NAM CAO - NHA VAN GIAU LONG NHAN Al TRAN THU HUDNG VdnphdngDHQGHN Dat van de Van hoc phan anh hien thuc cudc song vdi tat ca ve dep phong phii, da dang cua nd Co le bat cii mot ngudi nao, dii d cac cuang vi xa hoi khac cung deu can nudi dudng tam hdn, nhan each ciia minh bang each hay each khac ma dd, cac tac pham van hoc la mot loai hinh rat cd y nghia qua trinh Nam Cao, nha van da sdng each chung ta hang nufa the ky, ngudi da tirng ludn tu giay vd khd sd vi le sdng the nao cho phai, viet the nao cho hay de eho ddi nhiJng tac pham ma cho den bay gid va ca mai mai sau vln cdn nguyen gia tri Lau nay, nhieu ngudi thudng de cap den "van hoa doc" vdi khdng it mdi lo ngai, qua thuc neu nhin nhan d mot sd khdng nhd Idp tre, ke ca mot sd can bd vien chiic thi thay rang ndi lo ngai a'y khdng phai la khdng cd ca sd Doc tac p h ^ ciia Nam Cao, cam nhan dugc rat nhieu dieu dd ndi bat len tinh ngudi, Idng nhan ai, bao dung tham dam chat nhan van, ta hoc dugc d dng su quan sat, phan tich, danh gia su vat; ta nhan thay ndi day diit tran trd trudc thdi cudc va sd phan ngudi, biet nhay cam trudc cai dep, cai xiu, cai thien, cai ac, eai cao thugng, cai thap hen va dung trudc mot tac phim van hoc ndi chung va tac pham ciia Nam Cao ndi rieng, ta tha'y cudc sdng cd rat nhieu dieu ma thdng qua ngdn ngir ciia nha van ta dugc "hudng thu" nhanh nhat va cung phan nao nhd dd ma ta thay cudc sdng quanh ta vd cung y nghia, vd ciing thii vi Tam long nhan cua Nam Cao qua mang de tai ve cudc song ngirdi nong dan Nam Cao la mot nha van hien thuc Cac tac pham ciia dng da phan anh hien thuc bd mat xa hdi Viet Nam trudc Cach mang thang Tam, 13 mot xa hdi ma d dd sd phan ciia nhiing ngudi ndng dan chat phac hdn hau da bi bin ciing ddi khd, quan quai su chen ep va thdng qua viee su dung ngdn ngii tai tinh, tinh te vdi nhirng tinh hudng dien hinh, Nam Cao da lam dugc mot viec Idn lao ban ban mot sd nha van hien thuc phe phan tieu bieu cung thdi la "su tdng hgp ciia nhieu tieng ndi, nhieu gigng dieu, nhieu Idp y nghia, nhieu mau sdc tham my, ggi su suy ngSm, lien tudng" cua ngudi doc doc tac pham cua dng va qua tac pham cua dng thay yeu quy, tran trgng dng - mot nha van day nhan ai, day tinh ngudi Se cd mot khoang khdng nhd neu vi mot ly nao day ddng van hoc ciia Viet Nam khdng cd Nam Cao Khdng chu quan chung ta hoan toan cd quyen tu hao xep Nam Cao ciia chiing ta ben canh nhiing Mdpatxang (Phap), Ddttdiepxki, Bunhin, (Nga) Tac pham ciia Nam Cao khdng cd nhiing xung dot cang thing, khdng dao to bua Idn ma cii ddi thudng gian di, thdng qua cac tinh hudng, cac cudc ddi nhan vat de neu bat nen nhiing giang xe ndi tam, nhiing udc ma ve mot tuang lai tot dep Van Nam Cao viet ve nhiing kiep ngudi ma cudc ddi ho la nhiing chuyen tiep khac ciia ndi budn, ndi khd, ciia nhiing tam hdn dep de, dang tran trgng dd la ngudi dan ba quanh nam bi ap luc ciia thieu thdn, lo toan de nang, liic nao cQng nang mat, ban gat chi chiet chdng hay nhiing anh chang tri thiic tieu tu san an ndi ddc dia, han hgc Bdi trfen tat ca nhiing bieu hien a'y vSn toat len ban chat ciia hg la hdn hau, chat phac, chiia chan tinh ngudi Nha van da tha'y phan "u tdi" ciia cudc sdng, tim dd cai dep va dng viet ve nhiing ngudi ndng dan, nhiing tri thiic tieu tu san cimg khd vdi mot thai day tdn trgng, khdng phai la su miet thi cung khdng thi vi hoa Nam Cao la nha van cd tam cd cdn la bdi vi tii thdi cua dng, giiia luc ddng van hgc hien thuc phe phan, ddng van hgc lang man dang la mot trao luu manh me Nam Cao da