Vl TRlCUA NOaOl PHU NQ TRONG XA HOI NHAT BAN HIEN DAI NGUYEN THU HANG Khoa Quoc tehpc - Trudng DHKHXH&NV Nguoi phu nir Nhat Ban luon duge nbac tdi nhu mot net dep A dong tieu bieu Hg thudng duge gan vdi ve dep ciia boa anh dao, luon "e a'p", mim cudi, luon gat dau mot each khiem nbudng Co the noi ngudi phu nii Nhat Ban truyen thong la biic tranh dep ve hinb anh c6 gai mac Kimono vcri dai Obi sau lung Trong xa hoi chi phdi bdi tu tudng Khdng giao, nguoi phu nir Nhat Ban luon diing vi tri dung nhu nghia ciia tir (Okusan) (Goe tuong), ma ngudi chong van ggi Cong cugc Minh Tri Duy tan cong Nhat Ban da lam thay ddi doi song ciia ngudi dan Nhat Ban Ngudi phu nir Nhat Ban cung cudn theo nhirng "con Ide" van minh Hg cung to la nhirng ngudi bet siJc nang dgng, luon tham gia cae boat dgng xa hoi, di lam, tu quyet dinh hon nhan va cong vice ciia minh Vdi each tiep can theo phuong phap mo ta, danh gia, so sanh, khach quan Bai viet mudn tim bieu nhiing dac diem ciia ngudi phu nii Nhat Ban qua kbii va hien dai nham tim nhung net dac trung ciia ngudi phu nii d da't nude "mat trdi mgc nay" Qua do, ta c6 the tha'y duge cho den nhiing gia tri van boa truyln thong vSn luon chi phdi ddi song ngudi Nhat Ngudi phu nu Nhat Ban vSn ua chugng mac Kimono cae dip 16 truyen thong, luon theo hge cae Idp tra dao Nhiing tu tudng ciia dao Khdng vSn ton tai song song vdi xa hoi hien dai vdi email, internet Ben canh nhiing net dep do, xa hoi Nhat Ban hien dai, vdi Idi song "Au boa" ciia xa hoi cong nghiep ciing da tao nen nhirng mang mau khac 728 nnau irong cue irania "px-xu nu Nxnat Ban" La mot qud'c gia cung nam d khu vuc Dong Bae A, Viet Nam vdi truyen thong van hoa lau ddi, dan tgc ta luon tiep budc truyen thong cha dng Song thdi dai nay, su giao luu hoi nhap van hoa qud'c te da tao nen nhirng "luong gio mdi" tat ca ddi song van boa xa hoi Tim bieu vai trd vi tri cua ngudi phu nii xa hoi Nhat Ban se giiip cho chiing ta eo nhirng bieu biet them mot khia canh nhd tdng the biic tranh ciia dat nude eo nen kinh te diing thu: hai tren the gidi Viec khai quat ca mot qua trinh tir truyen thong den hien dai la mot van de kho khan va phiie tap Vdi nhirng bieu biet nho be ciia minh, tac gia mong mudn se khai quat nhung net dac trung nhat ciia ngudi phu nii Nhat Ban qua kbii va hien dai Trong qua khii, vi tri eiia ngudi phu nir Nhat Ban da thay ddi ra't nhieu Ian lich sir, hg da dong gdp it nhieu lich sir Nhat Ban Trong tin ngudng Than dao, nii than mat trdi Amaterasu cung la mot vi than quan trgng tin ngudng Than dao Lich sir Nhat Ban rat nhieu ngudi phu nir Nhat Ban da trd nfl hoang nhu nir hoang Suiko, Saimei, Jito va Koken Hg ciing chinh la nhirng ngudi phu nir tao nen nhung "song gio" lich sir Nhat Ban Trong thdi ki Heian, mot dong van hgc nir luu da dong gdp dang ke vao nen van hoa Nhat Ban ChCi Hiragana ddi la mot each the hien nhirng chir Han - Nhat bang chinh chii Nhat (Hiragana) Cae tac pham van hgc nhu Manyosu, Genjimonogattari la nhirng tac pham tieu bieu the hien tai nang cua nhiing ngudi phu nir Nhat Ban liic ba'y gid Co the ndi, giai doan phu nir Nhat Ban vtn giir vi tri trung tam, CO anh hudng sau sdc ddi vdi ton giao va chinh tri Vao the iyr thii VH, Ian song hgc tap van minh Trung Hoa kha manh me Nhieu phai doan quan lai Nhat Ban duge cu sang hgc tap Trung Qud'c Su du nhap ciia dao Khdng va Phat giao vao Nhat Ban da lam chuyen bien xa hoi ro ret Cung nhu nhiing qud'c gia chiu anh hudng cua van hoa Trung Hoa, xa hoi Nhat Ban cung chuyen dan 729 sang CO cau gia