Qua nhflng so' lieu dflde cdng bd' tuy chfla diy dii tren bao chi My, qua cac cud'n sach cua cae tac gia My vie't ve va'n de kinh doanh ciia cic giao hdi da cho ta ed sd de danh gia [r]
(1)CAC CIAO HOI TON CIAO O HOA KY Vdl VAN DE KINH DOANH
^ ^ • ^ r o n g dieu kien eua nUde Hoa / I Ky, chinh ban than cac tdn giao ^ • i ^ da bien mot nganh cdng nghiep mang lai nhieu ldi nhuan cho gidi kinh doanh eua cac giao hdi\ Hoat ddng eua cac giao hdi My tham sau tinh t h i n kiem tien Dieu lien quan tdi ca cac giao hdi tdn giao truyen thd'ng nhU Cdng giio Tin Lanh giio Do Thai giao cung nhu cae td chflc tdn giao mdi
Nhflng ngfldi dai dien eua tu ban doe quyen My kiem soat triic tiep cae td chflc tdn giao, dflng tdn giao de phuc vu cho eac ldi ich giai cap cua hd Nguyen Chu tich Dang Cdng s i n My William Foster da vie't: 'Ve cd bin, cae giid bdi hi cac giao hflu giau cd va cic nha tfl b i n Idn kiem soit Cae giao hdi cung truyen ba the gidi quan tfl s i n va thfldng xuyen sif dung tdn giao n h i m phfl trd cho chii nghia tfl ban"^
Mdi lien be gifla cic td chflc tdn giao vdi cic td chflc tfl ban doe quyen d Hoa Ky dUdc thiic hien thdng qua nhflng ed quan dac biet Vi du,
Hdi lien hiep cdc nhd cdng nghiep qudc gia, ngfldi ta da lap Uy ban Hdp tdc vdi gido hdi Den Ifldt
minh, Uy ban lai lap hang tram eac Uy ban Hdp t i e vdi giao hoi d cic xi nghiep
Cae hoi nghi cua cae nha cdng nghiep, cac cuoc hop eudl nam eua cac tap doan, cac budi tdng ket eua cac cdng ty ed p h i n deu dflde b i t d i u bing thuyet giao va c i u nguyen Cac
TS Nguyen Van Dung Vien Nghien eiiu Ton Gido dai dien eua gidi kinh doanh My ludn b i n g moi each nha'n manh den tinh tdn giao cua minh Cac dng trflm tfl ban My ludn cd' g i n g he't sflc n h i m tang efldng dia vi va anh hfldng triic tiep cua giao hdi tdi ngfldi lao ddng cac xi nghiep cdng nghiep Nhieu nha may cd cac linh muc hay cic muc sfl chuyen lam cdng viec truyen giao cho cdng nhan Cae nha tfl b i n doe quyen rat quan tam tdi viec lam cho cang cd nhieu cdng nhan chiu anh hfldng eua eac td chflc tdn giio Chinh ban than ho cflng chiu anh hfldng va tin thee tdn giao, ludn quan tam tdi viec khac phue nhflng nhan td' kim ham sfl phat trien eua tdn giao hay lam suy yeu tdn giio
Khdng cd eon so' thd'ng ke chinh xac sd' ngfldi phue vu eac td chflc tdn giao d Hoa Ky Tuy nhien, theo sd' lieu cua Hdi ddng Qudc gia cdc gido hdi
My cdng bd' nam 1973 thi d nflde
ed 463.987 giao si Con sd' chfla phan anh day du va edn tha'p hdn thfle te, bdi vi khdng phai cac nhdm tdn giao nao cung thdng bao so' lieu giao si cho Hdi ddng Qudc gia cdc gido
hdi My Hdn nfla, so'thd'ng ke tren
(2)giao xfl giao khu, bd may ciia cae td chflc dang phdi tdn giao, dan tdc, eac td chflc hiep thdng Giao hdi Kitd giao, nhflng ngfldi lam cd quan tfl thien, v.v Nhfl vay, g i n 800 nghin ngfldi ed thu nhap hoac mdt p h i n , hoac toan bd cac td chflc tdn giao d Hoa Ky va cd quan tam ve mat vat chat den sfl tdn tai cua nhflng td chflc tdn giao