khdng qua dam chim hoan toan theo hudng dd ma dng chgn cho minh mot hudng di dung dan, hudng di ay da gdp phan xep Nam Cao la mot nhung nha van dat nen mdng cho nen van hgc hien dai Viet Nam: "Van chuang khdng can den nhiing ngudi thg kheo tay, lam theo mot vai kieu mlu dua cho van chuang chi dung nap dugc nhiing ngudi biet dao sau, biet tim tdi, khai nhiing ngudn chua khai va sang tao nhiing gi chua cd" (Ddi thiia - 1943), dng len an thii van chuang "ta chan", "hdi hgt" U Nam Cao da thdng qua mdt loat tinh hudng de mieu ta chieu sau ddi sdng ndi tam ciia ngudi Viet ve nhan vat "Chi pheo", v6 su tha hoa cua ngudi - cai ga Chi ma cha't "con" ddi liic nhieu han cha't "ngudi", liic tinh liic say, thi that ban nang liic lai nhu mot ngudi cd y thiic vay ma Nam Cao vSn cd cai nhin diy nhan ai, dng tha'y Chi Pheo khdng phai la thu" bd di ma la mdt ngudi ciing cd nhiing khoang lang cua cam xiic, cd nhiing liic ludn mud'n vuan tdi cai td't, cai ngudi nhat de rdi qua dng, ngudi dgc cung cd cai nhin bao dung vdi dang ngudi nhu Chi Pheo nay, chia se, cam thdng vdi udc mud'n lam ngudi luang thien ciia han chu" khdng phai cam giac ghe torn, cai nhin khdng thien chi Ldng nhan ai, tinh ngudi cdn bao triim d Lang Vii Dai cua ngudi ndng dan ngheo khd, ciia anh tha dng luan nhat Chi Pheo xam ngoet tir Id gach bd khdng mang ve, la bat cam ciia bac Phd Cd'i, la bat chao hanh tinh nghia ciia Thi Nd, la nhiing ngudi ban te nhi xij su vd cting nhan den nha ngudi ban ngheo cua minh, chiing kien nhiing vung bun diia dau bung thd tif dem, chiing kien cai nha dot nat, ngheo tiing khdn cung "Anh nao cung lam d6 tinh Su cd gang a'y ldng quy ban Cai nha that khdng dang cho ldng tdi phai ban " (truyen ngdn "Mua nha" - nam 1943) Trong truyen ngdn "Ddi thiia" ta tha'y Hg nhieu Idn ddn hat, thd bao vdi Tit va cac con: "Minh biet khdng, chi mai thdi la tdi dudi ta't ca me minh khdi nha may diia deu dang vAt mdt nhat cho chet ca ", rdp tam dudi vg khdi nha lai cdn cd y dinh "vat mdi diia mdt nhat" cho chet ma lai cdn "minh" vdi "tdi" , Idi le nghe cay ddc va cd phdn ac nhung la lung thay ngudi dgc lai vdn tha'y am vang dau dd cai ndi dau ciia ngudi dan dng dang dau khd, dang khdng cd Idi thoat va yeu thuang vg rat muc! Vdi truyen ngdn "Lao Hac", ngdi biit ciia Nam Cao giiip ta nhin ve dep cao thugng ciia ngudi ngheo khd va thuang hg vd ciing Lao Hac am thdm lua chgn cai chet de giii trgn tinh vdi con, vdi cho, dd la su lua chgn dau ddn va tan khd'c ciia mdt kia'p ngudi Lao la ngudi cha nhan tir, lao chet de gieo niem sdng cho con, hy vgng dugc sudng han minh Rdi truyen "Ngheo", ngudi dan dng dm dau, tuyet vgng, be tdc, thuang vg den tim each thdt cd tu tir de "giai thoat" cho vg khdi phai vi minh ma khd Day cung la mot ket cue bi tham ciia mdt kiep ngudi, mdt vdng trdn u am, dinh menh 15 Truyen ngdn Nam Cao ndi nhieu den than phan ngudi phu nu Truyen "Ngheo", "Di Hao", " hien", "Tre khdng dugc an thit cho" , ta't ca hg deu ngheo khd, ddi khat va bat hanh va ddu ca ban ngudi ndng dan sdng vdi that nhan ai, hg quan tam den nhau, yeu thuang Hay nghe ngudi me nhdc "Khe khe cai mdm mdt chut! Reo mai bd may nd nghe thi nd chet! Nd da dm day, thud'c khdng cd, ma cdn buc minh thi chet"; than phan Di Hao: "Di Hao chdng ndi nang gi Di nghien chat rang de cho khdi khdc nhung ma di cir khdc Chao di! Di Hao khdc Di khdc niic nd, khdc nac len, khdc nhu ngudi ta thd Di thd nude mdt" Di Hao, ngudi phu nii dep, cd don am tham, ve dep dang quy cua ndi tam Tam hdn Di vira don cdi vira