trudng Nhiing nguyen tac ve gia dinh, dao diic xa hoi duge Nhat Ban boa va tao nhiing quy chuan ve dao dire Tu tudng Khdng giao luon c6 thai khat khe vdi phu nii Ngudi phu nii chi tuan thu "Tam tdng, tii diic", va cham sdc gia dinh Vi vay, xa hoi phong kien Nhat Ban cung coi ngudi nam gidi mdi cd vi tri cao, tham gia vao cae cong viec Idn vao sir nghiep va hgc hanh Trong cae gia dinh, ngudi bd luon la chu nhan va quyet dinh mgi viec Ngudi phu nir chi la ngudi biet phuc tiing va tuan lenh Ciing chinh tur nhung quy dinh chat che nhu vay ma phu nir Nhat Ban cd tinh cam chiu rat cao Do nhirng quy dinh nhu vay, ma hg luon phuc tiing, tuan thu cham sdc chdng mot each can mSn Nhat Ban cd mot tuc le kha dac biet ggi la Omiai (xem mat trude cudi) Omiai la mot hinb thiic gidi thieu de ngudi eon trai va gai cd dip gap go, lam quen vdi dt tien den hdn nhan Trong thdi ki phong kien, ngudi eon gai khdng c6 quyen quyet dinh, lua chgn ngudi chdng cua minh Sau dam cudi theo kieu Omiai, ngudi gai bat dau cugc song mdi d nha chdng, noi ma cd bi gia dinh chdng coi nhu mot ngudi ngoai va chi cd chitc nang "cung cap ngudi thira tu" cho gia dinh nha chdng Nhirng ngudi phu nii" khdng the sinh duge trai se bi giri tra lai gia dinh hoac gia dinh se tinh chuyen nhan nudi Ngudi phu nu Nhat Ban phai hgc tap each cham sdc gia dinh nha chdng, cam chiu, dep bd cai tdi cua minh Cd the ndi, nhirng tu tudng Khdng giao va Nho giao da dat ngudi phu nir Nhat Ban, cung nhu nhirng phu nii d cae nude chiu anh hudng ciia van boa Trung Hoa vao vi tri thap xa hoi Hg luon mim cudi, nhung dang sau nu cudi tudng nhu "man nguyen a'y" la mot siic manh phi thudng Nhung dac diem xa hoi ay, vin luon va ton tai xa hoi Nhat Ban cho den Cho den tan trude thdi ky Minh tri Duy tan vi tri ciia ngudi dan dng cang duge cung cd va vai trd ciia ngudi phu nir cang phu thudc TCr sau su edng cua cdng cugc Minh tri Duy tan, va dac biet la sau chien tranh the gidi Ian thii bai, ngudi phu nir Nhat Ban dan dan cd them nhieu eo hoi lam viec, hgc hanh Ra't nhieu nhCng 730 etiinn sacti, cai cacti ve phap luat nham cai thien vi tri cua hg Giao due phd cap vao nam 1873 da tao budc ngoat ddi song van hoa cua ngudi phu nii Nhat Ban Rat nhieu nhung be gai dugc de'n trudng va it nhat la dugc hgc bet cap L Tuy vay, nha nude vln khdng no li;c dao tao hgc sinh nii bang hgc sinh nam Chinh chinh sach cua chinh phu cung neu rd rang nen dao tao cho hg nhflng nha ndi trg gidi (Ryosai kembo) (nhirng ngudi vg dam - ba me thdng minh) Sau chien tranh the gidi Ian thu: hai, su phu thudc vao hinb mau dao luat My nen dao luat ve phu nir ciia Nhat Ban cung tuong tu nhu d My Hien phap nam 1947 neu rd viec ca'm phan biet gidi tinh chinh tri, kinh te, quan he xa hdi Ben canh do, dao luat cung dugc ban hanh tren eo sd ciia su binh dang gidi tinh va ton trgng ca nhan Bd luat dan su cung khang dinh su binh dang giiia vg va chdng Trong giai doan can dai, phu nii Nhat Ban da dugc cai thien vi tri dang ke Song tren thuc te, khdng phai nhirng quy dinh nao cung dugc xa hdi gia trudng Nhat Ban chap nhan va thuc thi nghiem chinh Ngay nay, tudi ket hdn cua phu nir Nhat Ban tuong ddi cao Neu nhu nhiing nam 60, tudi trung binh ket hdn ciia hg la 24,4 thi den nam 1990 la 26,7 tudi va den hien la 30 tudi Do tudi ket hdn tang la sir chiing to ngudi phu nii da tham gia vao viec hgc tap, cae cdng viec nhu nam gidi Phu nir Nhat Ban luon tu quyet dinh cugc song ciia minh Hg ludn tan tam vdi cdng viec, ciing di hgc, tan tam vdi cdng viec nhu cae nam nien