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Treng cac giai doan sau nay va hien nay, nhieu heat ddng tu tap, hanh tri cflng nhfl hoang dfldng Phat phap cila Phat giad Viet Nam, nhat la khu vflc Nam Bd va Thanh phd Hd Chf Mmh, [r]
(1)38 Nghien curu Ton giao So7 (Sc8- 2009
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VAI TRO CUA PHONG TRAO CHAN HUNG PHAT GIAO MIEN BAC 001 ven SIT PHAT TRIEN CUA PHAT GIAO VIET NAM THE KI XX
P heng trae chan hflng Phat giae dien tfl niia d i u the ki XX d Viet Nam noi chung, d Mien Bac ndi rieng, cd the ndi, da tad mdt bfldc ngcat quan trpng trdng tien trinh phat trien cila Phat giae Viet Nam Vdi tinh chat cua met cudc "each mang Phat giae", pheng trae da chuyen Phat giao Viet Nam tfl truyen thdng sang hien dai, bieu hien d met sd phfldng dien tieu bieu nhfl: td chflc Tang ddan, dad tad Tang tai, hdang dfldng Phat phap,v.v
Ve phiidng dien to chiic Tdng dodn
L i n d i u tien treng lich sil Phat giao Viet Nam cd sfl ddi mdi can ban ve mat td chflc Hinh thflc Tang dean truyen thd'ng la eac td dinh, sdn mdn binh dang trdng tu tap va dad tad Tang tai, tflc la "md hinh td ebfle Phat giac hang ngang", chuyen cac Hdi Phat giad, dfldc cbia cac cap tfl cac xudng tha'p, tfl trung fldng den dia phfldng, tflc la "md hinh td chflc Phat giac hang dpc" bad gdm khdng cbi cd ngfldi xuat gia ma cdn nhieu p h i n khac treng xa hdi De vay trflde nam 1945 mac dfl thflc dan Phap chfla cho phep lap Tong hpi Phat giae Viet Nam, nhflng sfl ddi eua cac Hpi Phat giad ba ky Bac Trung -Nam va cac chi hdi Phat giad dia phfldng da gdp p h i n quan trpng giup hdat ddng Phat giad Viet Nam phat trien thee chieu hfldng tich cfle
Ve cdng tdc ddo tao Tdng tdi Vdi pheng
trao chan hflng Phat giao, sfl nghiep giao due Phat giao Viet Nam khdng dflng lai d
LETAMD.AC' cac sdn mdn, td dinh, eac ki an cfl kiet ba dfldi mai chfla, ma da tien tdi lap cac trfldng Phat hpc dad tao tang ni thee ldi mdi, quy cu va ed he thd'ng tfl sd cap den cao cap, dd ed sfl ket hdp hai hda gifla ndi dien va ngdai dien gifla Phat bee va the hpe, dao tac nang cac, dad tad chuyen sau Khdng dflng lai d dd, de phuc vu chd cdng cudc chan hflng Phat giad trflde mat cflng nhfl sfl nghiep phat trien Phat giac Viet Nam lau dai, cdng tac giae due Phat giao trdng giai ddan cdn chu trpng den viec hfldng tang ni hpc tap cac nghe nghiep xa hdi the tuc, cil hpc tang tu hpc d nfldc ngeai"'
Ve phiidng dien hoang diidng Phdt phdp Cdng viee treng giai doan c h i n
*hUng Phat giao chil yeu dfldc sfl giup sflc cila bac chi, nha xua't ban, vdi nhflng xuat b i n pham Phat giac b i n g chfl Qud'c ngfl ddn gian, de dpc, d l hieu, nen dat hieu q u i cae Viec sii dung chfl Qud'c ngfl de phd bien giac li Phat giad cung gdp p h i n thuc day viec hpe chfl Qud'c ngfl trcng Phat til va q u i n chung nhan dan