Theo nhan xet eua nha nghien cflu ngfldi My Johnstown, Giao hoi la mot p h i n dang ke nen kinh te eua nflde nay, vfla la mot chu sd hflu Idn, vfla la mdt dai ly thu va ehi hang ty ddla mdi nam^
Ngudn tai chinh quan nhat cua cic giao hdi My la tien lac quyen Tbi du, nam 1971, cae td chflc tdn giao d Hoa Ky nhan dflde 8,2 ty ddla tien lac quyen, so' dd cac giao phai Tin Lanh thu dUde 3,5 ty ddla, Giao hdi Cdng giao - 3,7 ty ddla, cae td chflc Do Thai giio - 847 trieu ddla Nam
1961, trung binh mdi tin dd cua 40 giao phai Tin Lanh ddng gdp 77,75 ddla, den nam 1976 sd' dd la 132,09 ddla\ Cd tay sd' tien Idn nhu vay, cac nha boat ddng tdn giio khdng chi dung chung de chi cho bd may eua Giao hdi, xay diing nha thd va cae cdng trinh lien quan, tra lUdng giang vien cac trUdng cua Giao hdi, ma cdn dung de mua cd phieu ciia ngan hang, cua eac xi nghiep cdng nghiep, cua cac hang bao hiem Doanh ldi thu dflde tfl cae boat dong tai chinh khdng nhd
Tien lac quyen khdng phai ngudn thu tai chinh nhat cua cac giao hdi Ho cdn cae ngudn thu khie nhfl tien cho thue nha d, tru sd lam viec, bai dd xe, nha may, ed phieu Vi du, Giao hdi d Ohio sd hflu ca mdt trung tam thfldng mai, mot bang dien tif, mdt cdng ty s i n xuat day thep va Ifldi thep
Giao bdi Cdng giao My la mdt giao bdi giau nha't the gidi Nha bao My Nino Lo Bello, ngudi nhieu nam nghien cflu cae van de tai chinb cua Vatican va da tflng vie't bai cud'n sach ve van de - "£)e' che Vatican" va
"Vatican Hoa Ky\ cho biet: cac td
chflc Cdng giao d Hoa Ky cd sd tai s i n tri gia 80 ty ddla, edn thu nhap bang nam ciia ho vao khoang 12.5 ty ddla Linh muc Richard Ginder mdt bai bao dflde dang tren nhieu an p h i m Cdng giao da vie't ring: Giao hdi Cdng gido My la mdt tap doan Idn nha't "Chung tdi cd chi nhanh d mdi vung Tai s i n va bat ddng s i n cua chung tdi nhieu hdn tai s i n va bat ddng s i n cua cac tap doan "Standard Oil", "A.T.T.", "United States Steel" cdng lai"'
Bat ddng s i n cua Giao hdi Cdng giao My vao nhUng nam 70 the ky XX dUde dinh gia vao khoang 44,5 ty ddla, nhieu hdn tdng gia tri eua tap doan Idn bang dau eiia Hoa Ky la "Standard Oil", "General Motors", "Ford Motors", "United States Steel" va "Sokond Mobil Oil" Tai sin cua cae tap doan tren cd tdng gia tri la 38,5 ty ddla"
Kinh doanh cua Giao bdi vdi mdt quy md Idn nhu vay da tac ddng khdng nhd tdi viec xac dinh lap trUdng cua cac td chflc tdn giao My ddi vdi cac van de chinh tri - xa hdi eiia nflde Ban than cac giao hdi tdn giao My rat quan tam tdi sii tdn tai va phat trien cua sd hflu tU nhan Ho ludn bao ye ldi ich cua gidi cim quyen dudi nhieu hinh thflc, thudng thudng dUde nguy trang mot each kheo leo, nbUng ddi cflng rat cdng khai
Trong cud'n sach Hdy tdn tung cdc
ong chu vd ddng nhieu tien lac quyen
