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Tu tUong ciia Dang Cpng san Viet Nam, t u tUdng Nguyen Ai Quoc n i m trong he tu tUdng Mac - Lenin - dinh cao ciia tU tUdng nhan loai, dong thdi cung la mot "hpc thuyet" vdi[r]
(1)TIEP CAN TIT Tl/dNG TRIET HOC VIET NAM NtfA DAU THE KY XX
VO MINH TAM' 1 Xa hoi Viet Nam nUa d^u the ky XX 1^ mot xa hoi d^y bien dpng Tit mot xa hoi phong kien tu chu, Viet Nam luc n^y trci th^nh thupc dia, nufa phong kien Hai mau thuan cd ban cua xa hoi ton tai gin lien v6i nhau: mau thuan giiJa nhan dan Viet Nam, chu yeu la nong dan, v6i giai cap phong kien ban dia; mau thu^n giiJta toan dan Viet Nam v6i chu ngbla thUc dan Phap xam ludc, thong tri Mat khac, su bien dien ciia truyen thong tU tUdng, van boa dan tpc, noi bat la tinh than nhan ai, y tbiic doc l^p, tu cUdng va tinh cam CO ket cpng dong, giii vai tro qui dinh trUc tiep mpi quan- be xa hoi Dong tbdi, sU tiep nh^n sang tao tinh boa van boa phUdng Dong vk vkn minh phudng Tay dUdc xem nhu mot nhan to' c^n thie't de phat trien ddi song tU tUdng dan tpc Vao cuoi nhiing nam 20, sU truyen ba chu ngbla Mac - Lenin va tu tUdng Nguyen Ai Quoc tren mSt tran chinh tri dau tranh gianh doc Iflp dan tpc va danchii xa hoi c6 y ngbla dac biet to 16n, tao ra bu6e nbay ve chat, dem lai "chie'c c^m nang th^n ky" cho con dudng each mang Viet Nam Ciing c^n luu y rling,
(2)ngUdi da't Viet la ngUdi c6 nhan each d^c sic: Ton tai thuc tien; coi trpng thie't thUc, hijfu ich: song theo chuEin muc dao dxic That - Tot - Dep; lap than b^ng tU lUc, kien tri, dung cam, tri tue, sang tao; ton vinh hoc van triet li va bien tai DUc tinh cao ca nhat, thieng lieng nhat cua ngUdi Viet Nam la quen minh vi nUdc vi dan theo tinh thin cua mot chu ngbla yeu nUdc mang tinh nhan van
Tat ca nhang diem neu tren chinh la nen tang va nguon sUc song de triet ly - triet hoc Viet Nam nUa dau the ky XX hinb va phat trien
(3)each r^'t "lich SLT tU nhien" Ro rang la, chii ngbla Mac -Lenin, tu tUdng Nguyen Ai Quoc xu^'t hien va truyen ba d nUdc ta thi lap tiic nhieu phong-trao, to chiic yeu nU6c da tu giac tie'p nhan, xem nhiing tU tUdng nhU la dudng dung dan nh^'t, triet de nhat de giai phong dan tpc, giai phong ngUdi dan no le, dem lai doc lap, tU do, hanh phiic cho nhan dan Khong it cac nha tU tUdng d giai doan trU6c da chuyen sang thila n h a n t u tUdng cpng san va, b i n g each hay each khac, da tham gia vao viec bien chii ngbla Mac - Lenin, tU tUdng Nguyen Ai Quoc Trong lich sxi phat trien tU tUdng, triet li ciia dan tpc, sU dung hdp cac xu hu6ng tu tUdng khac vira bao dam lam phong phii nhiing gia tri chung ciia y thxlc dan tpc, viia lam cho moi xu hudng dac s i c hdn tinh rieng biet, doc dao cua minh tren cai nen ciia sU phat trien toan xa hoi, toan dan tpc
3 Ve mat noi dung, tU tUdng triet hpc Viet Nam nila dau the ky XX dUdng nhu chi tap trung vao nhiing van de thupc triet hpc xa hoi, hay la nhiing van de thupc dan tpc, dan chii, dan sinh neu xet ci goc dp chinh tri - xa hoi DUdng nhien, xuat phat tix nhiing lap trUdng triet hpc khac nhau, cac xu hudng tu tUdng triet hpc da giai quyet nhiing van de tren theo cac quan diem khac nhau, tham chi doi lap
