De dam bao quyen Idi cho ben dUdc thi hanh an, han che viec ben phai thi hanh an cd tinh day dUa, khdng tu nguyen thi hanh in, theo quy dinh tai Thdng tU lien tich sdOl/TT- LT ngiy 19[r]
(1)%ujdn §ank Ddn S61 (214)-2010 niifc ti§n thi hanh cac khoan tri no vay ngan hang:
CON NHIEU BAT CAP • TRAN VAN AN *
Mac du cdc ca quan thi hdnh dn ddn sit dd tich cite tim ccic bien phdp, gidi phdp nhdm ndng cao ty le thi hdnh dn, gidin littmg dn tdn dong nhitng thitc te'sdvii viec tim dgng, chita tin hdnh dn dugc vdn lim, co khdng it cdc vii viec thi hdnh cdc khoan trd ng vay ngdn hdng, to chitc tin dung (sau ddy ggi tdt Id ngdn hdng) Thitc tien thi hdnh dn ddn sit cho llid'y, co mot so bdt cap qud trinh thi hdnh cdc khodn trd ng vay ngdn hdng, cdn co vdn bdn hitdng ddn cu the ciia cdc ca quan co tham quyen
1 Tra nd theo ban an cua Toa an hay theo Hdp dong tin dving ?
Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 54 Luat Cac td chiic tin dung n i m 1997 (dUdc siia ddi, bd sung nam 2004 ) va Quy che cho vay ctia cac td chitc tin dung ddi vdi khach hang (ban hanh theo Quyet djnh so 1627/2001/QD-NHNN ngiy 31/12/2001 cua Thdng ddc Ngan h i n g Nha nUdc), trUdng hdp den han tra nd m i khich h i n g khdng tra dUdc nd thi ngan h i n g cd quyen xii ly t i i san bao dam vdn vay de thu hdi nd hoiic khdi kien khach hang tda i n
Thuc te thi hau het cic ngan h i n g thudng khdng xii ly tai san bao dam theo quy dinh de thu hot no ma khdi kien khach h i n g t o i an (ve viec kien ddi nd vay), sau dd l i m van ban yeu c i u cd quan thi h i n h i n d i n sU thi hanh Dudc sU phdi hdp chat che ciia ngan hang, cac cd quan thi h i n h an dan sU tich cUc td chiic viec thi hanh an, bang cac bien p h i p thuyet phuc cdng nhu cUdng che thi h i n h an da thi hanh xong nhieu vu viec, gdp phan thu hdi vdn cho ngan hing Tuy nhien, nhieu
nguyen nhan khach quan nen nhieu viec thi hanh an thudng phai keo dai nhieu nim Ngoai t i l san dam bao vdn vay (nhi, di't cl dUdc the chip ngan hang) thi ngUdi phai thi h i n h i n khdng cd t i i san gi khac cd gia tri de dam bao thi h i n h an, tai san the chip thudng la ndi d nha't ctia ngUdi phai thi h i n h i n v i gia dinh hg Viec xU ly (ke bien, b i n da'u gia) t i i san the chi'p lai gap nhieu vUdng mic, nhU: Tai s i n the chi'p sau ke bien, b i n da'u gii cd the khdng ban dUdc khdng thuan Idi ve vi tri dia ly hoac tam ly ctia ngUdi dan d ndng-thdn khdng mua tai san ke bien; viec tao chd d mdi (trong mot thdi gian nhi't dinh) cho gia dinh ngUdi phai thi hanh an ap dung bien p h i p ke bien, ban di'u gii t i i san the chi'p; cd che uy quyen b i n di'u gia n h i , di't d; kmh phi cho viec xii ly t i l san the chip
Thiic tien thi h i n h an ddi vdi cac khoan tra nd vay ngan hang cho thi'y cic ngan hing thUdng cimg "ddng hanh" vdi cd quan thi h i n h i n dan sU viec thu hdi nd vay, nhien can cii de Ngan h i n g thu nd cua khach
(2)(Xjudn ^ank (Vdn S61 (214)-2010
