Trong giai doan dau len nam chinh quyen, Tdng thd'ng Chavez da phai trai qua thdi ky dat nUdc cd de'n tren 50% dan so' sd'ng trong canh ngheo ddi cung ciic. Tuy nhien, cho de'n nay T[r]
(1)fai i-Mrl-j uo'.) u.' jrs'jiun loril [;fi3 r a n j^in ash{/\
CHINH SACH PHAT TRIEN XA HOI CUA
>') O.GVy v '
VENEZUELA: NHIEM VU VA KET QUA
( • • , I f f i o i nrn:) ^'^'.Q
,0 i f f Hfnfrrf c.t'o ,(r,rf.7 idb nbrf OBO uairiq OE tdv
nsodA HiABP.o'/l leunfiM f^l • H,^QM nv I Gidi thieu c h u n g ^/^v i i
Venezuela la nUdc cd dien tich Idn thU bay trcng khu viic My Latinh vdi 912.050 km^, thu dd la phd Caracas Dan sd' tinh de'n thang 12/2008 la 28.091.383 ngUdi, dd td'c dp tang trUdng dan sd' trung binh 1,6%/nam va khdlng 50%) dan sd'dudi tudi \ Dieu chvfng td Venezuela la mdt nUdc cd dan so tre Theo Tdng dieu tra dan sd' nam 2001, khoang 90% dan sd' Venezuela sd'ng tai cac khu vUc dd thi, dd phd' Idn nhat la Caracas cd khoang 3,2 trieu ngUdi Dat nUdc cd ngudn thu nhap chii yeu tii s i n xuat cdng nghiep va dIu md vdi GDP nam 2008 la 313 ty USD Tinh rieng nam 2008, san xuat cdng nghiep nhU sit, thep, giay, da gily, cua Venezuela chie'm khoang 16%, nganh cdng nghiep dau chiem khoang 30%, trien vpng kinh te tai day van phu thupc vao gia dIu va xuat khau dIu md Ben canh svf phat trien manh me cua nen cdng nghiep thi nganh ndng nghiep ciing ddng gdp khoang 4% ty trpng GDP cua ca nUdc Td'c dp tang trUdng hang nam tinh de'n 2008 la 4,8%, thu nhap binh quan dau ngUdi 11.207 USD, nhien binh quan thu nhap dIu ngUdi tai nUdc khdng ddng deu, gay svf bat binh ding Idn trdng t i n g Idp dan cU Hien nay, Venezuela van la mdt nha cung cap dau md hang dau tren the gidi va
yno 'iO,fJ0 fOD
, n f i b iiyuju! 8ij:)
•J^fv 01^;^ Rft Nghiem Thi Thuy .'jiJO d:n:f (i>( Vien Nghien ciiu Chdu My
.! ' O TT t
xuat khau cac san pham lien quan tdi dIu md dén Hoa Kỵ Vi vay, dIu md đng vai trd rat quan trpng svf phat trien cvia dat nUdc Venezuela, nd chiu tac đng ciia gia dIu tren the gidi va nen kinh te de hi tdn thUdng hdn neu dIu hi trUdt giậ Dieu dUdc the hien vao nhiing nam dIu cua the ky XX, dIu md da mang lai svf thinh vUdng cho dat nUdc, GDP tang cao, thu hiit đng ngUdi nhap cU tU cac qud'c gia khac nhU Nam Au, Tay Ban Nha, Bd Dao Nha, v& mdt sd' qud'c gia ngheo cua chau My dén Venezuela sinh sd'ng va lam viec Cho tdi nhiing nam 1980, gia dIu md sut giam da khién cho nen kinh te Venezuela lam vao tinh trang khiing hoang sau sac Tien te hi mat gia cang lam cho cudc sd'ng ciia ngUdi dan hi thap Mdt loat chinh sach kinh te bi that bai, mau thuan chinh tri bvmg nd da day Venezuela bUdc vao thdi ky khiing hoang sau sac, hai cudc dao chinh cung xay mdt thdi gian ngan vao nam 1992 va thang 12/20021
(2)khie'n ngUdi dan khdng the tham gia vao cac hoat dpng kinh te va chinh tri Miic dp nghep ddi cao da lam giam niem tin cua nhan dan vdi td chvfc Dan chu ciia Venezuela TrUdc tinh hinh dd, Tdng thd'ng Chavez hvfa se thay ddi cudc sd'ng cua ngUdi dan, chinh quyen se tham gia vao viec chd'ng ddi ngheo mdt each tich ciic, tie'p tuc tap trung vao phat trien kinh te va xa hdi dam bao quyen Idi che tat ca mpi ngUdi dan Venezuela Cho den nay, Idi hvfa da va dang dUdc thvfc hien vdi nhieu ten gpi khac
