^ HINH ANH NOaOl PHU N Q T R O N G TIEU THUYET CHOA TROI CUA NHUNG CHUYEN VUN VAT THS VU THU HUONG Khoa Dong Phuang hoc - Trudng DHKHXH&NV Trai qua ngdt hai the' ky dudi ach thd'ng tri cua thuc dan Anh, 8-4-1947, An Do da gianh duge doe lap va 26-1-1950, nude Cong boa An Do chinh thiic ddi Do la ket qua tat yeu cua eudc dau tranh giai phdng dan toe sdi ddng, ben bi va quyet liet cua ddng dao cac tang Idp nhan dan An Do, cd su tham gia ddng gdp to Idn ciia gidi phu ntr An Do Trong xa hdi An Do trude day, phu ntr cd mot vai trd vd ciing tha'p kem va thiet thdi duge quy dinb luat tir ddi sang ddi khac: "Khi cdn la diia tre, mot cd gai hoac ca da trd ngudi Idn tudi, ngudi phu ntr khdng duge lam cai gi doe lap, ca d nha minh Trong thdi tho au ngudi gai phai theo cha, tudi tre cd phai theo chdng, chdng chet cd phai theo trai" {Luat Manu Dieu 147 - 148) Ngudi phu ntr An Do bi coi la nd le gia dinb, la nan nhan chiu siic nang de nen ghe gdm nba't cua bie't bao thii dao luat, le giao cd hii vd ly tir ngan xua Trong eudc dau tranh gianh doe lap dan toe cung nhu edng eudc xay dung dat nude An Do mdi, ngudi phu ntr An Do da vuon len khang dinb viing vang vai trd quan trgng ciia chinh gidi minh Hg da cuong quye't va chii ddng xe toang tam man ton giao va dang ca'p khac nghiet nang ne da bop nghet hg ba nghin nam qua de dung cam diing len lam eudc ddi ddi Do thuc su la mot eudc each mang giai phdng phu ntr mang y nghia lich sir Idn lao song cung khdng kem phin 710 gay go va quyet liet Cudc ddi ngudi phu nii An Do vdi bao bien ddi thang tram cung la nhiing chang dudng lich sir ma dan toe An Do da di qua Hg chinh la bd mat dich thuc ciia da't nude An Do Chinh vi vay ma cd Thii tudng An Do Indira Gandhi da cd mot nhan xet tuyet hay: "Nhtrng tien bd ma mot nude dat duge cd the duge danh gia qua chang dudng ma phu ntr nude ay da vugt qua" (Indira Gandhi Chdn ly ciia tdi, trang 98) i ^ Do sau ddc lap da cd su dich chuyen quan diem ve gidi mdi quan he qud'c gia va qud'e te' Chiia Trdi ciia nhiing chuyen vun vq^" de cap den rat nhieu va'n de ve gidi Day la mot cudn tieu thuye't dac biet vi nbirng ngudi phu nti tac pham d vi tri trung luu so vdi nhtrng ngudi phu nir binh thudng, hg la nhtrng ngudi thudc tang Idp tren, nhting chiia dat (Modalali) nhung theo dao Thien Chua d Kerala, mien Nam An Do; hg song cam biing ve qud'c gia va trudng vdi tu each mot phu ntr mdi trudng mang tinh qud'e te" Van de phu ntr duge dua vao tac pham nhu mot niem khao khat sau thdi thudc dia Chiia Trdi ciia nhung chuyen vun vat la su nhd lai cua Rahel ve thdi tho a'u cua cd ta cd va ngudi anh trai sinh ddi Estha duge bao bgc ngdi nha ciia ba ngoai Hg da trai qua mot loat bien cd mdi bay tudi, tir dd den trudng hg ludn song mac cam tdi Idi va cd xu budng mud'n quay lai tudi tho vdi su an loan, su tho tre Ngdi nha dd Rahel va Estha da song cung me Ammu, mot eudc sdng tuong ddi phiic tap vdi ba ngoai, ba cd, bac trai - gan nhu trd mot dia diem mang tinh thuc te', la dau trudng thu nhd ciia lich sir, ciia dang cap, ciia nhtrng sinh mdi giai cap lao ddng, nhung ham mud'n tinh due ciia gidi Ngay tir thdi tho a'u ciia minh Rahel va Estha da phai chiu dung su kieng ky mang tinh xa hdi va chinh tri ve va'n de dang ca'p, gidi tinh Vi tri xa hdi cua hg bi ddng khung ddng mau ngudi hg, tdn giao cua hg, nhiing dac quyen dac Igi ma dang ca'p ciia hg cd duge sau ddc lap va cang duge nhan manh hg ndi bang tie'ng Anh Khi gia san cua gia