hang (ngudi phai thi h i n h an) khdng phai l i ban an, quyet dinh ctia tda an, ma l i hdp ddng tin dung da ky ket giUa ngan hang va khach h i n g Do vay, cd nhieu trudng hdp chi'p hanh vien den yeu cau ngUdi phai thi h i n h an thi hanh khoan nd vay ngan hang thi dUdc biet l i hg da tra mdt phan cho ngan hing theo khe Udc vay tien (hgp ddng tin dung), c i biet cd trUdng hdp hg da tra dii tien cho ngan h i n g va lay lai gia'y chiing n h i n quyen sti dving di't (la tai san da the chi'p cho ngan h i n g de vay tien) Chi'p h i n h vien danh phai den ngan h i n g de lap bien ban ve viec ngan h i n g (ben dUdc thi h i n h in) khdng yeu cau thi h i n h i n de quyet dinh dinh chi thi h i n h an theo quy dinh tai khoin Dieu 28 Phip lenh Thi h i n h an dan sti n i m 2004 (nay l i diem c khoan Dieu 50 Luat Thi h i n h i n dan sU) Nhieu trUdng hdp ngUdi phai thi h i n h i n da thi hanh dii so' tien nd (bao gdm ca gdc va lai) theo ban an v i lai cham thi h i n h an theo quy dinh nhUng ngan h i n g vin khdng tra lai gia'y chiing n h i n quyen sU dung di't (tii s i n the chap khoan nd vay) cho hg, bdi le theo hdp ddng tin dung thi hg chUa tra dti nd vay (bao gdm nd gd'c + lai han + lii q u i han) Liic niy, chi'p hanh vien trd t h i n h ngUdi "hda giai " bat die dl giUa ngan hing v i ngudi phai thi hanh an: De nghi ngan h i n g xem xet, tao dieu kien giam tien lit cho khich hang theo quy dinh ciia ngin hang, ddng thdi ddng vien ngUdi phai thi h i n h i n nop them tien lii cho ngan h i n g (neu cd)
Nhu vay, mot vi'n de phap ly dat li: Ngudi phai thi hanh an phai cd nghia vu tra nd theo ban an, quyet dinh ciia toi i n hay t r i
nd theo hdp ddng tin dung da ky ket giUa ngan h i n g v i khach hing? Hay ndi each khac, hieu liic ciia hdp ddng tin dung giUa ngin h i n g v i khich hing cd chi'm diit ngan hang khdi kien khich h i n g toi i n v i toi i n cd ban i n , quyet dinh budc ben vay tien phai tra nd cho ngan h i n g bing mot sd tien cu the (bao gdm sd tien gdc v i tien lit phii tra)?
Edi vi, ne'u hdp ddng tfn dung giUa ngan h i n g v i khich h i n g chi'm diit cd ban an, quyet dinh ciia toi i n thi ngin h i n g khdng dugc thu tien cua ngUdi phii thi h i n h an theo hdp ddng tin dung, nghia l i ngUdi dUOc thi h i n h i n chi phai tra cho ngin h i n g khoin tien theo b i n an va lai cham thi h i n h i n chU khdng phii t r i khoin ng gdc v i lii tien vay theo each ti'nh ciia ngan hing (bao gdm lai ban v i lit q u i ban p h i t smh cho den thdi diem ngUdi phai thi h i n h an thi h i n h xong) Neu cho r i n g hdp ddng tfn dung dugc ky ket giUa ngin hing vi ngUdi phai thi h i n h i n van p h i t sinh hieu lUc da cd b i n in, quyet dinh cua toi i n thi vd hinh dung ban i n ciia tda i n chi mang tinh xic n h i n cho ban hgp ddng tfn dung dd v i viec ngin h i n g yeu cau eg quan thi h i n h an dan sU thi h i n h chi mang tfnh hinh thitc I
Chiing tdi cho ring, du xet dUdi gdc l i hgp ddng thuong mat hay hgp ddng dan sU, ngin hing da khdi kien khach h i n g toi an de ddi ng v i toi i n d i xet xii bing mdt ban i n , quyet dinh thi ke tU thdi diem ban an, quyet dinh cua toa i n cd hieu lUc phip luat, hdp ddng tfn dung dUdc ky ke't giUa ngin h i n g va khich h i n g phai chi'm diit hieu lUc v i khich hing (ngudi phii thi h i n h in) chi cd
(3)(Xjuan ^ank Ddn S61 (214)-2010
nghia vti tra nd theo ban in, quyet dinh ctia toa an (bao gdm tien nd theo quyet dinh ciia ban an va lai cham thi hanh an theo quy dinh)
