Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Chii tich Hd Chi Minh ludn khing dinh: d Viet Nam phai thiet lap che do chinh tri nhat nguy6n la dilu kien khdng cdn phdi tranh cai vi dilu dd xudi phat ttr hoan canh cu the eiia V[r]
(1)NGHIEN CQU - TRAO DOI u
Nhat nguyen ciiinli trj dieu i(ien i(inii te till tnrang djnli iiudng xa iiol ciiii ngiiia
01 Viet Nam - ca sd ly luan va thtfc tiin
• LE VAN PHUC
Hoc vien Chinh tri - Hant) cliinli l<hu vUc III
Hien nay, nude ta dang thuc hien thi che nhdi nguy6n chinh tri (mdt dang nhdi cdm quyln) Viec thuc hien thi ehl da dugc lich sir va Hien phap ciia Nha nude thira nhan Thuc hien thi ch6' nhdi nguyen chinh tri da ttmg budc lam thay ddi ddi nude theo hudng phdt triln - chinh tri dn dinh, kinh te' phat trien, van hda tien tien, dam da ban sic ddn tdc, vi th6' ciia Viet Nam tren trudng qudc tengay cang dugc xac lap Tuy nhi6n, trude ddy ciing nhu hien nay, da vd dang xudi hien nhung quan niem, ludn dieu cho ring nhdi nguyen chinh tri la khdng ddn chu, vi the, dl cd dan chu thi cdn phai da nguyen chinh tri, da dang ddi lap Nhtrng ludn dieu tren cung vdi "cai ggi la xuai phat td chu nghla Mac -Lenin" ring kinh te quylt dinh chinh tri ring kinh teda
phdn thi chinh tri phai da nguyen; tir dd, hg ddi hdi phai xda bd Dilu Hien phdp cua nude Cdng hda xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam (1992) Mat khde, hg cho ring hien Dang va Nha nude ta dang cdn nhilu ylu kem, bat cap, mat dan chii, ngudi dan khdng dugc tu ngdn luan, Dang Cdng san ddc quyln lanh dao theo y chu quan cua minh, tham nhting trd qudc nan vay, phdi thuc hiln da nguy6n, da dang Khdng da nguyen, da dang se khdng cd ddu tranh, se lam cho he thdng chinh tri khdng the ddi mdi, tir dd keo theo nIn kinh t6' cham phdt triln, ddi sdng nhdn ddn khd khan
Dai nude cdn nhieu khd khan, he thdng chinh tri ciia chiing ta cdn nhiing ban che, bdi cap la dilu khdng thi phii nhdn Nhimg, nhiing ludn dieu neu tren khdng mdi, va
ngay cang bde Id nhiing y dd chinh tri den tdi nhim tao cd cho su hinh cdc td chiic chinh tri phan ddng ddi lap vdi Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, la tiep tuc thuc hien cac budc cua chien luge "diSn bien hda binJi' tir dd tien hanh bao loan, lat dd, gay mai dn chinh tri - xa hdi nude
Chiing ta kien tri dudng ldi ddi mdi, giir viing nguyen tic nhdi nguyen chinh tri, vrxxa sira chiia hiin che, yeu kem, vira phai ddu tranh phe phan nhiing quan niem, luan dieu sai trai, lech lac neu tren Bai viei nhim lam rd ca sd ly luan va thirc tiln cua viec thirc hien the che' nhai nguyen chinh tri d Viet Nam
l.Casdl5^Iuan Cdc the luc thu dich "xuai phdt" tir nguyen ly cua chii nghia Mdc - Lenin la kinh te quyei dinh chinh tri dl cho ring, kinh te nhilu phan
(2)NGHIEN CQU - TRAO DOI thi chinh tri phai da nguyen la
khdng dung vdi y nghia nguyen ly ciia chii nghia Mdc - L6nin Trong Iy ludn vl hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi, cdc nha kinh dien da nghi6n ciru mdt each sdu sic mdi quan he giiia ca sd hii tang va kien triic thugng tdng Theo cdc dng, ca sd tdng bao gid ciing la nhan td quylt dinh kien tnic thugng tang (dac biet la mdi quan he giua kinh t l va chinh tri), vi "theo quan diem