Dang chu y la cdng cudc chan hflng Phat giac dfldng thdi da tad mdt cudc t r a n h luan va trad ddi y kien rdng rai va sdi ndi tren sach bao ve nhieu van de tfl tfldng triet hpc va giae If Phat giae vdi nhflng tri thflc ve ddi sd'ng va thflc tien xa
* TS., Vien Nghien cuu Ton giao, Vien Khoa hpe Xa hpi Viet Nam
1 Xem: Le Tam Dae Cdng tdc gido due tdng ni a
Hpi Phdt gido Bdc Ky Tap ehf Nghien cim Tdn gido
(2)Le Tam DSc Vai trd cua Phong trdo Chdn hiing Phdt gido 39
hdi Cudc t r a n h l u a n n a y gdp p h i n t h u c day sinh b o a t hpc t h u a t va t r a n h l u a n hpc t h u a t t r o n g xa hdi Ve m a t b a n chat cudc t r a n h l u a n va t r a o ddi la sfl "li giai lai" mdt sd' giae If P h a t giae cho thfch hdp vdi sU p h a t t r i e n cila xa hdi h i e n dai Sii "If g i i i lai" n a y c a n b a n thed h a i hudng; Mdt la, bdc tach nhflng yeu td t r e n g giao li P h a t giao dfldc cho la k h d n g p h a i cila P h a t giad, p h a bd nhflng k i e n c h a p , bieu lam ve P h a t giao, cei P h a t giao la mdt tdn giao me tin, xa l a n h cudc ddi, k h d n g cdn sflc sd'ng H a i la, chflng m i n h P h a t hpc cd nhieu diem phfl hdp vdi k h e a hpc hien dai t r e n g viee xem xet cac h i e n tfldng tfl nhien va h i e n tfldng xa bdi
Ben c a n h nhflng diem c h u n g so vdi Mien T r u n g va Mien N a m n e u tren'"' theo c h u n g tdi, p h e n g t r a o c h a n hflng P h a t giae d Mien Bac cd t h e m m e t sd vai trd ndi b a t k h a c ddi vdi sfl p h a t trien cua P h a t giao Viet N a m t h e ki XX
Thii nhdt, de cao tii tiirfng "Nhdn gian Phdt gido" Anh hfldng m a n h me tfl met
trong nhflng ndi d u n g chinh ciia phong trao chan hflng P h a t giae d T r u n g Qude Hda thfldng Thich Thai Hfl lanh dae, tfl tfldng "Nhan gian P h a t giad" x u a t hien Hdi P h a t giad Bac Ky dfldc t h a n h lap (nam 1934), the hien qua nhieu bai viet dang tren td Dudc Tue, cd q u a n ngdn luan cua Hdi vdi ndi d u n g n h a n m a n h dad Phat la mdt tdn giad \n cudc ddi, dad P h a t quan thiet den ddi sd'ng xa hdi the tuc Ngfldi chfnh thflc khdi xfldng va p h a t trien tfl tfldng "Nhan gian P h a t giad" d Viet N a m cd le la n h a P h a t hpc cfl si Dd N a m Til Nguyen Trpng T h u a t T r e n td Duo'c Tue, cudi n a m 1935 d i u n a m 1936, de cu the hda tinh t h a n "dad P h a t trdng cudc ddi", dng de nghi cen em P h a t til tai gia td chflc dam cfldi trflde P h a t dien'^' Chi tiet bdn dng cdn viet leaf bai dfldi tieu de Nhdn
gian Phdt gido, t r e n g dd de cap nhieu den
khfa canh cua ddi sd'ng ndng thdn cai tae
va hfldng d i n ddi sd'ng d khu \aic thee tinh t h i n dao P h a t
Tfl tfldng n h a n gian P h a t giad dd Nguyen T r p n g T h u a t tiep thu va khdi xfldng da n h a n dfldc sfl t a n thfldng va ling hd cila n h i e u n h a If l u a n P h a t giad Mien Bae, ca ve If t h u y e t lan thflc h a n h , tieu bieu la n h a sfl Thich Trf Hai va cfl si Thieu Chilu N g u y e n Hflu Kha
Tfl n a m 1935 den n a m 1954 n h a sfl Thfch Trf H i i da viei g i n 200 bai d a n g t r e n cac bae: Dudc Tue Tinh Tien Tin