(3)"Tdn giao d Hoa Ky - dd la cai gi day gid'ng nhu ehflm nho chin mong loai td't nha't Nhflng ngfldi mUu ldi dem gieo trdng day nho tai chinh vao vUdn nho "General Motors", "Standard Oil", "Spers Robak" hay tham chi vao "Fort -Nokse" Khi nhflng ngfldi bUde vao nha thd, mat eiia ho bi xanh Idng dd'ki, gid'ng nhU mau xanh eua td ddla
Trdng be ngoai ciic ki ddn gian Mdt cacten (cartel) to Idn de ddi lay mot khoan tien sinh ldi hdm nay, ngUdi ta hfla dUa anh den Thien Dudng vao mai Tuy nhien, d day khdng ed nhUng chuyen di thif nghiem khdng ma't tien nhu cac hang dtd td chflc, khdng phan phat nhflng td quang cao hang hoa va khdng td chflc nhflng ki nghi cudi t u i n t h u vi bang tien ciia cdng ty Cacten chfla bao gid hi thieu ban hang O day khdng xay nhUng trUdng hdp khach hang ddi hdi tra lai tien mdt each gay gat, bdi vi nhieu ngUdi mud'n mua cho minh mdt sii sung sUdng mudn ddi dUde hfla hen cud'n sach cd cai bia dflde trang tri bdng loang Tat ca ho deu hieu rang, trflde tien c i n ddi cai chet va chi sau dd mdi di tdi vung dat giau ed va hanh phuc"^
Ci Hoa Ky, hdn bat cfl d mot nflde tfl ban nao khac, dang tdn tai nhieu dieu kien thuan ldi cho boat ddng eua cac giao hdi tdn giao, vfldt khdi khudn khd cua sii lam thoa man nhu c i u tdn giao ciia cae tin Nhieu nha boat ddng tdn giao, mieng thi ndi da'u tranh ehd'ng ngheo ddi, nhUng tren thiic te lai vdi va nhet d i y tui tien va ed tai khoan d ngan hang vdi hang trieu ddla Mot nhflng trieu phu nhu vay la muc sfl ndi tieng thuoc phai Baptists la Billi Graem, ngfldi da thuyet giao budi le c i u kinh d i u tien tai Nha T r i n g 26 t h i n g nam 1969 Nixon vfla trd vi
Tdng thd'ng thfl 37 eiia Hoa Ky Khdng it ngfldi hoat dong tdn giao da t h a n h dat mdi trUdng kinh doanh, vi- du n h u Thad Armstrong, ngUdi dflng d i u cai goi la Nhd thd cua
Chud^ Chinh phu ludn khuyen khich
viec kinh doanh cua Giao hoi Mdt nhflng flu dai cd y nghia to Idn cho viec phat trien kinh doanh eua Giao hdi d Hoa Ky la viec mien thue cho cac doanh nghiep n i m dfldi sii chi dao cua Giao hoi Dieu gdp p h i n day manh viec thu hut vd'n cho cic doanh nghiep triic thudc Giao hdi
Sd' Ifldng vd'n d i u tU va ldi nhuan thu dUde cua cac giao hdi ndi chung va Giao hdi Cdng giao ndi rieng khdng thua kem nhieu tap doan Idn cua My Giim muc J a m e s Pike, nguyen cdng tac vien Trung tdm nghien cdu cdc the
che ddn chu d Santa Barbara
(California), da viet: "Khdng cd bi mat hat nhan nao dUdc giau kin hdn van de ve tien eua cic giio hdi"'^ Theo James Pike, vd'n cua tat ea cac td chflc tdn giao d Hoa Ky ed the vao khoang 79,5 ty ddla, so' dd p h i n Idn nha't - 44,5 ty ddla Giao hdi Cdng giao kiem soit Cac giao hdi Tin Lanh cflng ta't ca cac giao hdi va cong ddng tdn giao edn lai (bao gdm Chinh Thd'ng giao, Phat giao, Islam giao va Mormons), cung theo J Pike, sif dung sd' vd'n la 28 ty ddla, cae cdng ddng Do Thai giao chiem ty ddla'"
