuu vi dd lai nhidu tic phim ed gia trj nhu Deva Mono,
Ariya Nai Mai Mang Kah
NhQng sing tic van hpc Cham vd sau vin giQ dupc net dae sic rieng
Qui trinh cai bien ehu brami cua An Dp den akhar thrah Cham la ea mdt thdi gian lau dai Vai trd cua akhar thrah rit quan trpng, la loai chQ vidt dupc dung phd biln va rdng rai quan chung, ghi chep tit ea eie edng viee hanh chfnh cua vuong trilu, chep su, sang tie van chuang Dilm mdi ciia akhar thrah Ii tQ miu chQ brami qua sir eai bien dd ghi im tidt Cham V i tren the gidi chi cdn ngudi Cham su dung he thd'ng chQ akhar thrah hp sing tao Ngiy nay, akhar thrah dang dupc sir quan tam cua nhidu nha khoa hpc, bdi sir cai bien lim mit di tfnh sing cua ngdn ngQ, chi vi miic dfch don giin hda de dua vio giang day hpc dudng, didu lam cho chQ vidt Cham mat di tfnh thd'ng nhit va tao cich vidt khic cung mdt ngdn ngu
Rit quan trpng dd'i vdi nghd lam ndng nghiep va di bien hang ngay, nen van dd ngay, gid td't xi'u rat dupe chu y ddi sdng Sir tidp nhan ljch saka cua An Dp dupe ghi chep rd rang tren cac bia ky dupc tim thiy Tuy nhien cich chuyen ljch saka de phu hpp vdi dilu kien thuc te nhu thd nao thi ft dupe biet den Bdi nhung tri thQc vl thien van
hpc cua Champa chua dupc nghien cQu nhilu Ngudi Cham da chuyen Ijch saka sang sakawi de phuc vu cho viee tien hanh cic Id hdi dan gian, nghi II ndng nghiep, dac biet la hanh II tdn giao
Tdm Iai, nln van minh An Dp mdt thdi huy hoang khip Ddng Nam A da dd Iai nhilu di sin tuyet vdi vl mat nghe thuat Tren co sd van minh An Dp, ngudi Cham da tiep thu cd chpn lpe va sing tao net van hda rieng, ddc dio Nln van minh Champa anh hudng sau sic van minh An Dp tu y thQc he quan Iy thin dan vdi thuyet nhan thin Sir giao luu, tiep bidn van hda dd nhan dien, nhat la nghe thuat dieu khic va kidn true d cic den thap ed nim khip mien Trung V i net Balamdn giao edn hien hQu ddn cich thuc td chQe xa hdi van minh An Dp da dupe tidp nhan mdt cich hda binh vi hii hda vdi van hda ban dja tao nen van minh Champa rue rd ljch su u
B.M.T
1 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Vu Duong Ninh (chii bidn), IJch sii vdn minh
the gidi, Nxb Gido Diic, Ha Npi,
1999, tr73, 75, 85, 86, 80, 82 2 Luang Ninh (chii bien), Lich
su Ddng Nam A Nxb Gido Due, Ha
Npi, 2008, tr.239
3 Ha Bi'ch Lien, Quan he giua
vuang qudc cd Champa vdi cdc nudc khu vuc, luan an tidn sT
sii hpc Ha Npi, 2000, tr.ll7 5, 11 Huynh Cong Ba, Lich su
Viet Nam Nxb Thudn Hoa, Hud',
2004, tr.204, 117