Tinh hud'ng ed van de xuat hien, mot mat ngudi ta n h a n thiic dUde no d miic do nhat dinh nhUng mud'n giai quyet van de hay tim dUde eai mdi d dd ngUdi ta phai nd luc buy ddng nhiin[r]
(1)THU THUAT NEU VAN DE BANG THANH N G Q ,
TUC N G Q T A O N E N SU C H U Y V A G A Y H Q N G THU
NHAM N A N G C A O H'IEU QUA DAY - HOC
T r a n T h i N h a
Khoa NN&VH Nga, DHNN, BHQGHN
I PHirONG PHAP DlfiN GIANG NfiU VAN D £
PhUdng phap day bgc ed quan he bien chiing vdi moi trudng kinh t§' - xa hoi va mdi trUdng each mang khoa hge ky thu^t Cae mdi trudng viia dUa cae yeu c i u eang cao dong thdi lai tao nhiing dieu kien thuan Idi cho quy trinh day bgc ndi chung va phUdng phap day bgc ndi rieng v^n ddng va phat trien
Tim phUdng phap day bgc tbich hdp khdng phai ngau nhien, khdng theo y ehu quan cua do, ma xuat phat t\i muc tieu dao tao Vi "ci'u triie sinh t h a n h " eua phUdng p h a p la: muc dieh -nhiem vu - ndi d u n g - phUdng p h a p , tiic la muc dich (muc t i e u ) quy dinh phUdng p h a p
Giai quyet van de (problem - solving) la y tudng xuat hien giao due hien dai, ed ke thiia n h i e u y t u d n g ciing t h e o h u d n g n h u h u d n g lay "van de", "neu v a n de", "chu de", " t i n h hudng", "tinh h u d n g ed v a n de" l a m hUdng doi t h a y phUdng p h a p day - bgc de ed h i e u q u a hdn
PhUdng phap diin giang neu van de la mot phUdng phap day hge dd ngUdi giao vien tao he thong tinh hudng ed van de roi eung ngUdi bgc giai quyet, nhd dd tao nen sU chii y va gay hiing thii nham nang cao hieu qua day - hge
(2)1 Giai d o a n xay dvfng tinh huo'ng c6 v a n de
Tinh hudng c6 van de la tinh huo'ng ed chiia yeu to' da biet (dO kien) va yeu td'chUa biet, yeu to'mdi phai kham pha phai tim (dap so) Tinh hud'ng ed van de xuat hien, mot mat ngudi ta n h a n thiic dUde no d miic nhat dinh nhUng mud'n giai quyet van de hay tim dUde eai mdi d dd ngUdi ta phai nd luc buy ddng nhiing tri thiic cdn thie't da tich luy dUdc de tao nen sU lien ket giiia eai da biet va eai ehUa biet - eai chu quan va khach quan
Xay dung tinh huo'ng ed van de phai n^m dUdc trinh eua ngUdi hge nam viing chUdng trinh va bai giang cu the
Trong gid day giao vien dat cho ngUdi hge mot cau hoi khd, cau hoi chi ngUdi bgc kha gidi mdi tra Idi dUdc Vi ngUdi kha gidi ed vd'n hay dii kien de hieu, de linh hoi tri thiic mdi cau hoi, hg da giai quyet dUde van de Cau hoi khd vdi ngudi hge trung binh va yeu kem hg khdng du tri thiic can thie't de tra Idi Nd khdng trd t h an h tinh hud'ng ed van de vdi hg Neu giao vien dat mot cau hoi de thi cau hoi trd tinh hud'ng ed van de vdi ngUdi hge trung binh va yeu kem, ngUdi bgc kha gidi lai khdng ed v^'n de gi can suy nghi de giai quyet Bdi vay mud'n neu van de day hge va w&n de trd tinh hud'ng cd van de, ngUdi day phai n§m dUde trinh eua tiing ngUdi hge hoac phan chia ngudi hge loai trinh n h a n thiic: kha gidi, trung binh, yeu kem de soan bai day, ciing mot van de nhUng chuan bi cae phUdng an ve cau bdi khd - trung binh - dd khac
Mot bai giang khdng ddn thu^n gom nhieu van de egng lai, ma cae van de dUde s^p xep theo md'i quan he nhat dinh va ed tinh he thd'ng:
+ Nhiing van de thugc phan trgng tam eua bai day
+ Nhiing van de thugc phan khdng trgng tam cua bai day Tuf loai van de ngudi ta ed each neu van de:
