BAN VE TINH UU VIET CUA KY N A N G DOC CO PHE PHAN 061 v o l VIEC HOC NGOAI N G Q NGUYEN HOANG LAN Khoa Anh - DHNN Hd Ndi Gilo due Viet Nam dang hudng tdi mot xa hdi tri thflc vl tbdng tin vdi rat nbieu dac trung nhu: tbdng tin cd gil tri khdng dai, khdi lugng tbdng tin tang nbanh, ndi dung tbdng tin cing chuydn sau Bdi the, nen giao due ngly tu dat yeu d u mdi ngudi bgc phli the bien duge cli Ban nga cua minh qua nang lue phe phin, dinh gil nhin d c su vat bien tugng the gidi khich quan Tu phe phIn da tfl lau trd tbanh mot pham chit khdng the thieu cua nhflng ngudi thdi dai mdi Vay ta nen hieu khii niem "Tu phe phIn" nhu the nao? Crittical thinking is a technique for evaluating information and ideas, for deciding what to accept and believe Critical thinking involves reflecting on the validity of what you have read in light of your prior knowledge and understanding of the world (Dan Kurland) Ndi mot d e b khic, tu phe phIn la ky nang danh gil tbdng tin va d c y kien khae de tfl dd xlc dinh tbdng tin "sach" nhflng tbdng tin ed the tin cay va chap nhan dugc Ky nang ydu d u phai cd su ket hgp vdi vd'n hieu biet va kinh nghiem cua bin thin ve the gidi KhIi niem eo sd tren ddng vai trd lam nen tang cho nhflng hieu biet ve Dgc cd phe phIn - dd'i tugng nghien euu chinh ciia bli viet nay: Critical Reading is a type of reading that engages the critical thinking and problem-solving skills of students as they read It is an 333 active, engaged approach to reading that requyres students to interact with the material that is being read, not merely to "consume " it (Critical Reading Initiative http:llminerva.stkate.edulAeademiclcri.nsf) Dgc cd phe phIn la mot loai ky nang dgc ddi hdi ky nang tu phe phIn vl kha nang giai quyet van de d ngudi dgc Dd la mot d e b tie'p can mdi me va chu ddng vdi ky nang dgc va ddi hdi ngudi dgc phai cd su tuong tic chfl khdng don thuan chi II su tiep thu mot d e b phie'n dien gifla ngudi dgc va van bin dugc dgc Ndi mot d e b don thuin, neu so dd hoi khIi niem dgc theo hai hinh thflc nhu sau: '^fJocMngpai'^-^lJ Docs^u thi dgc cd phe phIn thudc hinh thflc thfl hai, giup cho ngudi dgc hieu van ban vl ren luyen tri nhd dai ban cua minh Nd dac biet him ich dd'i vdi viee bgc ngoai ngfl Theo 70% nhflng ngudi theo bgc ngoai ngfl tham gia dieu tra, dgc cd phe phIn II d e b dgc tdi uu nbat, dem lai nhflng ket qui vugt bac viec xfl ly ngudn tbdng tin vdi nhflng dac diem nhu tren Viec phat trien ky nang se tao dieu kien de cho mgi ngudi bgc cd the thich flng kip thdi vl khien cho viec bgc trd ndn de ding ban Ddi vdi nhflng sinh vien Trudng Dai hgc Ngoai ngfl - Dai bgc Qudc Gia Ha Ndi, nhflng gilo vien ngoai ngfl tuong lai, thi ky nang dgc cd phe phIn lai cd vai trd dac biet quan trgng: • Thfl nbat, Dai hgc la tu hgc va ky nang Dgc la co sd cho viec tu hgc Viec tu hgc se gap khd khan viec cbgn ngudn tai lieu tu hgc tfl sicb, bio, tap chi va gin day la blng edng eu Internet Neu sinh 334 vien biet dgc cd phe phan thi se gili quyet dugc khd khan dau tidn cua viec tu hgc - cbgn tai lieu tu hgc • Thfl hai, dgc cd phe phIn cdn la tidn de de ngudi sinh vien hoan tbien vd'n hieu biet cua minh tit d d c llnh virc khIc cua cudc song Biet phit