khac Xu hudng lam dep, mua sam, di du lich nude ngoai cang phat trien Hg da tao nen mot su "dot pha" ve each nghi ddi vdi phu nii xa hdi Nhat Ban hien dai Ngay ca cd cdng viec dn dinh, tim dugc ngudi yeu ly tudng hg cung khdng mudn ket hdn Chinh vi vay, d nhiing trung tam Idn ciia Nhat Ban ty le phu nii song doe than ra't cao Day chinh la van de ma chinh phu Nhat Ban ludn lo ngai Day cung chinh la nguyen nhan khien cho chinh phu Nhat Ban ludn lo ngai \6 tinh trang dan sd Nhat Ban cang bi gia di, ti le sinh cang giam 731 Ben canh nhung ngudi phu nir chgn Id'i song doc than, nhutig ngudi phu nii Nhat Ban khac ciing dugc hgc tap, di lam, va chgn duge nhiing ngudi ban ddi ly tudng Ngay nay, viec tim ban ddi cua phu nii Nhat Ban ciing dugc hien dai hon qua mang Internet, nhung cau lac bd ket ban Qua nhirng cugc di choi, da ngoai, rat nhieu cap ban tre da di den hdn nhan Day cung la nhiing sir thay ddi rd ret quan niem hdn nhan theo kieu Omiai truyen thdng Tuy vay, cho den nay, xa hdi Nhat Ban van ngam phan edng thien ehiic ciia ngudi phu nii la lam ndi trg, vi tri cua hg xa hdi chi la nhiing cdng dan hang hai, nen sau ket hdn hg van cd xu hudng d nha, cham sdc cai Ngudi dan dng se kiem tien de nudi dudng gia dinh Trong xa hdi ddi hdi ngudi phai ddc bet sire minh cho cdng viec, ngudi chdng, ngudi cha gia dinh se thudng xuyen vang nha hoac di lam ve mudn Vi vay, tat ca viec day dd cai, cham sdc viec nha se dd ddn vao ngudi phu nii Mot the he cae em be nhut nhat, thieu nhirng ban tinh manh me, ciing ran ciia ngudi cha dang cang xuat hien nhieu xa hdi Nhat Ban Ngay nay, rat nhi6u nhirng em be rat nbiit nhat va rat d6 bi treu trgc Chi vi nhiing truyen ban be treu trgc ma cd nhirng be trai da nhay qua cira sd tu tir, hay hanh ban Dd chinh la ket qua cua su phan cdng vi tri xa hdi Nhat Ban Mot va'n 66 dang bao dgng xa hdi Nhat Ban la tinh trang rat nhieu be gai Nhat Ban tham gia vao viec "ban dam" tren mang Tren cae ga, tau dien, bang quang cao ludn cd nhirng binh anh hgc sinh ca'p H, III ehup nhiing hinb anh sexy, kheu ggi Mot nhu"ng nguyen nhan dd la rat nhieu cd gai tre thieu su giao due cua ngudi cha da di vao dudng xau Rat nhieu sd hg da tam su rang chinh su bat binh vdi viec ngudi cha di lam ca lan dem va ngudi me ludn keu ca, phan nan ve cdng viec nha Viec phan cdng vi tri ngudi phu nii cham sdc cai xa hdi nhu vay se tao nen nhiing mat tich cue nhu giiip cho ngudi dan dng cd the viing tam tham gia cdng viec, bet Idng vdi cdng ty song no da sinh ra't nhieu nhung van de dang bao dgng 732 uninn pnu iNnai can cung ludn cd gang cai thien vi tri ciia ngUdi phu nir Nhat Ban xa hdi Hg cung tham gia vao cae phong trao hoa binh, phong trao cdng dan, tieu dung Nhat Ban cd ra't nhieu cae td chiic ludn cd lien he chat che vdi Lien doan cae td chiic phu nir Nhat Ban Cae td chiic ludn cd gang dam bao quyen Igi ciia ngudi phu nii ve mat luat phap, dac biet la binh dang hien phap 733 ... Nhat Ban qua kbii va hien dai Trong qua khii, vi tri eiia ngudi phu nir Nhat Ban da thay ddi ra't nhieu Ian lich sir, hg da dong gdp it nhieu lich sir Nhat Ban Trong tin ngudng Than dao, nii... Jito va Koken Hg ciing chinh la nhirng ngudi phu nir tao nen nhung "song gio" lich sir Nhat Ban Trong thdi ki Heian, mot dong van hgc nir luu da dong gdp dang ke vao nen van hoa Nhat Ban ChCi... coi ngudi nam gidi mdi cd vi tri cao, tham gia vao cae cong viec Idn vao sir nghiep va hgc hanh Trong cae gia dinh, ngudi bd luon la chu nhan va quyet dinh mgi viec Ngudi phu nir chi la ngudi