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Hieu qua. Mdt trong nhffng yeu td' quan trpng de dat dffde dieu dd chlnh la chat Iffdng etia thie't bi thi cdng tham gia xay dffng cdng trinh. Chat Iffdng thie't bi thi cdng dffde da[r]
(1)T C / N G H E N CUU DEN TRl^N KHAI - 5AN XUAT Nghien ciru irng dung cir dien tir
Che tao thiet b| thi cdng cong trinh GTVT ir Viet Nam TS NGUYIN XUAN KHANG
Vien KH&CN GTVT, Bo GTVT
Nghien cuTu ultig dung ctf dien tuf (CDT) thiet ke, clie'tao cac thiet b| thi cong cong trinh giao thong van tai (GTVT) la djnh hu'dng quan gop phan nang cao muTc hien dai, tang ci/tfng kha nang giam sat qua trmh thi cong, dac biet la gop phan nang cao chat lUtfng xay dUhg cac cong trinh GTVT Bing viec ihig dung ky thuat lu'dng, dieu khien dien tuf hien dai ke% htfp vdi cong nghe thong tin va kinh nghiem thie't ke va ehe tao ctf khi, nhom cac nha khoa hoc thuoc Vien Khoa hoc va Cong nghe (KH&CN) GTVT da nghien cufU, thiet ke va ehe tao cong mot so' thiet bj phue vu thi cong, sufa chu'a cac cong trinh GTVT dam bao yeu cau ky thuat, co kha nang thay the cac thiet bj cung loai nhap ngoai
Oatvan de
BQiai niem CDT da hinh tff nhffng nam 60 cua the' ky XX, CDT la mpt ITnh vffc KH&CN dffde hinh tff sff cpng nang cua ba nganh khoa hpc chu yeu la cd khi, dien tff va edng nghe thong tin He thd'ng CDT la san pham dac trffng cua nen kinh te' hau cdng nghiep, ddng vai trd rat quan trpng va la bp phan khdng the thieu hau bet cac Hnh vffc ciia cupc sd'ng hien dai Nd CO mat ta't ea cac ITnh vffc nhff cdng nghiep, qudc phdng, y hpc, sinh hpc
He thdng CDT da dffde bat dau ffng dung tren cac thie't bi thi cdng tff nhffng nam dau thap ky 80 eua the ky XX Vao thdi diem dd, mpt so'hang san xua't may mde, thie't bi thi cong edng trinh GTVT ldn tren the gidi nhff: KOMATSU, CATERPILLAR, LIEBHERR, KOBELCO da ffng dung he thdng CDT vao cac thiet bi thi cdng cua minh Viec thuy life hoa tren cac may thi cong da trd khuynh hffdng phd bie'n nen he thdng CDT dffde ffng dung chu yeu phue vu cho viec lifa chpn ehe dp lam viec phu hdp giffa cdng sua't cua dpng cd nd va cong sua't tieu thu cua bdm thuy life, dam bao hieu sua't lam viec cao nha't Cho tdi nhffng nam cud'i thap ky 80, he thong CDT tren cac thie't bi thi cdng da cho phep ngffdi van hanh Iffa chpn cac ehe dp lam viee khac nhau, tff nang nhpc den trung binh va nhe, thdng qua
viec dieu ehinh bd phan dieu khien, bao gdm eac cam bie'n vdng quay dpng cd, he thd'ng xff ly dff lieu trung tam, eac num dieu khien ehe dp lam viec, cac van dien tff chap hanh va he thdng dieu khien bdm thuy life
Den thap nien 90, he thd'ng CDT tren cac thie't bi thi cdng da tien mdt bffdc dai vdi muc dich nang cao dp thuan tien sff dung, giam thieu sff met mdi cho ngffdi sff dung, cai thien cac kha nang thao tac mdi eho thie't bi, nang cao nang sua't, tie't kiem nhien heu Sff khac biet ldn nha't ed the nhan tha'y la sff xua't hien ciia man hinh giao dien dien tff Thdng qua man hinh nay, ngffdi van hanh cd the biet dffde mpi thdng tin hoat dpng eiia thie't bi nhff so gid boat dpng, nhiet dp dau, cac sff cd trffde cua may Cung qua man hinh nay, ngffdi van hanh cd the dd dang dieu khien cac cbe dp, thao tac lam viec khac eua thie't bi thi edng thdng qua cac nut bam Ngay ke ca cac tay dieu khien cung dffde sff trd giup eua he thd'ng CDT Cac thao tac len tay dieu khien se gffi tin hieu den eae bd phan chap hanh thdng qua tin hieu dien tff da dffde xff ly tai bp vi xff ly trung tam de dat dffde hieu qua cud'i cung cao nhat