trien ky nang nly, sinh vien ngoai ngfl se khdng chi don thuan gidi ngoai ngfl rieng ma cd vd'n hieu biet toan dien ve xa hdi eung nhu cudc sdng Ddi ngfl gilo vien se dugc hoan tbien ve chat lugng Day se II tin hieu ding mflng cho nen gilo due Viet Nam • Thfl ba, nhflng gilo vien day ngoai ngfl tuang lai neu cd ky nang dgc cd phe phIn cd the' truydn lai va phIt trien ky nang nhflng the he ngudi hgc tiep theo Ky nang dgc phe phan cdn giup cho edng viec giang day va truyen thu kien thflc hieu qua ban, cd quy cu ban va cung khien cho viec hgc cua hgc sinh dd dang ban, he tbdng hon Tuy nhien, thay dugc su uu viet cua dgc cd phe phIn mdi chi II budc diu de cbflng ta tao cho minh y thflc ren luyen ky nang Ngan ngfl Anh cd cau "Practice makes perfect" Ren luyen mdi la dudng tat yeu de ta cd dugc mot ky nang hoan hlo Tdi xin dugc de xuat d e budc ren luyen ky nang dgc cd phe phIn nblm giup nhflng ngudi yeu thich nghe thuat dgc ndi ehung va nhflng ngudi hgc ngoai ngfl ndi rieng ren luyen ky nang KI nang dgc cd phe phIn dugc hinh tbanh qua budc co ban nhu sau: - Budc Dgc ludt c/ua tdi lieu - Budc 2: Phan tieh bdi ednh - Budc 3: Dgt edu hdi de hieu vd nhd tdi lieu - Budc 4: Kiem tra Igi khd nang hieu vd ghi nhd cua ban than - Budc 5: Khdi qudt bd cue vd torn tat Igi tdi lieu - Budc 6: Ddnh gia cde ludn diem - Budc 7: So sdnh ddi chii'u cde ngudn tdi lieu cd liin quan Sau day la nhflng hudng din cu the cho tflng budc Budc 1: Doc ludt qua tai lieu Trudc di sau vao tim hieu nhflng dieu ma van ban mudn truyen 335 dat tdi cbflng ta, ngudi dgc cd tu phe phIn nen dgc ludt qua mot lln de xem: • Ndi dung bao quit cua toan bd van ban la gi? • Van ban dd dugc trinh bay theo bd cue nhu the nao? Cdng viec giup hinh tbanh ngudi dgc hieu biet ehung ve van bin, tfl dd tu dua nhflng du doln rieng cua minh, chuan bi so sinh vdi nhflng gi minh se dugc dgc van ban Ngudi dgc se tiet kiem dugc thdi gian dgc ludt qua tli lieu blng d e b di theo nhflng budc nhu sau: • Nghien cflu nhan de cua tai lieu, thudng thi nhan de la nod tap trung y chinh va khai quit y chinh cua toan bd van ban VI du nhu neu ta nhin vio mot bai bio cd nhan de "CIc yeu to cua boat ddng Idi ndi", ta cd the' biet dugc bai bio dd trinh bay ve d c yeu td cua boat ddng Idi ndi vl tim hieu mdi quan he cua d c yeu td dd blng d e b so sinh cbflng mot d e b bien cbflng • Xem xet d c tai lieu hudng din cd lien quan Mot van ban dugc bd trg blng d c bai viet ve gilo due thi khdng the trinh bay ve cdng nghiep vl nguge lai • Nhin ludt qua van ban de cd the nim dugc ndi dung bao quit cung nhu bd cue va be tbdng luan diem dugc trinh bay Den day ngudi dgc da cd dugc nhflng hieu biet ehung ve van bin, qui trinh dgc ludt ket thflc de chuyen sang qui trinh phan tieh bdi d n h Bude 2: Phan tieh bdi canh O giai doan nay, ngudi dgc bit dIu dat van ban vIo nhflng bdi d n h lich sfl, tieu sfl cua ban than vl nhflng bdi d n h ve Van hoi khIc Khi dgc bit cfl mot tai lieu nao, ngudi dgc cung khdng ndn suy xet ehung blng lang kinh chu quan cua minh Ngudi dgc khdng ndn dung nhflng dieu kien cua xa hdi bien tai ma hg dang sdng de dd'i chieu nhflng su kien da didn tfl trudc dd rlt lau Hg chi cd the hieu dugc mot tbdng tin m