titc Phdt gido Dieu Am Phiidng Tien, va
m e t sd sach nhfl Gia dinh gido due Kinh
Thap Thien, Cdi hrii cua vdng md.v.v
t r o n g dd h a u b e t de cap den tfl tudng n h a n gian P h a t giad T a t ca nhflng y tfldng t r e n dfldc dng tdng hdp lai va li l u a n hda t r o n g tac p h a m Nhdn gian Phdt
gido drii ciidng viet n a m 1971 xuat ban
n a m 2003 Theo sfl phac thao n h a n gian P h a t giao la m e t k h u vflc xa hdi P h a t giao t h u a n n a m song song ben mdt xa hdi thflc te "Qud'c dp P h a t giao" theo sfl h i n h d u n g cila dng cd cac ddn vi b a n h chfnh, cac cd q u a n ddan t h e chia theo Ifla tudi, gidi tfnh, nghe nghiep; cd k i n h te, van hda, xa hdi thfldng mai, du lich r i e n g biet,v.v T a t ca dfldc van h a n h mdt each bai hda de t a o r a mot xa hdi k h d n g cd te n a n xa hdi, khdng cd ke xau, k h d n g cd giai cap giau nghee, inpi ngfldi deu b i n h d a n g vdi n h a u , deu tu thien lam l a n h tfl bi cflu khd Dd la d a n g thflc "chil n g h i a xa bdi P h a t giad", nghia la mdt kieu xa hdi li tfldng t h e e quan diem P h a t giae'^'
Trdng tac p h a m Con diicJng hoc Phdt d
the ki thiiXX x u a t ban lan dau nam 1952
2 Xem them: Nguydn Dire Sir 17 " ' '•" ""^' hiring
ciia phong trdo chdn hirng Phdt gido d Bdc Ky Tap
chf Nghien ciru Tdn gido sd 4/2006 tr 15-19 3 Xem them: Le Tam Dac Ve nghi le ket hdn irirdc
Phdt dien Tap ehi Nghien cim Phdi hoc sd 3/2006
tr.58-60; va Le Tam Dae Le thdnh hdn tai ngdi chiia
a Viet Nam: Lich sir vd hien tai Tap ehf Nghien ciru Tdn gido sd 3/2008 ir.44-49
4 Xem Ihem: Tiii'ch Ddng Bdn Hod iliirang Thich
(3)40 Nghien cuu Ton giao S67 &8- 2009
cfl si Thieu Chilu Nguyin Hflu Kha cung the bien mdt each cu the chu trfldng "Nhan gian Phat giad" b i n g mdt tfl tfldng ma Nguyen Qud'c Tuan tam dinh danh la "tfl tfldng Luc hda - Ngu Minh"*^'; dd la quan niem ve Tang gia va cac phan cua Tang gia, nhflng cdng viee chinh dd'n Tang dd, cae nguyen t i c dp sinh, cac hinh thflc tu tap va sinh heat cua Tang lfl,v.v phfl hdp vdi thdi dai mdi
Khdng dflng lai d phfldng dien li luan, cac nha cii each Phat giac d Mien Bic da bfljc d i u bat tay vac van ddng va thiic hi^n met sd' ndi dung cu the cua tfl tfldng nhan gian Phat giad nhfl; td chflc le hdn chd cen em Phat til tai ngdi chua, md trfldng nudi day cac cd nhi, xay dflng trfldng Van Hanh d chua Ham Ldng (Ha Ndi), dfl kien xay dflng dai tflng lam d Thfldng Tin (Ha Tay), c h u i n bi md mang khu di tfch Yen Til (Quang Ninh),v.v
Treng cac giai doan sau va hien nay, nhieu heat ddng tu tap, hanh tri cflng nhfl hoang dfldng Phat phap cila Phat giad Viet Nam, nhat la khu vflc Nam Bd va Thanh phd Hd Chf Mmh, da va dang thflc hien thee tfl tfldng nhan gian Phat giad ma cac nha cii each Phat giao d Mien Bac tflng khdi xfldng va bfldc dau thflc hien treng giai dean chan hflng Phat giae nila dau the ki XX