Cung vdi thdi gian va sff phat trien eiia cdng nghe, vdi nhffng ffu viet ndi trdi cua minh, he thd'ng CDT tren cae thie't bi thi cdng cang dffde cai tien va hien da dffde ffng dung rdng rai
trong cac nha san xuat may thi cdng tren the gidi Nhd viec ffng dung he thdng CDT, da tao cac thie't bi thi edng cd kha nang canh tranh cao, vdi nhieu tinh nang vffdt trdi nhff thao tae linh hoat hdn, xff ly thdng minh hdn
Tren cac thie't bi thi cdng hien dai, he thd'ng CDT dffde ffng dung va phat trien kha nang tich hdp giffa cd khi, thuy life, nen, cdng nghe thdng tin, dien tff Dac biet, phan mem dieu khien ehinh la phan chu dao edng viec sang tao cua he thdng CDT Viec ffng dung ky thuat so', tin hpc vao cac he thd'ng dieu khien hien dai, khdng chi dap ffng nhu cau hien thi, lifu trff va truyen tai thdng tin ma edn dap ffng dffde cac yeu cau khat khe ve dp chinh xac, tinh an toan va dam bao dieu kien lam viee cho ngffdi van hanh Hien nay, CDT dang phat trien manh cac phffdng phap tao phan mem nhung Theo cdng nghe nay, cd the ke't nd'i ta't ca cac phan tff cd san mpt chip chuyen dung Nhff vay, ehi can gdi gpn mpt chip la chung ta cd the thffc hien chffc nang mpt thie't bi dieu khien hoat dpng cho toan bp he thd'ng CDT
Cung vdi sff phat trien ciia KH&CN tren the gidi, he thd'ng CDT cung da dffde cac chuyen gia nffde nghien effu ffng dtang nhieu ITnh vffc Trong nhffng nam gan day, ITnh vffc thie't bi thi cdng ndi chung va thiet bi thi cdng cdng tnnh GTVT ndi rieng, chung ta da
(2)T O N O H E N C O U D E N T R I E N KHAI - 5AN XUAT
cd nhieu khdi sac va da dat dffde nhffng ke't qua nhaft dinh
Nhdng dac diem ciia cac may thi cong duirc ap dung he thdng CDT
He thdng CDT dffde ffng dung ke't ca'u may da mang lai nhffng ffu diem ndi bat cho cac thie't bi ndi chung va cac thiet bi thi cdng cdng trinh GTVT ndi rieng:
XU ly thdng minh: Vdi cac cdng nghe micro va nano hien nay, he thdng CDT ed the dffa eae cam bie'n, vi xff ly va cd ca'u chap hanh vao bat ky vi tri khdng gian hep, cd dpng nao ca'u true cd cua san pham Nhd dd, cae thie't bi thi cdng ffng dung he thd'ng CDT cd dp thdng minh cao, cd kha nang dieu khien cac cd ca'u cdng tac lam viee d nhieu ehe dp khac nhau, cho phep tff ddng liia chpn ehe dp lam viec td'i ffu ciia thie't bi, theo dieu kien thi cdng tffng dieu kien cu the
Tu dgng, bdn tU dgng qud trinh dieu khien: Vdi sff tich hdp giffa cd khi, thuy life, nen, cdng nghe thdng tin va cdng nghe dieu khien thdng minh, he thd'ng CDT cd kha nang dieu khien tff ddng, ban tff dpng cac thao tac, hoat ddng cua thie't bi thi cdng vdi mffc dp ehinh xac eao
Thudn tien van hdnh: Cac cd ca'u cdng tac chuyen ddng em diu, thdi gian chap hanh nhanh va chinh xac, tao cam giac boa hdp giffa ngffdi van hanh va thiet bi De dang, thuan tien dieu khien thie't bi, giam thieu met mdi cho thd van hanh Hien thi cac thdng sd hoat ddng cua cac cum bd phan qua trinb hoat ddng
Tdng ndng sudt khai thdc: Nhd kha nang xff ly thdng minh cua he thd'ng CDT, cac thao tae dffde phd'i hdp mpt each hdp ly, vdi dp chlnh xac cao, giam thdi gian lam viec ciia thie't bi; ddng thdi sff dung hdp ly cdng sua't ciia may, dd, nang sua't khai thae eua may thi cdng mdt ddn vi thdi gian dffde tang len, phat huy td'i da hieu qua sff dung may