2 Lai cham thi hanh an doi vdi khoan tra nd vay ngan hang: Tinh the nao la hdp ly?
De dam bao quyen Idi cho ben dUdc thi hanh an, han che viec ben phai thi hanh an cd tinh day dUa, khdng tu nguyen thi hanh in, theo quy dinh tai Thdng tU lien tich sdOl/TT-LT ngiy 19/6/1997 ctia TANDTC-VKSNDTC-ETP-ETC hudng din viec xet xii va thi hanh in ve tii san (sau day ggi tat la Thdng tU lien tich so' 01/TT-LT), toi an phai quyet dinh rd ban an hoac quyet dinh ve trich nhiem cham thUc hien nghia vu thi hinh in (hay cdn ggi la lai cham thi hinh an), nhUng thUc tien thi hinh an cho thi'y viec tinh lai cham thi hinh an thudng chi ap dung ddi vdi cac vu viec thi hinh cho ngan hing Edi vi, ddi vdi cac vu viec thi hanh khoan bdi thudng hoac tra nd cho cdng dan ciing nhU cac td chiic khic, sau thi hanh xong phan nd gdc theo quyet dinh ciia ban an, ben dUdc thi hanh an thudng cd van ban khdng yeu cau thi hanh khoan tien lai cham thi hanh an Tuy nhien, ddi vdi cac khoan tra nd vay ngan hang thi ngan hing khdng the "cho" phan lai cham thi hinh an vi anh hUdng den Idi ich ciia ngan hang (ma thtic chat li Idi fch ciia Nhi nUdc), mat khac ngUdi phai thi hanh an thudng phai tra het nd vay theo hdp ddng tin dung thi ngan hing mdi trich xua't cac giay td the chi'p de tra cho ngudi phai thi hanh an
Viec tinh tien lai cham thi hanh an den van chUa cd van ban hudng dan cu the,
trong lai sua't de tinh lai cham thi hinh an dUdc tuyen cac ban an, quyet dinh ciia tda an thUdng khdng thdng nha't thdi diem xet xti khac (cd trUdng hdp ap dimg theo quy dinh tai khoan Dieu 313 Bo luat Dan sU nam 1995, cd trUdng hdp ip diang theo khoan Dieu 305 Eg luat Dan sU nam 2005) nen cac cd quan thi hinh an cUng gap khd khan viec tinh lai cham thi hinh an
TrUdc day Eg Tu phap cd ban hanh Cdng van 404/TP-THA 24/02/2005 hudng din mot so'vi'n de nghiep vu thi hinh an, Muc 14 cd hudng din ve viec tinh lai suat cham thi hanh an: "Tii 15/3/2005 trd di, cd quan thi hinh an tinh theo miic thap nhi't cua khung lai sua't Ngan hang Nha nUdc quy dinh cho cac ngan hang thUdng mai ip dung theo tdng thdi ky vdi miic lai sua't vay trung han", nhUng van ban niy da hi huy bo Do vay, hien ddi vdi cac vu viec thi hinh khoan tra nd vay cho ngan hing, chi'p hinh vien thudng ip dung quy dinh tai khoan Dieu 305 Eg luat Dan sU nam 2005 de tinh lai cham thi hanh an, cu the la tinh "theo lai sui't cd ban Ngan hang Nha nUdc cdng bd tUdng dng vdi thdi gian cham tra tai thdi diem toan" Tuy nhien, viec tinh lai cham thi hanh an ctia cd quan thi hanh an thudng khdng dUdc ngan hang chi'p nhan, bdi vi, cac vu viec thi hanh khoan tra nd vay cho ngan hang, so' tien ngUdi phai thi hanh an phai nop (bao gdm sd tien nd theo ban an va lai cham thi hinh an) thUdng thap hdn sd tien ma khach hang phai tra cho ngan hang theo hdp ddng tin diing
Do vay cd the ndi, ddi vdi cac vti viec thi
(4)%uan ^ank Ddn S61 (214)-2010 hinh khoan tra nd vay ngan hing, ngudi