dinb bi ma't mat ' " Arundhati Roy Chita Tr&i cua ninaig chuyen vun vat Ngu6i dich: Thanh Van, Nxb Phunii', HaN6i, 1999 711 quan ly tdi, thieu hieu qua ciia nhtrng ngudi nam quyen gia dinb cung nhu quan he vdi edng doan khie'n gia dinb phai ddi mat vdi su thay ddi Thong qua nhung bien ddng mot gia dinb, tac pham bam chiia ra't nhieu van de xa hdi: nan lam dung tinh due tre em, van de tinh due, nhiing han che' ve gidi, sir bde lot ding cap, Tat ca khdng chi bd hep d tieu bang Kerala ma cdn tieu bieu cho ca dat nude An Do thdi diem Trong hoan canh ay, tac gia nhan manh den su thieu an loan ciia xa hdi va ciia ca nhtrng dii^a tre Sir khung hoang gia dinh bat dau xuat bien ngudi vg trude cua Chacko va gai ve tham nha, tir dd da bung nd nhtrng cang thang ve giai ca'p, tinh due, tudi tho, d nhung mire khac Hai diia tre sinh ddi ghen ty vdi nhiing gi ma Sophie Mol - chi hg chiing nhan duge va bat dau choi dua vdi Ngdi nha lich sir bi ma am, bi bd quen Ngdi nha la noi bd hen ciia Ammu va Velutha, la noi sau Sophie Mol chet dudi Velutha bi canh sat bat, bi tra tan den chet Ammu khdng bao gid binh phuc sau sir kien dau long dd va da che't sau dd vai nam Theo sau hai cai che't bi tham ciia Sophie Mol va Velutha, hai diia tre bi tach rdi nhau, sdng rieng biet, trai vdi khao khat cua chiing Estha bi gtri tra ve cho bd va tir thdi diem dd, Estha ngirng giao tie'p vdi phan cdn lai ciia the gidi Qua nhieu nam, ngudi phu ntr da trudng la Rahel trd ve Ayemenem tham Estha (ciing vira trd ve sau ngudi cha di cu sang Australia) Trong su cd gang danh nhtrng gi yeu thuong nhat cho va cd xu hudng tim ve thdi tho au, hai anh em da sum hgp lai mot hanh ddng mang tinh tinh due de tim su than va niem an iii Vdi tu each mot tac pham viet ve An Do sau thdi thudc dia, Chua Trdi ciia nhifng chuyen vun vat da tim mot each ly giai ve lich sir xiX dac biet Cudn tieu thuyet de cap den y tudng ve di chiing cua chii nghia thuc dan thdng qua mot hinh tugng an du ra't cao ve Ngdi nha lich sir Su mgt rudng ciia Ngdi nha lich sir cd mdi lien he chat che vdi su che't dan ciia ngdi nha Ayemenem, eting bde Id rd su ma't mat ciia giai ca'p trudng gia ve vi tri thd'ng tri ciia nd eudc da'u tranh dang cap vdi giai cap lao ddng Cau chuyen bat dau vao thang sau, nhiing mua mua khien cho Kerala trd nen phi nhieu, mau md: "Viing que bien mot mau xanh la loi Nhiing dudng vien md di vi cac bang rao san da ben re va tuoi td't Tudng gach xanh nhiing reu 712 Nhiing day nho ngoan ngoeo quanh cac cot dien Nhtrng cay leo hoang dai bd Ian tren bd sdng da ong va tran ca nhting dudng sung nude Thuyen be tap nap ghe vao ehg Nhtrng chii ca nhd xuat bien cac vung nude mua day ap cac d ga tren dudng cai" Tuy nhien, dang sau eudc sdng cang nhua lai la mot su thdi rtra Rahel trd ve nha va mot su muc rudng bay trude mat cd "Mot can nha cu ky tren sudn ddi, cac bac da mdn nhan, mai nha sup xud'ng dau hdi trdng nhu mot cai mu ddi thap Nhiing bite tudng day nhtrng vet reu trd nen mem xdp, hoi phdng len vi nude am ri tir mat dat Can nha trdng nhu trdng rdng Cira vao va cac cira sd deu ddng kin Hien trude tro trui Khdng he cd mot thii dd dac gi" Su xud'ng cap cung he Id nhtrng gi thuc su muc rudng d Ayemenem Y tudng ben mang tinh bien thuc ciia cudn tieu thuyet la dieu khdng the phu nhan Thdng qua mdi quan he mang tinh ca nhan ve nhiing ngudi phu nti' chiia dat va eon cai ciia hg, tac gia da lam ndi bat su bien ddng ciia ca mot ky nguyen lich sir