Tiet kiem nhien lieu, ndng lugng: Nhd viee tti ddng Iffa chpn cbe dp lam viec td'i ffu, phd'i hdp cac thao tae mpt each hdp ly, dieu khien ehe dp lam viec cua
30 Hoat dong ^ ,^
K H O A H O C S°*^^"9 4-2010
ddng cd dan ddng phu hdp vdi tai trpng tac dpng len cd ca'u edng tae nen cac thie't bi thi cdng ffng dung he thd'ng CDT tie't kiem dang ke chi phi ve nhien lieu, nang Iffdng cho mpt ddn vi san pham
Ndng cao tinh ndng ky thudt vd phgm vi svC dung: He thd'ng CDT la mpt thie't ke tdng hdp td'i ffu, cho phep thay ddi dffde ta't ca cac bp phan cd - thiiy lu'c - nen, dau do, cam bie'n, ed ca'u chap hanh va bd vi xff ly dieu khien de dat dffde mpt thie't ke hoan hao, can bang Dp tff thie't ke, tich hdp eac he thd'ng tff dpng bd hep hdn nhieu so vdi dp tff cua thie't ke eac san pham CDT Viec ffng dung he thd'ng CDT tren eae thie't bi thi cdng da gdp phan nang cao dffde nhffng gidi han cua truyen dpng cd nhff dp chinh xac gia cdng, khe hd, dp mai mdn, ehe' dp bdi trdn, dp tre eua cd ca'u Phan cd van ludn la "ed't ldi", nhffng dffde "ddn gian boa" nhd ffng dung nhffng ky thuat mdi va kha
nang "bu dap hai hoa " phan mem va ky thuat dieu khien tff dpng mang lai; nhd dd nang cao dffde chat Iffdng cQng nhff tinh nang ky thuat eiia thie't bi thi cdng cdng trinh GTVT
Luu gid, canh bdo qud trinh kha thdc: Nhd cac cam bien va bp vi xff ly, he tho'ng CDT cd kha nang Iffu trff, ghi nhd eae dff lieu lien quan den qua trinh hoat dpng, tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho cdng tac quan ly, van hanh, bao dffdng va sffa chffa thie't bi thi cdng, ddng thdi canh bao nhffng vi tri, trang thai gidi han hoac nhffng nguy cd tiem an cd the xay qua trinh hoat dpng eua thie't bi nham bao dam an toan cho ngffdi thie't bi va cdng trinh
Nhung thiet bi co' han he thong
CDT
Ket ca'u cua he thd'ng CDT tren thiet bi thi cdng cdng trinh GTVT dffde mo ta gdm nhffng bp phan chii yeu nhff (hinh 1): Cac tin
hieu dieu khien
Cac dai lucmg
dieu khien
NGUON
DONG L i r e Cac
dai luong
do
BO XlT LY TRUNG TAM
Dieu khien, Dieu chinh
Cac dai lupng
dieu khien
HE TRUYEN DONG Ca khi, Thiiy lyc
T
CAC CO CAU CHAP HANH Cac dai
lupng dieu khien
Cac dai lupng
do
CAC CAM BIEN Lyc, Ap suat
Cac thdng tin phan hdi
CAC CO CAU CONG TAC
Cac dai luong
do
Cac canh bao
I
(3)TL/N GHE N CUU DEN TRIEN KHAI - 5AN XUAT
Jgudn ddng life: La ddng cd nd, ddng cd dien hoae eae loai ddng cd khac; he thdng truyen ddng: Vdi cac kieu truyen dpng cd khi, dien, thuy life, nen, hdn hdp; cd ca'u chap hanh: Cac bp phan dieu khien cae chuyen ddng eua cd eau cong tac; cac bd phan thu nhan tin hieu: Gdm cac cam bie'n, eac dau do, cae thie't bi canh bao, cac thie't bi dau vao ; bd xff ly trung tam: Gdm PLC, vi dieu khien, may tinh, eae thie't bi ngoai vi ; phan mem tin hpc: Cac chffdng trinh tinh toan, dieu khien, dieu chinh ; cac cd ca'u edng tac: La cd ca'u thffc hien muc dich cua thie't bi thi cdng
Trong dd, cac bd phan tren lien he mat thie't vdi nhau, tao sff thdng nha't hffu cd toan bp thie't bi thi edng, tff cd cau cdng tac tdi ngudn dpng life nhd cac bd phan thu nhan tin hieu truyen tdi bp xff ly trung tam va ngffdc lai theo cac chffdng trinh tinh toan, dieu khien, dieu chinh da dffde thie't lap trffde
Ihig dung he thong CDT hien dai hda mdt so thiet hi thi cong chuyen
Trong qua trinh xay dffng eac cdng trinh GTVT hien nay, muc tieu ludn dffde quan tam la Chat Iffdng Tie'n dp