phai thi hanh i n da nop du sd tien nd theo ban an va lai cham thi hanh an theo each tfnh ciia cd quan thi hanh an dan sU vin chUa the xem la viec thi hanh an da thi hanh xong (mac dii cd quan thi hanh in da thUc hien xong ngi dung ctia quyet dinh thi hinh an)
3 Nguyen nhan va mot so kien nghi Hien nay, xet xti cic vu viec lien quan den tien bdi thudng, tien hoin tra ciing nhu cac vu kien ddi nd vay giUa ngan hing va khich hing, nham dam bao quyen lgi cho ben dUdc thi hanh in, toa in thudng ap dung khoan Dieu 305 Eg luat Dan sU nim 2005 vi hudng din tai Thdng tu lien tich sd 01/TT-LT de tuyen ve nghia vu cham thi hinh an
Theo quy dinh tai muc phan I Thdng tu hen tich sd 01/TT-LT thi: "Ddi vdi cac khoan tien vay, gUi d Ngan hang, tin dung, gia tri cua cac khoan tien dd da dUdc bao dam thdng qua cac mdc lai sua't Ngan hing Nha nUdc quy dinh, cho nen xet xii, mgi trudng hdp tda an deu khdng phai quy ddi cic khoan tien dd gao, mi quyet dinh huge ben cd nghia vu ve tai sin phai toin sd tien thtic te da vay, giii ciing vdi khoan tien lai, ke tit giao dich cho de'n thi hanh xong, theo mdc lai sua't tUdng dng Ngan hing Nhi nudc quy dinh" Do vay, tai muc phan III Thdng tu lien tich ve nghia vu cham thi hinh an da "trd trUdng hdp dUdc hUdng din tai khoan phan I Thdng tU niy ve cic khoan vay cua td chiic ngan hing, tin dung" (nghia la xet xii cac khoan nd vay cua ngan hang, tfn dung, tda an khdng dUdc ip diing quy dinh ve nghia vu cham thi hinh an nhu ddi vdi cac vu viec dan sU khac) Tuy
nhien viec hudng din cua Thdng tU cdn chung chung, chua cd sti phan biet rd ring viec xet xU cic vu kien tra nd vay ciia ngan hing vdi viec xet xti cac vu viec dan sU khic nen thtic te thi xet xii cac vu kien ddi nd vay cua ngin hing, tda in thudng khdng xem xet den hudng din niy mi ip dung theo quy dinh chung Cd the ndi, day la nguyen nhan dan de'n nhiing bit cap ndi tren
Mat khic, Thdng tu lien tich sd 01/TT-LT dugc ban hinh da liu (td nim 1997) nhUng den (hdn 12 nim) vin cdn dUdc ip dung mi chUa cd vin ban thay the (trong Ed luat Din sU nim 1995 da het hieu Itic vi dUdc thay the bing Eg luat Dan sU nim 2005) nen viec tuyen ve nghia vu cham thi hinh an cic ban in cdng cdn nhieu bit cap Trong so' ban an, quyet dinh dUdc ban hinh sau thdi diem Ed luat Dan sU nam 2005 da cd hieu luc thi hinh (01/01/2006), ben canh cic ban an tuyen lit cham thi hinh in theo lai sui't cd ban Ngin hang Nhi nUdc cdng bd' tUdng dng vdi thdi gian cham tra tai thdi diem toan (ap dung theo khoan Dieu 305 Eg luat Dan sti nim 2005 ), thi cdng cd khdng it trUdng hdp tda in van tuyen theo hUdng din ctia Thdng tu hen tich sd 01/TT-LT ve nghia vu cham thi hinh in (theo mdc lai sui't nd qua han Ngin hang Nha nUdc quy dinh tUdng dng vdi thdi gian chUa thi hinh in)
Td thUc tien cdng tic thi hinh in dan sti, thie't nghi cic cd quan cd thi'm quyen can nghien cdu, xem xet de sdm ban hinh van ban thay the Thdng tU lien tich sd 01/TT-LT, dd can hudng din cu the viec xet xii va thi hinh ddi vdi cic khoan tra nd vay ngan
hing •