(4)san, thuyet tien boa, ly l u i n bien phap chu ngbla tam dan ciia cac nha triet hpc tu san phUdng Tay va phUdng Dong (Vonte, Diddro, Mongtexkid Rutxo, Spenxd Khang HOu Vi, Ludng Khai Sieu, Ton Trung Sdn) M^c dii cac tU tUdng triet hpc tren day de cao tu - binh d i n g - bac ai, tien bp xa hoi, dan chii, nhan vSn; song, tu tUdng tan, triet hpc tan da khong cd dUdc mot he tu tUdng, mot y tbiic giai c§i'p, mpt cd sd triet hpc nhat quan, khoa hpc, triet de, mot thuc tien each mang - dieu ma sau chi cd dUdc d phong tr^o cpng san va d nhiing ngUdi cpng san Mat khac, lap trUdng, dUdng loi va muc dich cUu dan, cUu nude cua cac nha tan da khong thoat khoi cac quan diem triet hpc tU san von til ddi da mang nhieu khuyet tat, thkm chi la benh ikt v6 phUdng cUu chQa va dang di vao khiing hoang Dong tbdi, dii 1^ "bao dpng" hay "cai each", triet hpc tan da khong nhan dUdc cai goc re cua xa hoi la van de "kinh te - xa bpi", ciing vdi ban chgit ciia chu ngbla thUc dan, chu ngbla de quoc dang thong tri nUdc ta liic b^'y gid
(5)(Le Paria, Nhat ky chim tdu, Ban an chedd thUc ddn Phdp, Ddy cdng ly cua thUc ddn Phdp a Dong Du<Jng, Dudng Kdch menh, Chdnh cUcfng van tat, Sdch luac van tat, Dieu le van tat, ChUcfng trinh vdn tdt, Ldi keu gpi nhdn dip thdnh lap Dang) Dac biet, Chdnh cUcfng vat tdt va Sdch lUOc vdn tdt
(6)luan diem dac biet, cd y nghia thuc tien each mang bet sUc to Idn - la, each mang d cac nUdc thupc dia cd Viet Nam, cd the gianh t h i n g ldi trUdc each mang v6 san chinh quoc va tac dpng trd lai thuc diy each mang chinh quoc; each mang Viet Nam hoan toan cd dii kha nang chu dpng, tU tien hanh dau tranh giai phong dan toe, giai phong giai cA'p vk giai phong ngUdi Dong tbdi, hpc thuyet tren ciing da giai quyet dung dan, sang tao moi quan he giiia dan tpc va giai cap, doc l^p dan tpc, dan chii xa bpi va chu nghla xa bpi Nim viing ly luan ve each mang v6 san va ly luan dau tranh giai cap ciia chu nghla Mac - Lenin, xuat phat tir dac diem ciia xa hoi Viet Nam la mot nudc thupc dia, niia phong kien, mau thuan chu yeu ciia xa bpi nUdc ta la mau thuan giUa toan dan Viet Nam vdi chii nghla thUc dan de quoc va be lu tay sai Dang Cpng san Viet Nam, Nguyen Ai Quoc da dUa nhiing luAn diem sang tao ve dUdng each mang Vi^t Nam v^ da gianh dUdc thang ldi ve vang, ciing nhU dong gdp xUng dang vao kho tang ly luan triet hpc ciia chii nghia Mac - Lenin vk tu tUdng tien tien ciia tbdi dai
Den nUa dau the ky XX, triet hpc Fhkt giao Viet Nam, Dao gia Viet Nam khong cd gi mdi me; triet hoc Nho giao vifa giii lai cac quan niem cQ vita ket hdp vdi cac luan diem dan chii tu san Gia tri xa hoi ciia chung khong nhU trUdc vk phu thupc vao sU bien doi, phan boa xa hoi ciia cac vien tiep nhan Triet hpc Cong giao xam nbap vao Viet Nam dem lai mot dang khac la ciia chu nghla tam v^ dUdc mot so ngUdi tiep nhkn, chii yeu d cac viing ngheo kho, dan tri thap; vi the, no chua cd mot vi tri dang ki ddi song tinh than chung ciia toan xa bpi