-Hieu qua Mdt nhffng yeu td' quan trpng de dat dffde dieu dd chlnh la chat Iffdng etia thie't bi thi cdng tham gia xay dffng cdng trinh Chat Iffdng thie't bi thi cdng dffde danh gia bang hang loat ehi tieu, dd chi tieu ve tinh nang ky thuat, dp tin cay va tinh kinh tela nhffng chi tieu dffde quan tam nha't Cac chi tieu the hien pham vi sff dung cua thiet bi, an toan, tien ldi, xff ly thdng minh, tie't kiem nang Iffdng, mffc dp tff dpng cac thao tac, Iffu giff sd lieu va canh bao sff cd Nhffng thie't bi thi cdng cd nhffng tinh nang ffu viet tren day deu la nhffng thie't bi sff dung he thd'ng CDT ket ca'u may Cung vdi sff phat trien eiia KH&CN tren the gidi, theo nguyen ly ed ban cua he thd'ng CDT, chung tdi da bffdc dau ap dung cdng he thd'ng CDT vao ITnh vifc ehe tao cae thie't bi thi cdng chuyen dung, phue vu xay dffng cac cdng tnnh GTVT nhff thie't bi nang dam thay gdi eau; thie't bi thi cdng cpc xi mang gia ed' nen da't yeu; thie't bi cang keo cap effdng dp cao dieu khien tff ddng thi cdng dam be tdng ed't thep dff ffng life; bd ngudn thuy life tff ddng bu tai phue vu kiem tra sffc chiu tai cpc khoan nhdi Cac san pham tff ke't qua nghien effu da dffde ehe thff, thff nghiem va ffng
MAN HINH GIAO DIEN VA DIEU KHIEN
ENCODER Do chieu sau cpc
LOAD CELL Do trgng lu-ong xi mang
LOAD CELL Do trpng lupTig xi mang
LOAD CELL Do trpng lirpTig xi mang
SENSOR Ap suat nen
i
Cac dai lirgng
do
^
k „ , , ,
Cac tin hieu dieu khien
'
BO
XULY TRUNG
TAM
I f
i b
Cac c anh b ao
Cac dai lugng
dieu khien
Cac dai lutmg
dieu khien
Cac t
NGUON DONG LUC
' r CACHE TRUYEN DONG
' r CAC CO CAU
CHAPHANH
' ' CAC CO CAU
CONG TAC
hong tin pT an not
dung vao thffc te san xua't Mdt so' thiet bi da trd thffdng pham, dffde cae ddn vi thi cdng cua nganh GTVT chap nhan dffa vao thi cdng thay the' nhap ngoai, dap ffng phan nao nhu cau cap bach ciia thffc te san xua't, gdp phan vao nhffng cdng cua nganh HTnh la mdt vi dia ffng dung he thd'ng CDT tren thie't bi tbi cdng cpc xi mang da't gia cd nen da't yeu chung tdi thffc hien
Ket luan
CDT la xu the phat trien ta't yeu eua eac nganh KH&CN the ky XXI L^ng dung he thd'ng CDT tren cac thie't bi ndi chung, thie't bi thi edng cdng trinh GTVT ndi rieng la mdt bffdc di rat quan trpng sff nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda dat nffde; tao dieu kien de cac thie't bi thi cdng cbe tao nffde dffde chap nhan sff dung tren cac cdng trinh xay dffng GTVT thay the nhap ngoai giai doan hdi nhap qud'c te hien De tffng bffdc nang eao chat Iffdng va hien dai hda cac thie't bi thi cdng cbe tao nffde, ehung ta can phai tiep tuc quan tam hdn nffa tdi viec ffng dung he thd'ng CDT, nham tao eac san pham cd tinh thffdng mai hda cao, mang lai hieu qua khai thae thffc te va phii hdp vdi kha nang tai chinh cdn rat ban ehe cua cac ddn vi thi cdng nffde •
Tai lieu tham khao
[1) Nguyen Thien Phiic: Tac dpng cua CDT den dinh hu'dng phat trien cua nganh ehe tao thiet bi -Hoi nghi Cd Idii ehe tao loan quoc lan thu' 2, Ha Noi 2009
[2] B Heimann, W Gerth, K Popp; CDT - Cac phan, cac phu'dng phap, cac vi du - Nha xua't ban Khoa hoc va ky thuat, Ha Npi 2008
[3) Nguyen Xuan Khang: Nghien cu'u giai phap dieu Ichien tir dpng thie't bi thi cong cpc xi mang da't theo cong nghe trpn kho phue vu gia co' nen da't yeu d Viet Nam - Tap chi GTVT, So 7.2009
L Hinh 2: He thong CDT tren thiei bi thi cong eoc xi mdng ddt gia cd nen ddt yeu
^ , Hoat dong