Da't nude An Do sau ddc lap sinh nhtrng van de ve chinh tri gid'ng nhiing nude khac Quyen han, trach nhiem ciia ngudi ddi vdi xa hdi duge nbac de'n tac pham khien chiing ta cd the nhin nhan An Do cau true chung mang tinh qud'c te'; nd ggi cam hiing va dua nhtrng chi tie't ve dat dai, lich sir qua nhtrng hinh tugng an du ciia van hoa An Do nhu Me Da't, Ngdi nhd lich sit Ne'u Me Dat tuong ddi khd tiep can vdi nhting ngudi khdng am hieu lam ve van boa An Do thi Ngdi nhd Lich sit hien len rat sdng ddng tri tudng tugng cua nhtrng dira tre Lich sir dang giay che't va la di chirng nang ne ciia chii nghia thuc dan, Me Dat dang tim lai vi tri dich thuc ciia minh Nhiing pham trii chua bao gid duge phat trien mot each day dii nhung duge chuyen ddi ddng ke ve mot ngudi phu ntr thudc giai ca'p cd quyen lire d Kerala nhung lai bi ap biic nhu nhtrng ngudi phu ntr ndng dan d viing Kerala ndi tie'ng vi da mang lai su tu tuong ddi cho phu nii Cho dii ddc gia phuong Tay cam thay cac nhan vat nu cudn tieu thuye't cd nhtrng diem gugng ep thai qua thl mot thuc te' khdng the phu nhan la nhtrng nhan vat nti nhin chung la nhiing ngudi cd cac tinh manh me; dau Roy cd mieu ta nhtrng ndi dau cua hg su de nen 713 ciia dan dng bang each hay each khac Nhu chiing ta da thay, tac gia da nd luc viee phae boa nhtrng hanh ddng duge xem la khang dinh sir can dam ciia phu ntr song song vdi viec dung len nhtrng thi du dien hinh ve su de nen ma ngudi phu nti phai ganh chiu Tac gia da tao duge an tugng sau sac d nhtrng van de ve gidi, da de lai dau an cau chuyen ve su vat Idn, da'u tranh de thich ling vdi dieu kien chinh tri - xa hdi cua bdn the' he nhiing ngudi phu nu gia dinh Ayemenem, tir Mammachi, Baby Kochamma de'n Ammu, rdi Rahel Dinh diem cua cau chuyen la mdi quan he giiia Ammmu vdi Velutha va su lac long ciia Rahel chinh ngdi nha cua minh Neu nhtrng ngudi phu ntr khac van nhan ranh gidi cua edng ddng, ciia dang cap thi Rahel trdn chay bang each trd mot phu ntr mang tinh qud'c te', va qua hanh ddng tinh due vdi ngudi anh, cd mud'n trd nen mot ngudi loan ven, day du Cudn tieu thuyet dua each giai quyet duge coi la tao bao ddi vdi quan diem truyen thdng bao thii cua xa hdi An Do: de ngudi trd nen boa hgp vdi thdng qua tinh due Gidi tinh va van de tinh due la bdn da tang cua tac pham nay, ma ngudi chuyen dich tir thdi gian sang thdi gian khac, tir khdng gian sang khdng gian khac Khi Rahel vugt khdi luat le cua dang cap bang each trd diia chau gai khdng duge thira ke ciia Mammachi, va Ammu dam lua chgn eudc bdn nhan ciia minh cung nhu dan than vao mdi tinh vdi Velutha thi dd chinh la each ma nhiing ngudi phu nir ciia Roy cd gang tao cho minh mot khoang khdng gian de' tim minh, de the hien minh va hg chap nhan nhtrng thuong tdn, nhting su phan xir bat edng ciia xa hdi Bdi canh xa hdi sau thudc dia la manh dat mau md cho viee mieu ta nhung su kien xay lich sir: su hap hdi va mgt rudng cua mot thdi ky lich sir dang giai doan chuyen ddi ve nhung va'n de rat nhay cam nhu lam dung tinh due tre em, bde lot tinh due nhiing ngudi phu nii d dang cap thap (quan he gitra Chacko vdi cac nii edng nhan nha may de' thoa man "nhu cau dan dng"), gie't ngudi, Trong cau chuyen su cang thing thudng true sudt qua trinh Rahel, mot diia tre thdi thudc dia trd mgt ngudi phu nii dudng nhu khdng bi gidi han bdi qud'c gia va lich sir, vdi vai trd mgt ngudi ca nhan ciing 714 nhu mgt chiing nhan ciia lich sir Canh cud'i eiing ciia tac pham, l