NhUng dac trUng cd ban trdng mpt vai nam g i n day cua Venezuela la tinh trang cang thang chinh tri va tinh hinh bat dn xa hdi, vdi sii phan chia sau sac giiia ben iing hd va ben khdng ung hd Chinh phu Chavez Ndi bat la gidi chu nghia tU ban, dac biet la cac cdng ty d I u tU nhan da phan ddi nhiing thay ddi Chinh phu cua Tdng thd'ng Hugo Chavez, ma dinh cao la viec hp ddng cvfa hang loat doanh nghiep d I u khi, khie'n kinh te Venezuela lam vao khung hoang Dieu mdt phan ciing anh hUdng tdi cudc sd'ng ciia ngUdi dan
Trong nam 2003, chinh quyen ciia dng da thie't lap mdt chUdng trinh cd ten "NhiJng n h i e m vu xa hoi
-Social Missions" ChUdng trinh
cd nhiem vu theo dudi cac chinh sach giai quyet tinh trang ngheo ddi va cac van de xa hdi Ndi dung bao gom nhUng van de nhU:
Nhiem vu giao due Nhiem vu van hda
Nhiem vu y te '• H ri,'>j) Nhiem vu phat trien kinh te - xa hdi Nhiem vu mdi trUdng
Nhiem vu an ninh lUdng thvfc va phat trien ndng thdn
Nhiem vu ve nha d ••.••;.'T
Trong mdi nhiem vu cdn chia lam nhieu nhiem vu nhd de thvfc hien mdt each cd hieu qua Vdi nhiing ket qua budc d I u thu dUdc tvf chUdng trinh va dUdc svf iing hd ciia ngUdi dan, Tdng thd'ng Chavez da tai die cvf vdi so' phieu cao hdn ddi thii ciia minh la Manuel Rosales khoang 2/3 (62,9% va 36,9%)^
II Van de p h a t t r i e n xa hoi Thdi ky dau dng Chavez mdi nham chiic tdng thdlig, liic dd d Venezuela tinh t r a n g bat binh dang xa hdi dang d miic khdng the vUdt qua dUdc Nam 1999, gan mdt nvfa dan sd' Venezuela (43%) sd'ng d mvfc ngheo ddi, quyen liic, svf giau cd tap trung vao tay mpt so' ngUdi chii yeu la nhUng dng chii cd Hen quan tdi dau md Liic nay, Tdng thd'ng Chavez cho rang, ngudn Ivfc tvf d I u md cd the cai thien tinh t r a n g ngheo ddi va bao dam phiic Idi cho mpi ngUdi dan Ong da svf dung hang chuc ty USD Idi n h u a n thu dUdc tvf dau md de tien hanh cac Nhiem vu xa hdi Ke hoach phat trien xa hdi da dUdc chinh quyen Chavez dat giai doan 2001-2007, va xac dinh nhiing thach thvfc se gap phai dd la:
Svf d n thie't da dang hda nen kinh te Ddi phd vdi thach thiic xa hpi va ty le ngheo ddi gia tang
Tvf nam 2003, cac Nhiem vu xa hdi dUdc thie't lap vdi muc tieu cai thien viec tie'p can nen giao due chat lUdng, thvfc pham, dich vu cham sdc svfc khde, nudc sach, cd sd tang va cac dich vu cd ban
(3)Chi phi phat trien xa hdi c u a V e n e z u e l a (USD)" N a m
2003 2004 2005 2006
Tong so'
Chi phi (USD)
249.000.000 1.240.000.000 6.910.000.000 13.260.000.000
21.700.000.000
Nguon: Van phong Thong tin Venezuela, 2008
Nhiing chi phi xa hdi cang gia tang theo cap so' nhan va cd them nhieu nhiem vu de dap vfng cho cudc sd'ng ciia ngUdi dan
Hien nay, tai Venezuela da cd 25 nhiem vu, nhU bac ve mdi trUdng, van hda, cac dvf an xda ddi giam nghec, y te, gild due, Cu the nhU sau:
1 Cham sdc siic khde toan dan