vat lich su nhan td quyei dinh trong lich sd, xet den cung la sir san xuat va su tai san xuai ra ddi sdng hien thiid"^' Chii nghia Mac khing dinh co sd kinh t6' thay ddi tbi tdi ca edi kien triic thugng tang dd so cting bi dao Idn it nhilu nhanh chdng Do la nhtrng luan diem h6i siic quan trgng eiia chu nghla Mdc Cac luan dilm khdng chi dl gidi thich cdc hien tugng vl y tbiic tu tudng ma cdn ly gidi sir hinh va sir bien ddi cdc the chi chinh tri cdc xa hdi cd giai cap Hon ntra, ciing ttr ludn dilm chiing ta cd thi rut nguy6n tdc phuang phap luan cho viec xdy dixng the che chinh tri hien tai va chi xu th6' van ddng ciia nd
Song, hilu thi nao la kinh te quyei dinh chinh tri Kinh te, neu hieu theo nghia la toan bd cac quan he san xuai hgp kit cau kinh te - xa hdi ciia mdt giai doiin lich sir tbi
nd la mdt he thdng Nd tdc ddng din chinh tri vdi tu cdch la mdt he thdng chu: khdng phai tdc ddng vdi tu cdch la nhdn td ri6ng le, rdi rac Trong he thdng nay, lire lugng kinh tinao giir vai trd thdng tri se la ylu td quy6i dinh ki6'n tnic thugng tang ke ca tu tudng ldn nhtrng thilt che tuang ung Trong tdc phim He tu tudng Due, C.Mdc va Ph.Angghen da chi ro " Trong mgi thdi dai, nhung tu tudng cua giai cap
thdng tri la nhung tu tudng thdng trP va "nhiing tu tudng thdng tri khdng phai la cai gi khac ma chi la bieu hien tinh thdn cua nhiing quan he vat chiit thdng trP^\ Nhu vay, vai trd thdng tri xa hdi bao gid cung thupc vl mpt giai cap nhai dinh xa bdi Dilu da dugc chiing minh lich sir phdt trien cua nhdn loiii
Trude day, mac ddu phuang thirc san xudi tu bdn chii nghia ddi tir long xa bdi phong kiln, nhung phdt triln ldn miinh thi giai cap tu san thing tay dap dd quan he sdn xudi phong kien, " bai cd chS nao ma giai cap tu sin chiem ducfc chinh quyen thi nd dap dd nhiing quan he phong kien, gia trudng va diin vien Tai ca nhiing mdi quan he phuc tap va muon mau muon ve rang buoc ngudi
vdi "nhiing be tren ttx nhien " cua minh; diu bi giai cap tu san thang tay pha vd khdng
de lai giua ngudi va ngudi mdt mdi quan he nao khac, ngoai Icri ich tran trui va ldi "tien trao chao mdc" khdng tiiili khdng nghia"'-' Xit vl thuc chdi, d dd chi ed nhat nguy6n ca vl chinh tri ldn to tudng, Cho du d mdt sd qudc gia, cd sir thda hiep gitra giai cap phong kien va giai cap tu san, nhd vua vdn tdn tai va giu mdt vai trd nhai dinh nao dd, nhung dd chi la hinh thiic, cai b6n ngoai cdn vl co ban da bi tu san hda, thuc hien dudi quyln ciia giai cap tu san
B6n canh dd, nhtrng nude da nguyen ehinh tri, hay da dang ddi lap thi cung khong thi hilu kinh t l cd bao nbi6u phan thi chinh tri phdi cd bay nhieu td chirc chinh tri khde Cd nai, nhilu phdn kinh l l nhung vdn cd thi nhdi nguyen chinh tri, nhung cung cd noi chi cd mdt thdnh phdn kinh te nhung cd nhilu td chu:c chinh tri khde tdn tai Do vay, cdn hieu mdt each diing dan ban chdi kinh t l quylt dinh chinh tri, nlu hilu mdt each si6u binh, mdy mdc se ddn din nhan thirc va van dung sai lam
Khi ndi kinh t l quy6i dinh chinh tri, thi dilu quan trgng chiing ta ciing cdn phai luu y la kinh te khdng phai la yeu td duy nhat, ehii nghia Mac khdng bao gid xem kinh te la ylu td nhai ma ben ciinh yeu td kinh t l cdn ed ylu id
(3)khde Tdi ca cdc ylu td ay diu nim mdt chinh thi thdng nhdi tdc ddng qua lai ldn nhau, tao n6n sir van ddng, biln ddi ciia xa hdi Ph.Angghen da timg khing dinh: "theo quan niem vat lich sir, nhan td quyet dinh
trong qua trinh lich su, xit de'n cung la su' san xuat va tai san xuai ddi sdng hien thirc Ca toi va Mac chua bao gid khing dinh gi han the Cdn co xuyen tac luan diem theo y nghia nhan tdkinh tela nhan td quyet dinh nhai, thi ngudi bien ldi khdng dinh nay mdt cau trdng rdng