Nha bao My Robert Rigen nghien cflu ve van de tai s i n eua cae giio hoi da vie't: "Neu eac ngai mud'n biet tdng so, bao gdm gia tri ba't dong sin, chflng khoan va cac vd'n d i u tfl khac thuoc ta't ca cac td chflc tdn giao d Hoa Ky, thi tdi quy trdn so'la 100 ty ddla"'\
(4)ddng tdn giao Idn nhat d Hoa Ky - cac giao hdi Tin Lanh, Giao hdi Cdng giao va cae td chflc Do Thai giao - da d i u tfl vd'n vao cae doanh nghiep thflc hien eac ddn dat hang qud'e phdng vdi tdng sd'ia 22 ty ddla Day chinh la eon so ma Hdi ddng qudc gia cdc gido hdi
My dfla ra'^ Toa Thanh Vatican cflng
tham gia d i u tfl vd'n vao cae cdng ty My nhfl: "General Motors", "Shell", "Gulf Oil", "International Business Machines" (IBM), v.v
Vd'n d i u tfl cua eac td chflc tdn giao vao nen cdng nghiep Hoa Ky, dac biet vao cae nganh cd lien quan tdi cac td hdp cdng nghiep qud'e phdng, d mdt mflc dang ke xac dinh mdi quan he qua lai gifla chung vdi cae td chflc tU b i n ddc quyen My, xac dinh thai cua chung ddi vdi chinh sach ddi ndi va ddi ngoai eua Chinh phu Hoa Ky Cae tap doan My ed' ging cung ed mdi quan he cua ho vdi Toa Thanh Vatican khdng chi bdi vi day la trung tam cua Giao hoi Cdng giao, ma edn coi Vatican la mot ban hang quan vdi mot ngudn vd'n d i u tu ding ke Khd xac dinh chinh xac vd'n d i u tU eua Toa Thanh Vatican vao Hoa Ky, bdi vi dieu dUde gifl tuyet mat Song bao ehi My cung nhfl bao ehi Phfldng Tay da he md nhflng tai lieu ve mdi hen he chat che gifla kinh doanh eua Giao hoi vdi kinh doanh the tue d Hoa Ky Cae tai lieu cho biet cac nha kinh doanh cua Giio hdi hi vong thu dflde nhieu ldi nhuan diu tfl vd'n vao nen kinh te My
Theo sd lieu ma nha b i o Nino Lo Bello dfla ra, hang nam cae tu si Ddng Ten d Hoa Ky cd mot khoan thu nhap 250 trieu ddla, ehfla ke khoan tien trd cap cua Chinh phu cho eac trfldng hoe ma ddng tu bao trd Trong kinh doanh cac tu si Ddng Ten boat ddng rat kien tri sif dung nhieu bien phap
khac Vi du, nam 1969 Qudc hdi Hoa Ky xem xet dfl luat ve thue kinh doanh eua eac giao hdi va td chflc tdn giao, cac tu si ddng Ten da gay ap life ddi vdi cdc nghi si n h i m ein trd viec thdng qua dfl luat dd Sau dd, mac d i u dfl luat da dflde thdng qua, luat da dUde Tong thd'ng Hoa Ky ki ban hanh, nhUng cac tu si ddng Ten van ed' gang de ThUdng vien dua them dieu bd sung cho phep khdng thu thue tfl ldi nhuan cua Giao hdi vdng t b a n g ' l
Mac dfl cd mdt sd' vd'n rat Idn, nhflng cae giio hdi (trong dd cd Giao hdi Cdng giio) nhieu nam van kien tri dau tranh ddi nha nflde trd cap cho cac trudng hoe tU triic thudc cac td chflc tdn giao 80% sd'trfldng tfl hdat ddng d Hoa Ky dflde eac td chUe tdn giad chu cap tien, 3/4 sd' trUdng eiia tdn giao thudc ve Gido hdi Cdng giao
Nam 1972, l i n d i u tien lich sif Giio hdi Cdng giao My, Hdi ddng Giim muc giao phan New York da cdng bd' bao cao tai chinb ciia minh Tai s i n cua giao phan New York dUde d i n h gia la 613 trieu ddla NhUng ngUdi lap bao cao da than phien r i n g , giao phan bi thieu but 1,6 trieu ddla Cdng bdedng khai bao cao tai chinh, nhUng ngUdi lanh dao giao phan New York mud'n lam tieu tan sii nghi ngd vao Giao bdi, coi Giao hdi la nbUng ngUdi gian lan ve tai chinh Cac tac gia ciia bao cao tai chinh tren mud'n bac bd sii cao budc r i n g t i n g Idp tren eiia giao phan la nhUng nha tU b i n Idn Hdn the nfla, bao cao tai chinb cdn khang dinh r i n g giao phan New York cin