Nhiem vu dIu tien la cham sdc svfc khde cho cdng ddng, hay cdn dUdc gpi la Nhiem vu Barrio Adentro: Mdt nen kinh te trpng diem phai cd svf cai thien Idn ve he thd'ng y te Theo Dieu 83 Hien phap nam 1999, Chinh phii Venezuela phai cd trach nhiem dam bao cho ngUdi dan cd the tie'p can dUdc he thdng y te Nam 1998, Venezuela chi cd 1.628 bac si, sd'lUdng khdng dii de dap vfng nhiem vu cham sdc svfc khde cho toan dan nen Chinh phii da phai quay sang nhd svf giiip dd cua dpi ngii bac sy Cuba Sau dd, Chinh phii Cuba da cvf khoang 20.000 bac si sang Venezuela de cung cap dich vu kham chUa benh mien phi cho ngUdi dan ndi day Venezuela da lap hang ngan uy ban cham sdc svfc khde cdng ddng de tien hanh khao
sat va xac dinh nhu d u ciia tvfng khu vvfc, tvf dd dUa ke hoach toan dien n h I m cai thien cudc sd'ng va svfc khde cho ngUdi dan
Theo thdng tin tvf Td chiic Y te My PAN, ke tvf nam 2003, dpi ngu bac sy tai Venezuela da tien hanh tU van sUc khde mien phi cho khoang 40 trieu lUdt ngUdi dan, ngoai cac chuyen gia y te da td chvfc rat nhieu hoat ddng giao due tap trung n h I m nang cao nhan thvfc cai thien dinh dUdng va ngan ngvfa cac hanh vi nguy cd cao lien quan tdi dinh dUdng Hien tai nUdc nay, cd 1.600 tram y te' va cung cap cho ngUdi dan dich vu cham sdc siic khde mien phi
Vdi nhiem vu cao ca nay, tinh de'n thang 4/2008 he thd'ng cham sdc y te cdng ddng da cvfu giiip cho khoang 80 nghin benh nhan va qua dd ciing dao tao he thd'ng bac si cdng ddng de cham sdc svfc khde cho nhan dan^ Ngoai ra, tinh de'n thang 4/2007, Venezuela Cling da dao tao dUdc 2.000 bac si dam trach nhiem vu
De hoan thien nhiem vu cham sdc siic khde cho ngUdi dan, Chinh phii da dIu tu xay dvfng cac trung tam cdng nghe cao, trung tam chan doan, trung tam phuc hdi chvfc nang
(4)B i e u 1: Ty le d a n so tiep can dich v u c h a m sdc siic k h o e
55 70
60 50 40 30 20 10
•
Nam 1985
^ „ _.,
^am 1996 Nam 2002
^
Nguon: UNDP Report, 2005
Va g i n day, Chinh phu da dUa nhiem vu tie'p theo la hien dai hda he thd'ng benh vien qud'c gia b I n g each cap nhat cdng nghe y te, tan trang, cai thien va md rdng cd sd t i n g tai benh vien • ; r
2 Cung cap the thdng tin ca nhan thuc day cii tri tham gia bau cii
Chinh sach dUdc dUa vao t h i n g 10/2003, b i t d i u hoat ddng chinh thiic vao nam 2004 va dUdc thUc hien vdi sU giiip dd cua Cue Nhan dang va Nhap cii (ONIDEX) Nhiem vu dUa n h I m thvfc hien Dieu 56 cua Hien phap Venezuela
Vay thvfc chat cua nhiem vu la gi? Day dUdc coi la mdt nhiem vu Idn lao nhIm cung cap cho nhUng cdng dan cvia Venezuela the can cUdc, dd ghi dly du thdng tin ca nhan Nhiem vu dUdc thiic hien d hai giai doan, giai doan dIu vao t h i n g 10/2003 va giai doan hai dUdc thvfc hien d nvfa dIu nam 2006 Trong khoang thdi gian nay, cd khoang 18 trieu ngUdi dUdc nhan the can cUdc hpac dUdc cap nhat thdng tin ca nhan, dd cd 5,5 trieu ngUdi la ngUdi Venezuela