l tai lieu mudn truyen dat va tam quan trgng cua tbdng tin dd hg thue su dat cbflng vao nhflng dieu kidn lich 336 sfl cu the nhflng tinh hudng cu the De dgc dugc mot each cd phe phan, ngudi dgc can phai bdi d n h hda van ban va nhan biet phan biet dugc nhflng su kbic gitta nhflng quan niem tfle thdi vdi nhflng quan niem da ton tai trudc nd mot khoang thdi gian Ngudi dgc ettng phai vach dinh rd rang gitta y kien rieng cua hg vdi nhttng y tudng van bin trinh biy de cd the nhin nhan su viec mot d e b khach quan nbat, "phe phan" nbat Chang ban nhin vIo van bin sau: "Bao gid cho den thdng ba Ech cdn cd ran tha ngodi ddng " neu ngudi dgc khdng tim hieu bdi d n h cua cau ca dao tren se din den quan niem sai llm ve mot bien tugng tu nhien: ech cin cd rin Ngudi dgc phai tim hieu de biet dugc ring day la mot the loai ca dao ndi nguge, mgi bien tugng dugc trinh bay ca dao nguge ddu phli dugc hieu nguge lai, dd la mot net van hoi rieng kho tang van hgc dan gian Viet Nam Qui trinh tim ket luan nly chinh la qui trinh bdi d n h boa van ban ma ehung ta dang nghien cflu Budc 3: Dat cau hoi de hieu va nhd tai lieu Tiep den se la qui trinh di sau vao tim hieu ndi dung van ban thdng qua he tbdng cau bdi Sinh vien cbflng ta da qui quen vdi viec dugc gilo vien dat d c cau hdi bd mdn dgc hieu Cach gilo vien dat cau hdi thudng td hieu qua bdi nd giflp sinh vidn hieu rd hon ve van de dugc trinh bay vl dua nhflng phIn bdi tieh cue Tuy nhien, neu ngudi dgc thue su mudn nIm van bin mot d e b sau xa ban thi tot nbat la hg nen tu dat d c cau hdi cho rieng minh tfl lln dau tien tiep xflc vdi van ban Ngudi dgc cd the ap dung chien luge vdi mgi loai van ban, nbung dd'i vdi nhflng van ban trinh bay ly thuyet trflu tugng thi d c cau hdi nen dugc dat sau mdi y hay mdi doan van ban nbat dinh Mot van de ma ngudi dgc cung nen luu y la d c cau hdi phai tap trung vao d c y Idn chfl khdng phai la d c cau hdi cho d c thdng tin de minh boa hay d c thdng tin qua chi tiet ciia van ban Neu ngudi dgc chi tap trung vao d c thdng tin cu the thi d c thdng tin se trd ndn vun vat, ghep ndi, va dgc cd phd phIn se khdng phat buy dugc muc dich ciia minh 337 Dd'i vdi mot doan van ban nhu sau: "Nghe thuat chinh Id chii'c chia khod khai md nhdng gi ggi Id huyen bi thiing liing cua cudc sdng ngUdi, vi thi' nd ed khd nang phdt trien tinh cam, md rgng tri tudng tugng, phdt huy dc nhan thdc chinh xde vdi nhdn tinh, vdi cudc ddi Song su thudng ngogn mang dam nit ed tinh cua ngUdi dgc vd thudc vdo kinh nghiem tham my cua mdi ngUdi." NEN dat cac cau hdi Vai trd cua nghe thuat la gi? KHONG NEN dat cac cau hdi Chie'c chia khoa khai md nbung gi ggi la buydn bi thieng lieng cua cudc sdng ngudi dugc hieu nhu the' nao? Tai nghe thuat Nghe thuat khai md nhiing gi ddi sdng lai cd vai trd ay? ngudi? Cac tinh chat cua su Su thudng ngoan la gi? thudng ngoan? (Phuang phdp tii'p nhdn tde phdm van hgc, 1998, Tr 33) Budc 4: Kiem tra lai kha nang hieu va ghi nhd ciia ban than Ngudi dgc da cd dugc mot vd'n hieu biet nbat dinh ve van ban sau dat xong d c cau hdi va tu tim cau tri Idi cho ridng minh Cd the ndi ngudi dgc da hoan thinh xong giai doan dgc Chuyen sang giai doan phe phIn, ngudi dgc bit dIu blng viec kiem