truru tugng, vo nghia"'*' Ph.Angghen giai thich rd yeu td ngoai kinh tl, ong cho ring, cdc yeu td ndy, mac ddu khdng ddng vai trd quyei dinh nhu yeu id vat chdi, nhimg nd la yeu td khong thi thilu ddi vdi qud trinh hoiit ddng \'a phdt triln ciia ngudi, "Chdng ta lam nen lich su cua chdng ta nhung thd nhai, chung ta lam ra lich sir vdi nhung tien de va nhiing dieu kien rai xac dinh
Trong sd nhung tien de va dieu kien ay thi chinh nhirng tien de va dieu kien kinh terdt cue gio vai trd quyei dinh, nhung didu kien chinh tri, ngay ca nhung truydn thdng tdn tai dau dc ngudi cung dong vai trd nhat dinh tuy khdng phai vai trd quyet dinh"'"
Mdi qudc gia, dan tdc diu
NGHIEN cCrU - TRAO 001
cd mdt lich sir hinh thanh, phdt triln va cd truyen thdng rilng nhdi dinh Tir dd, nd tiio nIn tinh ddc thii rieng ciia mdi qudc gia, dan tdc va dugc the bien qua cdc boat ddng vdt chdi va boat ddng tinh than ciia ngudi, dd cd boat ddng chinh tri Chinh vi vay, mdi qudc gia, dan tdc ben canh nhirng edi chung cdn cd nhtrng edi ri6ng, cai ddc thu ciia ddn tdc minh tr6n tat ca mgi mat va chinh tri, thi che' chinh tri khdng nim ngoai dilu dd Chinh dilu ma V,I.L6nin da ttmg khing dinh: " Tai ca cac dan tgc ddu di len
CNXH dd la dieu khdng the tranh khdi nhtrng cac dan tgc tien tdi chu nghia xa hpi khdng phai mot each gidng nhau mdi dan tpc se dua nhiing dac diem cua minh vao linh vuc hay linh virckhac cua che dp dan chu loai hay loai khac cua chuyen chinh vd san, vao nhip dp hay nhip dp khac cua viec cai tao xa hpi chu nghia ddi vdi cac mat khac cua ddi sdng xa hpi'"" Khdng chi V.I.Lenin ma cdc nha chinh tri ndi tieng tren thi gidi cung khing dinh dilu Montesquieu cho ring: "dcac
vung khac nhau, tinh each, tinh than, tinh cam va due vpng cua ngudi cung rat khac Neu nhu the thi luat phap cung phai tuong ting
vdi sy khac a'y''^' Hay
Jackques Rousseau cung khing dinh: "trong mdi vung khi hau, thien nhien da quy dinh nen co hinh thuc chinh phu nao, va tinh chai dan chung nen nhu the nao di thich hryp vdi vung dd''*' Ttr dd, Jackques Rousseau di din kei luan: "Khong phai hinh
thuc chinh phu nao cung thich hpp vdi mdi qudc gia"''"
Nhu vay, de xem xet mpt the che' chinh tri thi phai xem xet mdt each toan dien, chir khdng chi xem xet mdt mat, mdt yeu to nao dd Neu tuyet ddi hda, dl cao mdt mat, mot yeu to nao dd se la phien dien, mdt chilu khdng khdi mic phai sai lam nhan thirc va boat ddng thuc tiln
Trong tu tudng cua minh, Hd Chi Minh cung ludn coi trgng mdi quan he gitra kinh te va chinh tri Kinh te bao gio cung dugc xem la gdc, la co sd Tuy nhien, dieu kien xa hdi cdn tdn tai nhilu phan kinh te, phai xdc dinh phan nao la cdt ldi, giii vai trd chu dao de cd quan dilm chinh tri rd rang va co chinh sdch thda dang Trong nhtrng dau lap nude, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh neu len he thdng chinh tri nude ta bao gdm: Dang, Nha nude Mat trdn Td qudc Trong he thdng dd, Ngudi xem Dang la nhdn td ca ban va quyet dinh nhdi "Dang co vung thi
each mang mdi cdng,
(4)NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOl cung nhu ngudi cam lai co
vung thi thuyen mdi chay" Dang la ngudi diii dien cho lgi ich ciia nhan dan, cua ddn tdc Chii tich Hd Chi Minh ludn khing dinh: d Viet Nam phai thiet lap che chinh tri nhat nguy6n la dilu kien khdng cdn phdi tranh cai vi dilu dd xudi phat ttr hoan canh cu the eiia Viet Nam, tir y6u eau chinh eiia cugc each mang Viet Nam (cd giai cap chinh: cong nhdn, ndng dan, tilu tu san, to san, giai cap cdng nhdn lam lanh dao, lay li6n minh cdng - ndng lam nen tang (chi6'm sd dong) doan kit vdi cdc giai - tang khde nude Do dd, giai cap cdng nhdn va chinh Dang cua nd - Dang Cdng san Viet Nam lanh dao dat nude la hoan toan dung din va phti hgp