Viec cung cap the can cUdc hay cdn gpi la the thdng tin ca n h a n da lam gia tang ngUdi dan t h a m gia b l u cvf dac biet la bau c^ tdng thd'ng Dieu the hien r a t rd nhU: nam 2000 cd 11 trieu cvf tri Venezuela dang ky tham gia b l u cii nhUng thvfc chat chi cd hdn mpt nvfa (6 trieu) t h a m gia vap cudc tham dd y kien Nam 2004, cd 14 trieu ngUdi dang ky t h a m gia bau cvf va cd trieu ngUdi t h a m gia tham dd y kien Qua dd cho thay bvfc tranh chung ve viec t h a m gia b l u cvf tdng thd'ng d Venezuela cd thay ddi, giam tif 43,6% so' lUdng cvf tri khdng tham gia vao cudc t h a m dd b l u cvf tdng thd'ng vao nam 2000 xud'ng cdn 30,1% vao nam 2004 Va de'n t h a n g 12/2006 da chi mpt dieu chUa tvfng cd lich svf b l u cvf Tdng thd'ng tai Venezuela, gan 75% so' cvf tri tai day tham gia b l u cvf
3 Doi mdi svf n g h i e p giao due va dao t a o
(5)de nay, Chinh phii da cd nhieu chUdng trinh hd trd giao due, nhU mien hpc phi chp hpc sinh va trd cap them cac khdln sinh hoat phi de khuye'n khich tre em tdi trUdng
Nhiem vu giao due (cdn dUdc gpi la Nhiem vu Robinson) dUdc thie't lap tii nam 2003 vdi muc tieu xda nan mii chu, cung cap che ngUdi dan, dac biet la cac cdng dan tren 15 tudi nhUng ky nang thie't yeu, biet dpc, biet viet va biet ky ten ciia minh Nhiem vu Robinson dUdc bat dIu thi diem vao 23/5/2003 tai phd' Caracas ciing nhu nhieu tieu bang ddng dan cU khac cua Venezuela Va nd da thu dUdc nhUng ket qua dang kinh ngac la, cd tdi
1,6 trieu cdng dan nUdc da dUdc day dpc va day viet, nang ty le biet dpc, biet viet tai day len tdi 96%l TrUdc
tinh hinh dd, Td chiic Lien hiep qud'c ve Giao due, Khoa hpc va Van hda (UNESCO) da hoan nghenh nhUng nd liic ciia Venezuela va keu gpi cac qud'c gia cung tham gia de dat dUdc Muc tieu Phat trien thien nien ky
Ben canh nhiem vu Robinson cdn cd nhiem vu Rivas n h I m cung cap he thd'ng giao due phd thdng cho nhUng ngUdi trUdc dd chUa cd dieu kien de hoan chUdng trinh trung hpc phd thdng Tinh de'n thang 6/2006, tai Venezuela cd 943.000 ngudi tham gia tich ciic vao hoat ddng va cd 168.253 ngudi da td't nghiep trung hpc phd thdng^°
Nhiem vu Sucre cap hpc bdng cho sinh vien dai hpc de khuye'n khich ngUdi dan de'n trUdng, nang cao trinh dd dan tri
Bieu 2: Phd' cap giao due Tieu hoc va Trung hoc cd sd
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Nam 1991 Nam 2002 Nam 2008
Nguon: UNDP Report, 2005
Muc tieu phd cap giao due ciia Venezuela da dUdc coi la cdng Idn, sd' dUdc tang deu dan, cu the la d cap trung hpc tang tii 19% (nam 1991) len 57% (nam 2002), va sd ngUdi da tham gia phd cap giao due tieu hpc dat 91% (nam 2008)"
Theo bao cao ciia UNDP (To chiic phat trien Lien hiep qud'c) nam 2005, Venezuela la nUdc xep thii 58 ve phat trien ngUdi^^
(6)CO t i m quan trpng anh hUdng tdi svf phat trien dat nUdc • ^
4 Dam bao an n i n h Ivfdng thi^c
De loai bd tinh trang ddi ngheo cvmg ciic cila ngUdi dan, Chinh phii Venezuela da xay dvfng mdt chUdng trinh trd cap lUdng thvfc, thvfc pham ChUdng trinh tien hanh phan phdi nhiing thvfc pham chat lUdng cao va hang hda vdi gia thap, cung cap mien phi cac dich vu ndng nghiep de dap vfng nhu d u dinh dUdng hang cho ngUdi dan Ben canh dd, cac khu lUdng thvfc dUdc thie't lap de cung cap thvfc an mien phi cho nhUng ngUdi cd hoan canh khd khan nhat