tra lai su phIn hdi cua minh dd'i vdi van bin ddng thdi kiem tra nang ghi nhd cua ban than Nhflng thdng tin ml ngudi dgc ghi nhan dugc cd the se trd tbanh nhflng thfl thich dd'i vdi nhflng nidm tin va ly tudng hg da cd tfl trudc, thfl thich vdi d nhflng gi hg hinh dung ve tinh hinh thue tai va vi the cua hg Bdi vi the, hg cIn tuan thu nhflng bude sau day: • Khi dgc van bin lln dIu tien, ngudi dgc nen dinh dau vao nhflng luan diem ma hg thay khIc vdi nhflng quan niem va niem tin cua chinh minh • Chu thich lai nhflng gi hg d m nhan ve ndi dung dd, va nhirng diem khdng tuong ddng gifla ndi dung dd vdi quan didm sin cd cua hg • Dgc lai nhflng dieu ghi chu va tim nguyen nhan cua su khac 338 nhau, giai thich su khac dd va tdng ket lai quan diem dung din nhl't, neu d n thi dieu chinh lai niem tin, quan niem ciia minh Budc 5: Khai quat bd' cue va torn tat lai tai lieu budc nay, ngudi dgc dinh hinh lai d c y chinh da dugc trinh bay va dflng Idi le cua minh de didn dat lai Bude khIi quit lai bd cue va tdm tit tai lieu dac biet phIt huy hieu qui viec giup ngudi dgc hieu ndi dung va d u true cua tai lieu ma hg da cbgn Viec khIi quit bd cue se tli bien lai d u true cua van bin va viec tdm tit lai se be thdng lai d c luan diem chinh KhIi quit bd cue ddi cd the dugc trien khai qua trinh chu thich van ban hoac cd the duge trien khai mot d e b rieng re Dieu quan trgng ma ngudi dgc d n chfl y thue bien khIi quit bd cue hay tdm tit II phai phan biet dugc luan diem vdi luan cfl va luan cbflng CIc luan diem hinh tbanh nen bd khung dan y, ngudi viet dua vIo bd kbung de them d c y tao tbanh mot bai viet holn chinh Hon the nfla, khIi quit lai bd cue ngudi dgc nen su dung ngdn ngfl cua rieng hg chfl khdng nen dung Idi le cua tic gil Tdm tit se dugc thue bien bit dIu blng viec ghi lai bd cue nbung thay blng viec chi don thuIn liet ke lai d c y chinh, qui trinh tdm tit se tdng ket lai d c y dd va ket hgp cbflng lai de hinh tbanh mot van bin mdi Khac vdi budc khIi quit bd cue holn toan phu thudc vao van ban, budc tdm tit ddi hdi phli cd su tdng hgp sing tao Khi ngudi dgc biet sip xep lai d c y theo hieu biet cua minh mot d e b cd dgng hon chinh la hg da phIt huy dugc uu the vugt trgi cua ky nang dgc cd phe phln Budc 6: Danh gia cac luan diem Day la budc ngudi dgc kiem tra lai tinh xlc thue, dung din, tinh logic va nhflng hieu flng ma thdng tin mang lai Ta't d d c tic gia tao nen mot tic pham nao dd deu cd ging thuyet phuc ngudi dgc tin vao nhflng luan diem ma hg dua Vi the, mot ngudi dgc cd tu phe phln nen td sing sud't tiep nhan thdng tin Ngudi dgc khdng ndn tin vao nhflng thdng tin be mat, ma nen nhin nhan ehung nhu la mot luan diem d n phai xlc minh lai Mot luan diem thudng bao gdm hai phln chinh: phln nhan dinh va phan giai thich ^39 Phln nhan dinh dua mot ket luan - mot y tudng, mot quan niem, mot Idi nhan xet dinh gil ml ngudi viet mudn ngudi dgc chap nhan Cdn phan gili thich dua nhflng ly (nhflng quan niem gin gid'ng nhu vay) vl din cbflng (sd lieu, thue te ) de thuyet phuc ngudi dgc tin vIo nhan dinh dd Khi dinh gil mot nhan dinh, ngudi dgc cung di theo mot chu trinh nhu ngudi viet: gili thich, tim nguyen nhan, can nhic mflc tin cay cua thdng tin Ngudi dgc