Nhu vay, chii nghia Mdc - L6nin va tu tudng Hd Chi Minh diu dl cap den mdi quan he bien chiing giua kinh t l va chinh tri nhung khong d ddu va ehd ndo ndi rdng: kinh te nhieu phan thi chinh tri phai da nguyen
Nhirng quan diem neu tren chinh la ca sd Iy ludn de Viet Nam xdc dinh the che chinh tri nhai nguyen dilu kien phdt triln nIn kinh te nhilu phdn dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghla Id hoan toan dung din, phii hgp
2 Cd sd thuc tiln Vd casdkinh te: Nhu tren
da trinh bay, co cdu phan kinh te', phdn ndo giu vai trd thdng tri, chi phdi cdc phdn kinh te' khde se la co sd kinh t6' de quylt dinh hinh thiic td chiic chinh tri Hien nay, d nude ta tdn tai nhilu phdn kinh te, nhu Dai hdi X da xdc dinh cd phdn kinh tl: kinh t l nha nude; kinh t l tap tbi; kinh te to nhdn (cd thi, tilu chii, tu ban to nhan); kinh tetu bdn nha nude; kinh te ed vdn ddu to nude ngoai Trong dd, kinh t l nha nude va kinh 16' tap thi giir vai trd chii dao va trd thdnh nIn tang cua nIn kinh t l qudc ddn
C) Viet Nam, kinh teW ban to nhan chua bao gid gitr vi m' thdng tri Kinh te tu ban to nhan ddi mudn so vcd cac nude khde va gin hIn vdi su xdm luge ciia thuc ddn Phdp Vi vay, nhiing nha W san dau den d Viet Nam Id nhiing nha tu sdn Phdp, sau dd mdi hinh nhiing nha tu san ban dia vira nhd, y6'u dt lai bi chia re va chen ep Do dd, giai edp W sdn Viet Nam khdng dii siic lanh dao dat nude gianh ddc lap ma phdi la giai cap cdng nhan vcd lire lugng tien phong ciia nd la Ddng Cpng sdn dam nhdn Cdn nay, dilu kien thuc hien kinh t l thi trudng, nhting ndm gan day, phdn kinh t l tu ban tu nhdn cd dilu kien dl phdt triln, cd nhilu nha mdy, cdng ty to nhdn ddi phdt triln khd m;inh me, ddng gdp vai trd rat ldn vao su jAat
triln nIn kinh te' - xa hdi cua dat nude Du da cd su phdt triln dang kl, nhung phdn kinh 16' tu ban to nhdn khdng nim gitr vi m' then chdt, ciing khdng ddu to vao nhiing nganh kinh t l miii nhpn
Thanh phdn kinh t6 nha nude vd kinh te tap thi, mac dau hien edn nhilu yeu kem, nhung vl co ban, nd vdn giii vai trd chii dao, vdn chiem giii nhtrng linh vuc then chdi nhai ciia nIn kinh te, cung cap nhtrng dich vu quan trpng va can thilt cho xa hpi Dilu khong chi la hien tai ma tuong lai vdn gitr dupe vai trd a'y Day la co sd de the ch6' ehinh tri nude ta chi cd tbi la nhai nguy6n
Dd la xet tren co sd y6'u td kinh te cdn xet tren cdc ylu td khac ta cang thay thi chi nhdi nguy6n chinh tri d Viet Nam la sir lira chgn tat ylu
Ve yeu td truyen thdng dau tranh, doan kei cua dan tpc Trong chilu ddi lich sir ciia ddi nude truyln thdng ddu tranh, dodn kei eiia nhan dan ta ludn luon phdt huy, tiio thdnh su:c manh chdng thi6n tai, giac ngoai xdm Khong phai ngdu nhi6n ma d nude ta ttr bao ddi, mgi muu toan chia cit ddi nude diu bj thdi bai Loan 12 su: quan trude thdi Dinh Bd Linh, Trinh Nguyin phan tranh thdi Le, viec chia nude Viet Nam thdnh ky cua thuc dan Phap, chia diii nude hai miln ciia de' qudc
