TIM HIEU YEU TO THIENG LIENG TRONG V A N H O A N G U O I VIET NGUYEN THI THUY HANG Eg mon Mdc-Lenin, TrUdng DHNN Hd Ngi Y tudng thidng lieng tiem an triet ly song cua ngudi Viet, bieu hien phuong thfle flng xfl cua hg vdi the gidi tu nbien va the gidi ngudi Y tudng ly la ngudn d m hflng cho cic nghe sy dan gian sing tao nen nbflng vi su td d ehua Tay Phuong, mot thinh Tan Vien tren dlt Ba Vi, hay mot dli liet sy vd danh trudc quing trudng Ba Dinh licb su Y tudng ay gin ket hang trieu ngudi xa la ddi thudng xlch lai gin de cd nbflng giay phut ddng d m sach vao lang vieng BIc Neu y tudng ve su thieng lieng da hinh thInh kha sdm nhu mot nhu clu van hoi budc ehuyen tfl ngudi ddng vat ngudi xa hdi, tbi tdn gilo la hien tugng khI mudn licb sfl loli ngudi Nhan loai vdn xuat phat tfl diem rat gin nhau, nhung mdi nen van hoi cd dudng hudng hinh rieng, cd qui trinh van ddng, bien ddi va phat trien rieng bi quy dinh bdi nbflng didu kien tu nbien va licb sfl cu the Vdi ngudi Viet, dudng hinh va truyen tai d i thieng cd khac Ngudi Viet khdng day d i thidng mot pham tru nhan thfle luain trflu tugng, trii lai, nd la ddi tugng cua nbflng flng xfl cu the ddi song hang Ngudi Viet khdng tuyet ddi boa su ddi lap gitta nghia vu va quyen Igi, khdng tuyet ddi bol hanh phuc el nhan, ngudi d nhan, ma dat nd tuang quan vdi nbflng ngudi khic, tim tha'y chinh minh bdn phan xa hdi Tim hieu yeu td thieng lieng van boa ngudi Viet la tim hieu mot dac diem cot Idi cua trie't ly dan gian, lam nen ve dep va sflc song trudng tdn ciia nbflng Id hdi cd truyen, nhttng trd choi dieu mua ma d chinh d i thieng 321 lieng II chat ket dinh vl truyen tli nhflng gil tri dao dflc va gia tri tham my Tim hieu ye'u td thieng lieng van bol ngudi Viet giflp chung ta cit nghIa vi tu tudng yeu nude lai la mot gil tri can ban, gia tri cao nhat bing gia tri tinh thin cua dan tdc Viet Nam Gilo su Truang Chinh hoan toln dung viet ring tu tudng yen nude so dl thim thiet, manh liet vi la mot tu tudng thieng lieng Tu tudng ay khdng lam thInh mot triet thuyet nhung lai la ngudn gd'e cua mot nhan sinb quan cao el, giflp cho chung ta cd mot quan niem dung din ve y nghIa cudc ddi, ve le song chet, ve hanh phuc vl kbd dau Tat d nbflng gil tri ay nhu mot td chat ddc dio ham chfla toln bd kho tang van bol dan gian, tao nen ngudn sfla nudi dudng nhflng nhan d e b , di truyen mot Idi sdng mang dam ban sic dan tdc Vln de la d chd, gifla d i thieng lieng tdn gilo va yeu to thieng lieng triet ly sdng cua ngudi Viet, phuong thfle flng xfl vdi the gidi tu nbien vl the gidi ngudi cin duge phan biet rach rdi va tie'p tuc di sau phan tich dly du ban Van bol la dac trung boat ddng sdng cua ngudi Chi ngudi mdi cung mot luc sdng vdi d qui khfl, hien tai, tuang lai, mdi tran trd ve le sdng chet, ve muc dich va y nghIa cua cudc ddi Tim hieu yeu to thieng lieng van bol cua ngudi Viet bao gdm el van bol d nhan va van bol cdng ddng, tfl van bol gia dinh, van bol lang xa, van boa qud'c gia dan tdc den nhflng cdng ddng van bol khIc Yeu td ay nhu mot dudng net van bol tu tudng dan gian, nen viee tim hieu mot d e b he thd'ng phli gin vdi qui trinh pbit trien van bol dan gian toln bd di sin van bol dan tdc Van de d i thieng khdng phli van de mdi me nhung nd cung la vln de gay nhieu tranh cai Cho nen tham luan nay, ngudi viet ehi gidi ban d budc dlu tim hieu, neu van de vl phuong thfle truydn tli, cung nhu vai trd cua nd su