Thii hai, ndng cao vi tri vd vai trd cda Phdt gido Viet Nam tren triidng Phdt gido qude te Trflde nam 1945, heat ddng Phat
giio qud'c te cua Hdi Phat giao Bac Ky da tfldng ddi sdi ddng va cd hieu qua thdng qua viee cil nhflng hpc tang flu tu tu hpc d Trung Qud'c nam 1937 (Thfldng tea Thich Tri Hai), d Campuchia nam 1938 (eac thfldng tpa Thich T h i i Hda va Thich Thanh Gian); cac chuyen vieng tham qua lai gifla Hdi Phat giac Bac Ky vdi td chflc Phat giao cac nfldc trcng khu vflc nhfl Lad Campuchia Thai Lan; cac chuyen vieng tham cua cac nhan vat Phat giae
quan trpng nfldc ngoai ma tieu bieu nha't la sfl kien Hda thfldng Thfch Thai Hfl tham Hdi P h a t glad B i c Ky tai chua Quan Sfl vao nam 1940,v.v
Tuy nhien, vi the va vai trd cua Phat giad Viet Nam vdi Phat giao qud'c te chi ndi bat sau nam 1950, cu the la sau nhflng hoat ddng hen tuc va hieu qua ciia phai dean Phat giao Viet Nam, ma chii yeu la Hdi Phat giao Viet Nam Bic Viet, Thflpng tpa Thich Td' Lien lam trfldng ddan, ddi vdi sfl kien lap va heat ddng cua Hdi Lien hflu Phat giao The gidi
Tfl 10 thang den 20 thang nam 1950, d An Dp (de sfl l i m lan ve thdi gian dien Hdi nghi Phat giad The gidi l i n thfl nhat), ddan Phat giad Viet Nam da tiep xuc va giang thuyet ve
Phat giao Viet Nam tai Hdi Phat giao Dai Bd De (Calcutta, An Dp), yet kien vdi Thu hien Bengale, tiep kien vdi Tdng thd'ng An Dp - Ngai Prasad Rajendra,v.v
Tfl 26 thang den t h i n g nam 1950, ddan Phat giad Viet Nam dfl Hdi nghi Phat giad The gidi tai Cdldmbd, Sri Lanka, cflng vdi 25 doan Phat giac khac lap Hdi Lien hflu Phat giad The gidi (Wdrld Felldwship of Buddhists) Nam 1951, dean Phat giao Viet Nam dfl Hdi nghi bat thfldng Hdi Lien hflu Phat giad The gidi tai Cdldmbd, Sn Lanka, de chfldng trinh va thae luan phfldng phap thiet lap hea binh; dfl Hdi nghi Van hda Phat giao The gidi l i n thfl nhat tai Sanchi, An Dp Nam 1952, de.an Phat giao Viet Nam dfl Hpi nghi Phat giao The gidi l i n thfl hai tai Tokyo, Nhat Ban (tai Hdi nghi nay, vdi uy tni va anh hfldng cua minh, Thfldng tpa Thich TdLieii dfldc b i u la Phd Hdi trflcmg Hdi Lien hflu Phat giao The gidi),v.v • •
5 Nguydn Qude Tuan Thieu Chim Ngnven Hilii
(4)Le Tam Dac Vai trd ciia Phong trdo Chd'n hirng Plmt gido 41
Trong tat ca nhflng cudc tiep xuc va lam viec, Thfldng tpa Thich Td Lien vdi tfl each la trfldng ddan, da gidi thieu met each xuat sac ve Phat giae Viet Nam, lam cho nhflng ngfldi dfldc tiep xuc cd cim tinh, an tfldng td't dep ve Viet Nam va Phat giad Viet Nam Tai cac hdi nghi Phat giad the gidi, dean Phat giad Viet Nam deu cd nhieu ddng gdp dang ke vae sU cdng chung'^'
Nhu vay, cd the k h i n g dinh, trUdc nam 1954, cac td chflc Phat giao d Mien Bic, vdi nhflng ddng gdp tieu bieu va nei bat cua Thfldng tpa Thich Td' Lien, cd vai tre quan trpng treng viee nang cao vi the cua Phat giao Viet Nam tren trfldng Phat giad qud'c te, dat nen mdng cho cdng tac Phat giao qud'c te cua Giae hdi Phat giao Viet Nam sau • • , '