Theo tieu chuan cua Vien Dinh dUdng Qud'c gia Venezuela dat la mdi ngUdi dan phai cd dii 2.600calo/ngay" ChUdng trinh trd cap lUdng thvfc, thvfc pham ciing tap trung tie'p can nhUng cdng ddng thd dan va khu viic ndng thdn qua mang ludi nhUng ngUdi di cU hoac dpi ngii lai xe tai van chuyen hang hda va thvfc p h i m tdi nhUng ndi cd dia hinh hiem trd cung cap mien phi hoac ban hang vdi gia phai chang de ngUdi dan cd the tie'p can dUdc nhUng hang hda thiet yeu
Trong nam 2005, chUdng trinh trd cap lUdng thvfc da tiep can khoang 67% tdng sd' dan cU tren ca nUdc va nam 2006 la % " Hdn trieu cdng dan Venezuela dUdc hudng chUdng trinh phiic Idi xa hdi vdi mang ludi phan phdi len de'n 6000 diem.^^
Thanh cdng cua nhiem vu la da gdp phIn dang ke vao viec giam ty le suy dinh dUdng tre em tai Venezuela tvf 21% nam 1998 xud'ng cdn 4% nam 2007
III KET LUAN
Trong giai doan dau len nam chinh quyen, Tdng thd'ng Chavez da phai trai qua thdi ky dat nUdc cd de'n tren 50% dan so' sd'ng canh ngheo ddi cung ciic Tuy nhien, cho de'n Tdng thd'ng cung vdi cac vien ndi cac da Mp tren 20 Quy dIu tu cua Chinh phu cd ten la "Nhiing nhiem vu Xa hdi - Social Missions" de cai thien chat lUdng cudc sd'ng ciia ngUdi dan va cvmg vdi svf tham gia cua chinh ban than cdng ddng dia phUdng
Sau nam nam thvfc hien "NhUng nhiem vu Xa hpi" dUdc Nha nUdc tai trd thdng qua cac ChUdng trinh xa hdi dUdc tien hanh d tat ca cac vvmg mien tren khap dat nUdc Venezuela, nhUng nhiem vu da dem lai ket qua td't dep Tinh tdi thdi diem nay, Venezuela da giam dUdc 54% so' hd gia dinh sd'ng canh ngheo ddi ciing ciic'® va 62,3% hd gia dinh ngheo ddi nhan dUdc Idi ich tvf cac Nhiem vu xa hdi'^
Ty le t h a t nghiep giam tvf 13,9% nam 2000 xud'ng cdn 8,3% vao t h i n g 6/2007, day la so' thap nhat mdt thap ky cua dat nUdc Venezuela
Thanh cdng Idn n h a t hien cua Venezuela ndi rieng va cua cac nUdc My Latinh ndi chung la ngUdi dan cam thay "dUdc la chinh minh", hp cd quyen cdng dan va cd the cung hdp siic de cai thien cudc sd'ng cua chinh ban than hp Chinh vi vay, hp s i n sang xud'ng dUdng dau t r a n h de bid ve cac t h a n h qua cai each va tie'p tuc ung hd viec cai each dat nUdc dd
(7)Nhufng ket qua dat difdc tii N h i e m vu Xa hdi
N h i e m vu
Nhiem vu Giao due I Nhiem vu Giao due II Nhiem vu Ribas Nhiem vu Mercal Nhiem vu Zamora Nhiem vu Miracle Nhiem vu Che Guevaza
Ket qua
1.600.000 ngUdi biet chut
341.900 ngUdi Idn tham gia phd cap giao due tieu hoc 450.500 ngUdi Idn hoan chUdng trinh giao due trung hoc
11 trieu ngUdi dUdc hudng Idi tU chUdng trinh trd cap thiic pham
10,2 trieu ngUdi dUdc cap lai rupng dat
1 trieu ngUdi mu hoac khiem thi dUdc phuc hdi thi lUc thong qua chUdng trinh phau thuat mat mien phi
670.000 ngUdi dUdc dao tao nghe va ky nang kinh doanh 10.000 doanh nghiep dUdc lap
Nguon: Van phong Thong tin Venezuela Thanh cdng Idn nhat chinh sach phat trien xa hdi ciia Tdng thd'ng Chavez la cudc sd'ng ciia ngUdi dan dUdc nang cao, bat binh dang xa hdi giam va chinh quyen ciia dng dUdc svf ddng thuan cvia cvf tri ca nUdc
Ben canh nhUng cdng dat dUdc thi van cdn nhUng diem d n phai lUu y, dd la:
- NgUdi dan phu thupc vao nhUng chUdng trinh trd cap ciia chinh phii