tiep hgp van bol ngoai nhap Hy vgng ring sau tham luan ngudi viet mong dugc su gdp y, bd sung de viec nhin nhan yeu td thieng lieng van bol cua ngudi Viet ngly cang hoan chinh, pbIt trien phuc vu cho cdng tic gilng day triet bgc d trudng Dai bgc Ngoai ngfl DHQGHN ndi chung vl cu the phuc vu cho gilng pbin Lich svc tu tudng Triet hgc Viet Nam 322 Ngudi Viet cd quan niem ve d i thieng tfl rat lau, trudc tiep xflc vdi van bol Han "Thieng" la mot tfl thuin Viet, ngudi Viet dung tfl "Thieng" va "Lieng" ket hgp tfl lly "Thieng lieng" (Tfl dien Viet- Phap- Bd DIo Nba cua Alexandre de Rhodes) Khi tiep xflc vdi van bol HIn, ngudi Viet them tfl "Linb" va cflng sfl dung el hai: "Linh thieng" va "Thieng lieng" Tuy nbien ngfl nghia cua hai tfl khdng hoan toln ddng nhat Trong tuc ngfl cua ngudi Viet cd "Rflng thieng, nude ddc", "Sdng kbdn, chet thieng" Trong van bgc cbfl Ndm cua Nguydn Trai cd "Bflt thieng" (But thieng vua cat tay kbdn mac) Yeu td thieng lieng gin vdi chim mudng cay cd, rflng, nui, dlt, nude, vl d nhflng ngudi kbdn ngoan muu luge II quan niem tdn thd tu nbien tfl thud so khai cua ngudi Viet Sdng dieu kien dia ly, sinb thii day khie ngbiet, nai dlt am thap den mflc chim khdng the clt einh bay len dugc, rflng nui dly thu dfl, nhung cu dan ndng nghiep lly trdng trgt llm ke sinb nbai cbfl yeu, lai khdng the de dang du cu, di ehuyen day mai dd Vdi trinh hieu biet phu thudc rlt nhieu vao tu nbien, tbi khdng the ndi den "Thay trdi ddi dlt, sip xep lai giang son" dugc, tbii cua hg trudc tu nhien co bin II thu ddng: On trdi mua ndng phdi thi Hoac: Trdng trdi, trdng dd't, trdng may Trdng mua, trdng nang, trdng ngdy, trdng dim Ngudi Viet khdng di theo hudng nhan thfle de ddi phd vdi tu nhien, chd ngu lam cbfl nd Hg tim cich thich flng vdi tu nbien, lua chieu ma sdng theo Idi phli chang, hai bol, tdn trgng tu nhien Ldi sdng dd dem lai quan he gifla ngudi va tu nbien Sfl menh cua ly tinh khdng phli II de lln It bin tinh cua ngudi, ma II phit trien nd, phIt trien nhan tinh Cai thieng bit ngudn tfl ddi sdng tinh d m cua ngudi, tfl nhflng d m xflc thuc tai ben ngoai cung nhu bin chat nhan chung cua eon ngudi tao Nd ket hgp d minh ndi lo sg va niem by vgng thiet thuc, su kinh trgng va long biet an cu the, d m xflc thieng lieng, vfla la sin pham cua phan flng, bin nang tu ve, vfla la kbit vgng boa hgp vdi tu nhien vi mot cudc sdng cua ngudi td't dep ban Mot quan niem nhu vay khdng day d i thieng mot pham trfl nhan thfle trflu tugng, trIi lai nd trd ddi tugng ciia nhflng flng xfl cu the cudc sdng hang Non sdng dat nude 323 cua ngudi Viet trudc bet vl co bin la nhflng nggn nfli, nhflng sdng, nhflng vung dlt, nhflng ngudn nude nudi sdng, che chd hg, mat khac, cung II ket qua md hdi nude mit cua hg day cdng tao lap nen Xu hudng cu the boa bieu hien d chd ngudi Viet thd cflng nhttng cay da ben nude, khe nui, mdm da tai dia phan cu trfl cua minh Hg vfla kinh biet on lai mong mudn mot quan he hai bol, nuong tua lln gifla ngudi va tu nhien mot thien nhien tham dim cdng sflc cua hg Hg clu nguyen trdi dat thin linh phfl hg ngudi de rdi ngudi cung che chd, nudi dudng thin linh cua minh Do tinh chat cu the cua nd, ngudi cd kha nang lua chgn Hg cd the tin thin nfli nly thieng hon hay thin sdng thieng hon Nhflng cap ddi sdng-nui nly cd d mgi noi tren dat Viet Tfl Trudng San-Cim Long Giang den sdng Da-nui Tin, d dau ngudi cung tim tha'y nhflng sdng thieng nfli