d\i6c bd sung kinh phi bdi vi sd tien
(5)ngan khd' eua Vatican nhieu hdn nhflng giao p h a n Cdng giao khac Nhflng ngfldi lanh dao giao phan New York cd a n h hfldng khdng nhd tdi toan bd chinh sach cua Giao hdi Cdng giao My
Qua nhflng so' lieu dflde cdng bd' chfla diy dii tren bao chi My, qua cac cud'n sach cua cae tac gia My vie't ve va'n de kinh doanh ciia cic giao hdi da cho ta ed sd de danh gia r i n g , Giao hoi Cdng giao, cae giao hdi Tin Lanh va eac t h a n h dfldng Do Thai giao d My la nhUng td chflc kinh doanh ra't Idn Chflc nang eua eac td chflc g i n lien vdi nen kinh te My va d mot so' mflc nha't dinh anh hfldng tdi nen kinh te cua nflde
c a e nha kinh doanh cua eac giio hdi tdn giao Hoa Ky quan tam tdi ban tin thi trUdng chflng khoan, ty gia ed phieu cung gid'ng nhfl sfl quan tam cua ho tdi Kinh Thanh va bai giang giao ly cua cae chflc sac tdn giao cac giao hdi Cdng viec kinh doanh cua cac td chflc tdn giao d Hda Ky g i n ket chat che cae nha tU ban the tue vdi cic nha tu ban tdn giio, xic dinh mdi quan tam chung cua ho tdi sii phat trien cua nen kinh te My cung nhu sii phat trien "ky nghe tdn giao" cua nUde
Tdm lai, tfl nhflng dieu da trinh bay tren, mdi dflng lai d nhflng sd' lieu cua nhflng thap ky cudi the ky XX, nhflng chung ta cd the di den mot nhan xet rang, cac td chflc tdn giao d Hoa Ky khdng chi quan tam den cac
van de t h u i n tdn giao nhfl: ddi sd'ng tam linh eua tin do; giao ly, giio luat eua giao hoi; va'n de truyen giao va phat trien dao,v.v ma cdn quan tam nhieu den cac va'n de chinh tri -xa hdi^'', den sfl phan chia quyen Iflc chinh tri'^ va dac biet la den van de kinh doanh nen kinh te thi trfldng cua Hoa Ky Day cd le cung la mot net doe dao eua tdn giao My •
Chu thich:
1) Babson R Religion and Business N.Y, 1922, p
2) Foster W Hoang hon ciia chii nghia t\i ban the gidi Moskva, 1959, tr (Tieng Nga) 3) Xem: L.N Velikovich Ton giao va giao hoi
d Hoa Ky Moskva, Nauka, 1978, tr 17 4) Theo: L.N Velikovich Sdd., tr 17
5) Lo Bello N Vatican USA N.Y., 1972, p 23
6) Lo Bello N Sdd., p 23
7) Bestik A Kinh doanh ciia giao hoi Tap chi Hoa Ky: Kinh te, chinh tri, tiJ tiidng, 1971, so'12, tr 52 (tieng Nga)
8) Bestik A B, da d i n , tr 56
9) Tap chi Hoa Ky Kinh te, chinh tri, tU tifcing, 1970, so 12, tr 52, 53 (tieng Nga) 10) Tap chi da d i n
11) Tap chi da dSn
12) Tuan bao cl nxldc ngoai, 1972, 18-24 thang 12 (tieng Nga)
13) Lo Bello N Vatican USA N.Y., p 44 14) Xem: Nguyin Van DQng Bu6c dau tim
hieu vi tri ciia ton giao ddi so'ng chinh tri - xa hoi Hoa Ky niia sau the ky XX Tap chi Nghien ciiu Ton giao, so 7, nam 2007, tr 60-69