(5)My cudi cting diu bi thdi bai Tu tudng doan kli ciia ngudi Viet Nam la tdi ca mgi ngudi diu la rdng, chdu tien Truyln thdng doan kei dd da trd chan ly "Doan ket dai doan ket, cdng dai thanh cdng" Truyln thdng la yeu to tich cue, la dilu kien thuan lgi cd anh hudng vd cung sdu sic de'n qud trinh thuc bien chiln luge lien minh giai cap, doan kei ddn tdc cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam ca each mang ddn tdc ddn chii nhan ddn va qua trinh xdy dung xa hdi mdi - xa hdi xa hdi chii nghla
Sir thdng nhdi ciia toan the ddn tdc tdi y6'u ddi bdi sir thdng nhdi ciia thi che ehinh tri Thi chi ehinh tri dd khdng the la da nguyen, ma la mdt thi che chinh tri nhdi nguyen Neu la mdt thi chi chinh tri da nguyen tdn tai d Viet Nam tbi cd ddm bao dugc sir doan kit dd khdng, chic chin la khdng! vi thuc te, d cac nude tr6n th6' gidi va khu vuc gdn ddy da minh chung rd dilu dd
Ve vai trd cua Dang cdng san: Tir Dang Cdng sdn Viet Nam ddi den Dang ludn lanh dao ddi nude, lanh dao nhdn ddn ddu tranh chiln thing nhtrng ke thu xdm luge himg manh Dang da xdy dung khdi dai doan kei nhdn ddn mgi giai cap, lire lugng diu ciing doan kit, thdng nhdi cting chung muc
NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO OOl dich xdy dung ddi nude tien len chu nghla xa hdi Trong thdi ki ddi mdi, qua trinh thuc hien xdy dung nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghia hien trude vd van khd khan, thir thdch, su chdng phd ciia cdc the luc thii dich Dang Cdng san Viet Nam vdn 'viing vang lanh dao cdch mang, ddi nude Viet Nam tien 16n gianh bao tuu vi dai, Dac biet Dang luon gitr •viing dugc khdi dai doan k6i nhdn ddn, mgi giai - tang xa hdi
Day la co sd quan trgng dl chiing ta khing dinh thuc hien ch6' chinh tri nhdi nguyen dilu kien thuc hien nIn kinh te tbi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghia la hodn todn phti hgp vdi dilu kien, hoan cdnh, nguyen vgng cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam Dd la mdt thuc t l khdch quan khdng ban cai
Nhu vay, viec lira chgn the che' nhdi nguyen chinh tri dilu kien thuc bien nIn kinh t l thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghia d Viet Nam bien la cd co sd ly luan va thuc tiln h6i sue rd rang Dd la mdt sir lira chgn hoan toan diing din!
Tuy nhien, he thdng chinh tri nude ta khdng phai khdng cdn nhung yeu kem, bdi cap Bd mdy nha nude cdn cdng kinh, kem hieu lire; ca che boat ddng giua Dang, Nha nude va cdc td chirc doan thi
cdn nhilu dilm chua that ro rang, phii hgp; mdt bd phan can bd dang vien thoai hda, bien chdi dang dat nhirng yeu cdu biic xiic ddi hdi phai ddi mdi td chiic va phuang thiic boat ddng ciia he thdng chinh tri Do vay, de he thdng chinh tri lam trdn dugc sir menh lich sir cua minh khdng phai la chuyen tir nhai nguy6n chinh tri da nguyen chinh tri, ma cdt yeu can tim cdc bien phap ddng bd de xdy dung va chinh ddn Dang, nang cao ndng lire va siic chien da'u cua Dang, ndng cao vai trd quan Iy cua Nha nude, kien toan td chiic va phat huy vai trd ciia cac td chiic doan thi Cd nhu vay, chiing ta mdi ndng cao vai trd ciia thi che chinh tri nude ta trude nhirng yeu cdu cua qud trinh ddi mdi va phdt triln dai nude Ddi mdi kinh te' phai gan liln vdi ddi mdi chinh tri, dd la mpt ddi hdi tai yeu khdch quanD
1.4.5 C.Mac va Ph.Angghea Toan tap, t37 Nxb CTQG, H.1997 tr.641.642
2 C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, Sdd, t3 tr.66 3 C Mac va Ph.Angghen, Sdd 14 H.1995, lr.599-600
6 V.I.Lenin, Toan rap, tSO.Nxb Tien bo Matxccfva 1981 tr.l60
7 Montesquieu: Ban vS tinh thiin
phdp luat Nxb Ly luan chi'nh tri,
H.2004 trl39
8 Jean Jacque Rousseau: Ban vS
khe udc xa hgi Nxb Ly luan chi'nh tri
H.2004 tr 153 155