thieng cua minh Cd nbflng thin linh thieng vdi d qud'c gia dan tdc nhu Vua Hung, thInh Tin Vien, ba Chfla Lidu Cd nbflng vi thin cua tflng dia phuong, cua tflng xdm ling "Trdng lang nao lang ay dinh, thinb lang nao ling ay thd" Tfl viec nhan bol thien nhien xay dung nen nhflng buyen thoai ve qui trinh hinh gid'ng ndi vl dat nude, ngudi Viet da licb sfl bol thin linh, gin lien vdi cIc nhan vat buyen thoai vdi nhflng thdi diem licb sfl cua qui trinh dung nude va gifl nude Hang ngin den, chfla, dinh, mie'u kblp thdn cung xdm vlng dugc nhan dan lap thd deu gin nhap thien thin vdi nhan thin, dia linh vdi nhan kiet Cd nhflng vi thin la bieu tugng cua qud'c gia dan tdc nhu "Vua Rdng Lac Long, thin Rfla Vang, Tan Vien Son ThInh, ThInh Gidng " Nhu vay, II vdi ngudi Viet, su thieng lieng cua nfli non sdng nude gin vdi su thieng lieng cua ngudi, khdng gian thieng gin vdi thdi gian thieng, dat nude gin nhap vdi licb sfl Mot quan niem nhu vay ve d i thieng ehi hinh d nhflng ngudi ma cudc sdng thudng ngay, bit com manh lo gin bd vdi thien nhien, mong chd vao nd va cung tao dung nen nd bIng mudn van md bdi, nude mIt Dat nude que buong cua ngudi Viet, vi vay khdng don giln ehi la dia ban llm an sinb sdng cd the dd lam kbd bd Nd la sin pham gin bd mau thit vdi ngudi dugc trao truyen tfl ddi nly qua ddi khac Con ngudi sdng vdi dlt nude cua minh bIng tit d y thfle trich nbiem va tinh d m dugc 324 vun dip theo be day lich sfl tao tam thfle cdng ddng, d i thieng lieng ehi phdi d e b sdng cua hg Neu non sdng dlt nude la nggn ngudn thfl nhl't cua y niem thieng lieng ndi lien mach tin ngudng da thin, tfl quan niem van vat bflu linb den quan niem dia linh nhan kiet, thieng sdng nude, thi niem tu bao ve ndi gid'ng Tien Rdng la nggn ngudn thfl hai tiem an tham sau tam bdn ngudi dan dlt Viet Y thfle bao toln ndi gid'ng, long kinh trgng td tien vl niem tu bao dan tdc la mot tinh chat thieng lieng cua ngudi Viet, da trd ndi luc kien cudng giflp hg vugt qua mgi cam go cua lich sfl, gifl vflng nen ddc lap dan tdc trudc mgi the luc ngoai xam hdng thdn tinh, hdng ddng bol, hong xol sd mot nen van hien lau ddi Su thieng lieng ay tao nen tinh d m nbd ve cdi ngudn cua ngudi Viet phli tha buong gdc be chan trdi, mot tinh cam gin ket "ga cung mot me chd boai dl nhau" diu kbic biet den dau tbi ngudi Viet vln II "con cd cha nba cd ndc"phai nbd den "thing Tim gid cha, thing Ba gid me" va tren ntta II gid td Hung Vuong Quan he vdi d i thieng khdng lam mot mang sinb boat tach biet cudc sdng d nhan cua ngudi Viet Nd trdn lln vdi mgi boat ddng cudc sdng thudng ngly cIc quan he va cdng viec Nd II kinh nghiem san xuat va kinh nghiem sdng Ngudi ta trao truyen lai cho tfl ddi ng sang ddi kia, tfl Idp nly sang Idp khac Thd cflng td tien la tin ngudng phd bien cua ngudi Viet cd vi tri quan trgng nhat ddi sdng tinh than dan cu Trudc bet, day la mot tin ngudng ban dia, cd truyen thd'ng lidn mach tfl d m thfle thieng lieng va tdn kinh ve tri ndi gid'ng td tien Trong qui trinh lich sfl, nd tiep nhan them nbflng yeu to van hoa ngoai nhap lai dugc elc Nba nude phong kien Viet Nam nang len tim qud'c te, chinh thd'ng boa nhu mot phuong tien khang dinh y thfle ddc lap qud'c gia va doan ket dan tdc Niem tin sau xa ve mdi lien he thieng lieng gifla ngudi sdng va ngudi chet, gifla hien tai va qua khfl da trd trie't ly sdng cua ngudi Viet, dao ly nen ting cua cudc sdng dugc the hien ca dao tuc ngfl "ud'ng nude nbd ngudn", "An qua nhd ke trdng cay", "chim cd td ngudi cd tdng" the hien ddi sdng thudng nhat la phong tuc tap quan tin ngudng thd cung td tien Trong nhflng tinh hudng nhan dinh, ngudi Viet khdng sdng blng 325 ly tinh lanh lung vdi le cdng blng xa hdi vdi nhflng din thudng tinh gifla nghIa vu va quyen Igi ml vugt len mgi kich thudc cua nhflng khii niem dao dflc thdng tuc hg hanh ddng bdi su thdi thfle ben bdi tam thfle ve d i thieng lieng Khdng hieu dugc d i tam thfle ly, se khdng giai thich dugc nhflng mat mIt chiu dung ghe gdm cua d e ngudi vg, ngudi me Viet Nam, nbflng hy sinb Idn lao va nghi luc phi thudng cua hg, khdng hieu dugc sflc nang to Idn cua tinh nghIa ddng bio, ddng ehi, tinh nghIa vg chdng, cha me d i d ngudi Viet Nam Cli thieng lieng cd mat vl ehi phdi d c quan be dao dflc cua ngudi Viet, la mot td chflc dac biet tao nen tim cao, chieu sau cua nhflng quan he tinh d m ay Yeu to thieng lieng thuc su la mot gil tri van boa ddi sdng tinh than cua ngudi Viet TrIi qua bao bien cd va thang trim, nude Viet vdi bdn ngan nam lich sfl da bun due nen mot nen van bol dly gia tri, dam da ban sic dan tdc Licb sfl se sang Igc va thai loai nhflng gi cIn bd, nhung nhflng gi edn lai den hdm lam thInh mot ming ddi sdng tinh thin cua ngudi Viet, tbinh ldi sdng vl flng xfl van bol cua hg, deu dugc mgi ngudi d m nhan gin ket d i dep va d i thieng lieng Vdi su gin ket ly, ngudi Viet da tao nen nhung danh lam thing d n h , nhflng cdng trinh kien true dinh chfla, den mieu va bao ve nd trudng tdn Su gin ket ly la cdi ngudn d m xflc cua mdi chung ta den ben lang BIc, dflng dudi II cd dd vlng hay nghe giai dieu qud'c ca Tim bieu yeu td thieng lieng van bol cua ngudi Viet giflp chung ta clt nghIa vi tu tudng yeu nude lai II mot gil tri can ban, gia tri cao nhlt bang gil tri tinh thin cua dan tdc Viet Nam Gil tri ay nhu mot td chit ddc dao him chfla toln bd kho tang van bol dan gian, tao nen ngudn sfla nudi dudng nbflng nhan d e b , di truyen mot ldi sdng mang dam bin sic dan tdc Yeu td thieng lieng van boa cua ngudi Viet la mot gil tri tinh than tao nen tam cao cua chu ngbia nhan dao, tinh elm yeu nude thiet tha va Idng thuong ngudi nhu the thuong than Dd la mot yeu td tao nen ban sic dan tdc, vi vay ma bit cfl mot yeu to van hoi ngoai sinb nao tiep xflc vl hdi nhap vio van bol Viet Nam cung deu cd mdt dd kbflc xa ddc dIo 326 Tai lieu tham khac Nguydn Tai Thu (Cbfl bien), Lich su tu tudng Viet Nam, Nxb KHXH, Ha Ndi 1993 Trin Nggc Them, Tim vi bdn sac vdn hod Viet Nam, Nxb TP Hd Chi Minh, 1997 Phan Nggc, Vdn hod Viet Nam vd edeh tie'p can mdi, Nxb VHTT, Ha Ndi 1994 TrIn Van Giau, Suphdt trien tu tudng d Viet Nam td thi'ky XIX din Cdeh mgng thdng Tdm, Nxb KHXH, Ha Ndi, Tap I, 1973, tap n , 1975 Hd Lien, Ddi dieu vi cdi thiing vd vdn hod, Nxb VHDT, 2002 327 ... nbien ngfl nghia cua hai tfl khdng hoan toln ddng nhat Trong tuc ngfl cua ngudi Viet cd "Rflng thieng, nude ddc", "Sdng kbdn, chet thieng" Trong van bgc cbfl Ndm cua Nguydn Trai cd "Bflt thieng"... dia, cd truyen thd'ng lidn mach tfl d m thfle thieng lieng va tdn kinh ve tri ndi gid'ng td tien Trong qui trinh lich sfl, nd tiep nhan them nbflng yeu to van hoa ngoai nhap lai dugc elc Nba nude... ngudi cd tdng" the hien ddi sdng thudng nhat la phong tuc tap quan tin ngudng thd cung td tien Trong nhflng tinh hudng nhan dinh, ngudi Viet khdng sdng blng 325 ly tinh lanh lung vdi le cdng