(7)- D i u thi cung phai ke den mot so' xu hudng tu tUdng titng cd mat mot each chinh thUe tren van dan, nhU cac nhdm Dong Phap tbdi bao, Nguyin An Ninh (La Cdlosd phele), Dong Dudng tap chi Nam Phong, Quo'c Dan dang, Tu luc van do^n Ve thUc chat, cac nha tu tUdng chinh tri - xa hoi noi tren deu khong cd mot cd sd triet hpc ro rang, nhat quan nao Cac quan diem ly luan eua hp thudng vun manh, bon tap, thieu tinh khoa hpc, khong triet de va dac biet la khong phii hdp vdi thuc t i l n each mang, vdi bien thUc dan tpc Vi vay, cac xu hudng tu tUdng tren nhanh cbdng danh mat tieng noi cong luan, dan chung
4 Cd the neu mot so' nhan xet chung ve tinh binh tU tUdng triet hpc Viet Nam niia d i u the ky XX nhu sau:
- Tinh t h i n ciia triet hpc dan toe chiu sU qui dinh ciia nhiing dieu kien vat chat xa bpi cd tinh lich sii - cu the, tinh ta't yeu, khach quan ciia xa bpi Viet Nam Nhiing nhan to' ben ngoai dUde dua vao Viet Nam neu muo'n phat buy dudc SU tac dpng ciia chung doi vdi tU tUcing triet hpc nUdc thi bao gid ciing phai thong qua sU "cho phep" ciia thUc tien each mang Viet Nam, ciia nbu cau, ldi ich va muc dich xa hoi cua nhan dan mot nUdc thupc dia dang dau t r a n h de tU giai phdng
(8)ngUdi Su t h i n g the cua chu nghla Mac - Lenin vdi triet hpc tien tien nhat, dinh cao cua tu tudng nhan loai da dUdc Dang Cpng san Viet Nam, Nguyen Ai Quoc van dung sang tao vk lam phong phii them, la bieu hien sinh dpng va thuyet phuc ve sU phat tri^n cua tu tUdng triet hpc d nUdc ta D6 la mot budc chuyen ve chat cua ddi song y thiic xa hoi Viet Nam
- Noi dung triet hpc giai doan dUdc bieu hien tkp trung d viec giai quyet nhOng vi>'n de ve doc l^p dan tpc vk dan chu xa bpi Dd la nhiing vkn de ndng bong va cd ban nhat ciia vkn menh dat nude bupc cac boat dpng tU tUdng vk triet hpc phai hudng tdi va giai quyet Chinh d nhiem vu vk noi dung tren, cac tU tUdng triet hpc da dUdc thu thach, kiem chiing va dUdc xac dinh tinh diing dan, tinh tich cUc ciing vdi gia tri khoa hpc v^ gia tri thUc tien Cling nhd thU "lua thU vang" nky ma cac xu hudng triet hpc thudng cd si;! bo sung, dieu chinh de tbich nghi, phu hdp vdi yeu c i u ciia thUc tien each mang, ciia hien thUc xa bpi
- Cac tu tUdng yeu nUdc va each mang giai doan nay, ve mat triet hpc, hoac xuat phat tiX chu nghla tam hokc til chu nghla vat Tuy nhien, thUc te, cd xu hudng nhU triet hpc tam, cac luan diem vat va cac luan diem tam thUdng xen ke, xam nbap Ian vdi nhiing ranh gidi mong manh, md nhat Ciing cd the thay, viec van dung chu nghla Mac - Lenin vao thUc tien each mang, mot so' luan diem macxit da dudc nhan thiic mot each may mdc, giao dieu, y chi hoac ta khuynh
(9)hpc (nhflng dang mang tinh truyen thong d cac nUdc phUdng Dong, dd cd Viet Nam) Hinh thai bieu hien mang tinh tong hdp nhu the vila thoa man nhu c i u chuyen tai thong tin nhieu mat, da dang va sinh dpng ciia tU tUdng each mang,
Vila dap Ung nang lUc tiep nhan tU tUdng, trinh dp va thdi
quen nhan thiic ciia dong dao ngUdi lao dpng, ciia rpng rai q u i n chiing Ro rang rang, ben cac hinh thai bieu bien tren 1^ cai nen tang, cai cot loi, cai hat nhan triet hpc Vi vay, viec n i m b i t nhiing luan diem triet hpc van boa Viet Nam theo each bieu hien "duy ly", "logic" nhu triet hpc phUdng Tay se khong the la mot phUdng phap khoa hpc hoan to^n tbich hdp