bao dung, trdc an Gigng dieu cua truyen ngdn da dugc nha van viet ra: budn phien, tiec nudi va xdt xa Ngudi phu nii cac truyen ciia Nam Cao thudng gap phai nhung dng chdng chet yeu, say rugu, theo gai hoac gap tai uang, hoan nan va hg phai chiu dung, nha van hieu tha'u ndi dau cua hg, dng da danh ddng vao tam linh ngudi dgc qua nhiing manh ddi mud'n viing thoat ma khdng thoat dugc Hien thuc cudc sdng ludn la cha't lieu de nha van phan anh hay ndi nhu Bandac: "Nha vdn Id thu ky trung thdnh cua thdi dqi" Lang Vu Dai ciia Nam Cao chi la mdt lang que nhu bao lang que khac, ta tha'y cd ddng sdng hien boa hai ben bd la nhiing vudn chudi tham ddm anh trang, tha'y tieng det ciii va tieng lao xao ciia cac ba, cac chi di chg sdm, tha'y nhiing vudn trau khdng, nhiing vudn mia ta tai sau bao va tren manh dat ay la nhiing ngudi ndng dan chat phac, nhan hau Hg ban Cling mdi ngudi mdt kieu Ngudi me va bay nhd le la tren nen nha vQng nude trdn Idn biin; bat chao cam ddng nghet khdng the nudt ndi; ngudi dan dng di linh nhiing ddng tien it di ve mua thud'c cho diia nhd dm dau ma khdng no trach cii vien thu ky d nha day thep tinh bdn gdt lai lam thiet mat ciia ga mdt ddng bac bdi le "DiSn thdy thuang dng a'y qua Dien tudng cho dng ay mdt gia dinh ddng tiing thieu tua nha Dien So luang chdng du tieu Sau mdi cdng viec rdi tit mii, loan dc len vi nhiing sd, vi nhiing cai buu phieu, dng mdi met gid ve nha, lai phai nghe mdy diia Idn chi choe danh nhau, diia nhd khdc, chu ng reo ddi va vg thi sung sia hoac gao thet nhu me dai de sang hdm sau lai mai mdt den sd, nhan mat lai thay nhiing ngudi giri tien, ngudi linh tien vdng trong, vdng 16 ngoai va ngudi nao cung mud'n dng lam trudc cho" va "Chi vi ngudi nao cung khd ca, va ngudi ng cii tudng vi ngudi ma khd" - tam ldng nhan ai, cam thdng va lugng ciia ngudi Nam Cao, nhan each Nam Cao the hien rd net hau het tat ca cac tac pham ciia dng ma nhiing ddn chiing tren chi la mdt ddi net phac hoa Ket luan Gia tri nhan dao ciia cac tac pham cua Nam Cao the hien sau sdc d tam ldng yeu thuang tran trgng cua tac gia vdi nhiing ngudi ngheo khd Ndi nhu van hao Nga Eptusenco: "Chdng cd te nhat d tren ddi/Mdi sd phan chiia mdt dieu cao ca" Nam Cao da tim thay nhiing hat tran chau ldng lanh sau thdm nhiing than phan ngudi Nam Cao to rat nhay ben viee mieu ta tam ly nhan vat, dng di 'vao tiing ngdc ngach tam hdn ciia ngudi de tim dugc nhiing cai hay, cai dd mdi nhan vat va bao triim len tat ca la mdt ta'm ldng nhan ai, tinh ngudi tham dam tirng trang viet va cudc sdng thdi dai nao va liic nao cung can ldng nhan ai, cai nhin thien chi - nd giiip ngudi sdng vuan tdi "chan, thien, my" ban, xay dung cudc sdng td't dep han va phai chang ngdm nhin mdt budi hoang hdn tren manh dat minh dang sinh sdng, dau dd giiia bdn be cdng viec bdt gap mdt biic tranh dep, mdt ang tha hay, mdt tac pham van hgc mang nhieu thdng diep ma ta diing dung khdng rung ddng thi cudc sdng se mdt di nhieu phan y nghia! va phai chang dgc Nam Cao chiing ta thay rang: hay cd gdng bieu nhirng ngudi xung quanh ta, thdng cam va cd cai nhin thien chi, cd cai tam sang chinh la sgi day ndi lien ngudi vdi ngudi - nen tang de xay dung cudc sdng td't dep ban? Tai lieu tham khao Nam Cao (1999), Toan tap Nxb Van hgc Ha Ndi (3 tap) Ha Minh Dilc (1961) Nam Cao nhd vdn hien thuc xud't sdc Nxb Van hoa Nguydn Dang Manh (1981), Nhd vdn tu tudng vd phong each Nxb Dai hgc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi (tai ban) Tran Dang Suyen (2001) Chu n^hm,iii4ffcflW