phli xem xet d c din cbflng vl mflc phuc vu cho luan diem cua d c din cbflng trudc quyet dinh cd nen tin vIo nd hay khdng Bude 7: So sanh dd'i chieu eae ngudn tai lieu ed lien quan CIc tic gil viet d c tic pham deu cd ehung mot mdi quan tam tdi su viec dugc trinh bay nhflng hg trinh bay d nhirng khia canh khIc va nhin nhan theo nhflng cich khIc Vi the, de cd duge mot cli nhin toan dien ban ve van de minh quan tam, ngudi dgc nen tim hieu d c bai viet cd Uen quan: d c bai viet cflng chu de, cung llnh vuc Ngudi dgc cd the tim hieu d c bai biet cua d c tic gia khIc cflng nghien ciru mot van de bay d c tic pham cua cflng mot tic gia d c giai doan khIc Sau dd vdi tu phe phln cua minh, ngudi dgc cd the so sinh dd'i chieu vl tu hinh tbanh kien thflc nen ehung cho minh tfl ket qui tdng hgp cua nbieu ngudn tai lieu khIc Sau ngudi dgc cd hinh dung khIi quit ve d c bude dgc cd phe phln, cbflng tdi xin dua mot vi du nhu sau de tai bien lai d c budc giflp ngudi dgc thue hinh d c budc hg vfla dgc Kit luan: Thue tidn nghien cflu cho thay sinh vien Viet Nam ndi rieng va ngudi hgc ngoai ngfl Viet Nam ndi ehung chua cd y thflc ve ky nang dgc cd phe phln hoac chua quan tam dflng muc tdi ky nang Dd chinh II ly phln Idn nhflng ngudi nly khdng yeu thich mdn dgc Blng cIch tdng hgp nbieu phuong phap nghien cflu khac nhau, bai nghien cflu cua tdi da di sau ngbidn ciJu ve ky nang dgc cd phe phln viec hgc ngoai ngfl cua sinh vien nam thfl nhlt Bai nghien cflu da chi thue trang Ip dung ky nang dgc cd phe phln, nghien cflu nhflng khd khan cua viec Ip dung va cung de nhflng gili phip thie't thue giflp phIt trien ky nang dgc cd phe phln sinh vien Tdi rat hi vgng ring nghien cflu cua tdi se gdp phln d i tbien tinh hinh Ip dung ky nang dgc cd phe phln sinh vien, giflp sinh vien 340 y thflc hon ve tam quan trgng va vai trd cua dgc cd phe phln ddi vdi d e ky nang khIc cua bd mdn ngoai ngfl, de viec tu hgc cua hg cd hieu qua hon va tieh cue ban Tai lieu tham khao Aebersold, J.A va Field M.A, From reader to reading teacher, 1997 CoUoins N.D., Teaching critical reading through literature, 1996 Hoing Van Van, Phdt Men vd bdi dudng nang khii'u ngogi ngu, Tap chi Khoa hgc, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, 2003 Jones, L., Let's talk 1, Nxb Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, 2002 Krai, T Creative classroom activities, 1989- 1993 MacAndrew, R., English observed, 1991 Nguydn Lan Trung, Tii'ng me de mot md hinh gidng day ngogi ngU, Tap chi Khoa hgc, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, 2003 Nguydn Phuong Sflu, Yi'u td van hda dgy, hgc vd ddnh gid ndng lue ngogi ngd Tap chi Khoa hgc, Dai hgc Qudc gia, HI Ndi, 2003 Nguydn Thanh Hflng, Hieu vdn - dgy vdn, Nxb Gilo due, 2000 10 Nguydn Thi Thanh Huong, Phuong phdp tii'p nhdn tde phdm vdn hgc a trudng phd thdng trung hgc, Nxb Gilo due, 1998 Nguon tham khao dien tu Smith W, Critical Reading Initiative bttp://minerva.stkate.edu/Academic/cri.nsf, 14/5/2004 Kurland D, Reading and Writing Ideas as well as words, www.criticalreading.com, 14/5/2004 Kurland D, How the language really works: The fundamentals of Critical Reading and Effective Writing, www.criticalreading.com 14/5/2004 341