- Nen kinh te, xa hdi, chinh tri phu thupc vao nen cdng nghiep dIu md Dieu gi se xay neu gia dIu thap? Va nen kinh te lam vao tinh trang khiing hoang?
- Lien minh d m quyen, gom nhieu liic lUdng theo cac khuynh hudng chinh tri khac nhau, svf chd'ng ddi cua cac Ivfc lUdng ddi lap cdn manh me va dao chinh cd the lap lai?
Day chinh la bai toan khd de Chinh phii cua Tdng thd'ng H Chavez phai suy nghi n h I m dUa dat nUdc phat trien mdt each ben vUng • , , v,
' ' I.'I
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1 Article 56, Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
2 Bolivariana Agencia de Noticias, 7.2007
3 Embassy of the Bolivarian Rebubhc of the Venezuela,
Social Justice in Venezuela, 2008
4 Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ,
Social Justice in Venezuela: Fact Sheet"
9
Ibid, The Venezuelan Ecinomics in the Chavez Year, http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuel a_2007_07.pdf
http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/venezuela/csp http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela
IMF report, 1999
Javier Corrales, Using Social power to Balance Soft
Power: Venezuela Foreign Policy, 2009
10 Ministry of Popular Power for Food, 2006 Annual
Report
11 Reuters, Chavez officially re-elected with 63% of
Vote, 2006
12 Rickard Lanander, Venezuelan Leftist Paties in the
Era of Hugo Chavez Stockholm Review of Latin
American Studies, Issue No3, 12/2008
13 U'N'DF UNDP Report, 2005
14 UE, Country strategy Paper 2007-2013 15 Venezuela Information dffice, 2008
16 Venezuelan Nacional Institute of Nutrition,
Alimentacion para personas bajo pobreza extrema ,
March 2005
17 Venezuela's National Institute of Statistics 5, 2008, 18 Venezuela Information Office, Venezuela's Social
Missions: Improving the Lives of Millions, 2008
19 Venezuela Information Office, A Mission to End
Proverty State- Sponsored Social Programs in Venezuela, 2008
Chu thich:
1) http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela
2) http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/venezuela/csp 3) http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela
4) IMF report, 1999
5) Reuters, Chavez officially re-elected with 63% of Vote, 2006 6) Presentation "Logros Sociales" MPD
7) Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , "Social Justice in Venezuela; Fact Sheet"
8); 11); 12) UNDP Report, 2005
9) Social Justice in Venezuala, Embassy of the Bolivarian Rebublic of the Venezuela, 2008
10) Ibid, Boletin de Indicadores No.3, 7/2007
13) Ministry of Popular Power for Food, 2006 Annual Report
14) Ibid, The Venezuelan Economics in The Chavez Years, 7/2007 http://www.cepr.net/documents /publications/venezuela_2007_07.pdf
15) Venezuelan National Institute of Nutrition, March 2005, Alimentacion para personas bajo pobreza extrema
http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuel http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/venezuela/csp http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela http://www.cepr.net/documents