Thii ba, ddng gdp ddng ke vdo sii kien thdng nhdt Phdt gido todn quoc ndm 1951 Tren thiic te, y tfldng thd'ng nhat
Phat giao toan quoc xua't hien tfl cudi thap kl 20 cila the ki XX''' Tuy nbien, viec thd'ng nhat td chflc Phat giao chung cho toan qud'c, nhieu li de khach quan va chil quan, da khdng the thflc hien dfldc vad thdi diem dd
Nbu cau thd'ng nhat te chflc Phat giae Viet Nam tiep tuc dfldc van ddng sau nam 1945 Sfl thd'ng nhat met td chflc Giao hdi cho toan qud'c la y thflc va niem mong mdi cua Phat giao dd ca ba mien Tuy nbien, nhu ciu thiet tha rd rang cbi thflc sfl dfldc dat va tien hanh ed hieu qua sau hdi nghi lin thfl nha't cua Phat giad the gidi tai Cdldmbd, Sri Lanka, nam 1950, lap Hdi Lien hflu Phat giae The gidi, ma Viet Nam trd mdt \aen cbinb thflc, vdi nhflng ddng gdp dang ke cua cac td chflc Phat giad d Mien Bic, nha't la vai trd quan trpng cua Thfldng tpa Thich TeLien
Trd ve tfl Hdi nghi Colombo, Thfldng tpa Thich Td Lien, vdi tfl each la trfldng ddan Phat giad Viet Nam, vien sang lap Hdi Lien hflu Phat giao The gidi, da tich cfle
tien hanh nhieu heat ddng van ddng thd'ng nhat Phat giao toan qud'c Cdng viec da nhan dfldc sfl tan thfldng va ung bd cua Hdi Lien hflu Phat giae The gidi cung nhfl cac td chflc Phat giao d Mien Trung va Mien Nam Viet Nam dfldng thdi®
Khi nhan duyen da hdi du, dieu kien treng nfldc va qud'c te da chin mudi bdi nghi thd'ng nhat Phat giad toan qud'c da dien tfl den thang nam 1951 tai chua Tfl Dam, Hue Hdi nghi da nhat tri tbdng qua b i n Dieu le, Ndi quy cua Tdng hdi Phat giad Viet Nam, ciing nhfl be thdng td chflc cua met leai hinh Giao bdi chung cho Phat giao toan qud'c
Tdm lai, sau nhieu cd' ging nd Iflc chung, dd cd vai trd dang ke cua cac td chflc Phat giao d Mien Bac, tieu bieu la sfl ddng gdp quan treng cua Thfldng tpa Thich Td' Lien, den nam 1951 nbu cau thd'ng nhat Phat giae Viet Nam da trd hien thflc Sfl thd'ng nhat chfla dfldc triet de vi met sd' li de, treng dd chil yeu la nhieu vflng mien cua dat nfldc van cdn dfldi sfl thd'ng tri cua thflc dan Phap, nhflng sfl kien la tien de va tien than quan treng cho nhflng bfldc phat trien cila Phat giae Viet Nam cac giai doan tiep thee, nha't la sfl thd'ng nhat mot each tean dien vae thang 11 nam 1981, sau dat nfldc hoan toan giai phdng, lap mdt td chflc nhat ciia Phat giao Viet Nam la Giao bdi Phat giao Viet Nam./
6 Xem them: Thuong tpa Td Lien Ky sir phdi doan
Phdt gido Viet Nam di An Dp vd Tich Lan Nxb Ton
giao Ha Ndi 2007: va Thi'eh Gia Quang Hod thuong
Td Lien vdi cdng tdc quan he qude te ciia Phcil gido Viet Nam Tap chi Nghien cim Tdn gido, so 3/2007
tr.34-38
7 Xem: Nguydn Dai Ddng, Le Tam Dac Sir Tdm
Lai vd viec van dong chdn Phdt gido a Viet Nam ddu the ki XX Tap ehi Nghien ciru Tdn gido sd
6/2007, tr.31-40
8 Xem: Le Tam Ddc Hda ihuang Thich Td Lien vdi
sir thdnh lap Tdng hdi Phdt gido Viet Nam nam 1951 Tap ehf Nghien ciru Tdn gido sd 3/2007