(3)QJ Cau bdi trgng tam - ehuyen tiep Vi du: Nd can eii vao nhiing tri thiic ed ban nhat cae ph^n trgng tam eua bai Loai cau bdi giiip ngUdi hge sinh nhu e^u nhan thutc, tich cue suy ngb! de hieu sau ndi dung ehinh eua bai Loai cau bdi ciing giiip ngUdi giao vien lam noi bat nhiing phan trgng tam cua bai, khac sau tri thiic cd ban eua bai cho ngUdi hge Loai cau hoi edn giiip cho bai giang mach lac va chat che
Khi soan loai cau bdi can luu y: Can eii vao tri.thiic r a t cd ban cua nhiing bai trUdc ed lien quan den nhiing tri thiic cd ban cua bai •dang day, vijTa xem xet tdi yeu cau eua thue tien se phai giai quyet, tii
y trgng tam eiia phan trUde tdi y trgng tam cua phan sau
b/ Cau bdi khdng trgng tam - ehuyen tiep Loai cau hoi chung n h a t nhiing phan khdng trgng tam cua bai va cd th^ giiip giao vien ehuyen sang ph^n khac cua bai de giang Loai cau bdi giiip ngudi hge thay dUde logic cua cae van de bai giang, tri thutc can linh hoi, tii dd d l hieu va d l nhd bai hdn Nd ciing gdp phan lam cho bai giang chat che, mach lac hdn
Cdch 2: Nhitng tinh hudng cd van de giao vien hitdng ddn ngUdi hge gidi quyet
Nhiing tinh hud'ng cd van de phai diing loai cau hoi dSn dat (cau hoi gdi md, cau bdi phat van ) Trong phUdng phap d i l n giang neu v^'n de can loai cau bdi phat v^'n
Cau bdi d i n d i t de bdi giiip ngUdi bgc kham pha nhiing tri thiic mdi phan trgng tam va ea phan khdng trgng tam Nd giiip ngUdi bgc nit nhiing tri thiic mdi tii nhiing dieu da biet: Nd phat buy cao tinh tich cUe nhan thiie ndi chung va tinh tich cUe tu ndi rieng, tinh ehu ddng eua ngudi hge de linh bdi tri thiic mdi va cud'i ciing ngUdi bgc dd hieu, d i nhd va dd van dung bai Nd eung giiip cho gid day sinh ddng
2 Giai doan giai q u y e t v a n de
(4)3 Giai doan e u n g c6'va v a n d u n g tri thijfc
Sau dUa vao he thd'ng cau bdi neu van de de giai quyet van de la xay dUng he thd'ng cau bdi de eung ed'va van dung tri thiic Loai cau hoi ciing s\i dung phan Idn la nbuEng cau bdi neu van de
Da so' giao vien v i n day theo phUdng phap *'thuye't trinh", tiic la giao vien diing Idi ndi trinh bay tai lieu hge tap cho ngUdi hge mot each cd he thd'ng, nen 75% ngUdi hoc danh gia la thay day thieu sinh ddng (trich ket qua nghien ciiu ve giao due dao tao nam 1991 -1992 cua Bg Giao due va Dao tao)
Day bgc theo phUdng phap dien giang neu van de da lam cho gid day kha smh ddng va ed hieu qua hdn, nhUng gid day ngoai ngii ndi rieng thu thuat neu van de nhu the nao de lam cho chat lUdng day - hoc td't hdn?
11 THU THUAT NEU VAN
D £ B A N G
THANH NG0, TUC NG0
TRONG BAI DAY NGOAI N G C (NGA - ANH)
Dau gid, thudng ngUdi hge ehUa tap trung vao bai ngay, nen cae budc day hge ngUdi ta s\i dung thdi gian de kiem tra bai eii
Trang 353 giao trinh "PVCCKHH SSBIK no-HOBowy " tac gia cd nha y
cho kiem tra, van dung cau triic cd tii "Aeei" de viet mot doan van ta ve ngUdi ban, ngUdi than Thie't nghi ca ba each md bai (11.12.4) chi dap ling nhiing hge sinh trung binh, yeu kem, chUa thu hiit chii y eua nhiing bgc sinh kha gidi Trong tinh huo'ng dd, neu chiu khd tim tdi giao vien gdi y ngudi hge cd the md bai b i n g mot cau ngan ngii, tue ngii:
"HejioBCK 6e3 jxpyzeii, HTO iiepcBo 6e3 KopHeH"
(5)hoac binh ph^m ve eai gi do, chi cSn budng mot cau t h an h ngii, tue ngO la hay va tien nh§'t Dd'i vdi ngUdi hge ngoai ngii ếu true ngii phap hay tu tif v^n kem gia tri sii dung hdn mot cau t nh ngii, tue ngiị Di nhien ndi dung cau th a n h ngii, tue ngii phai lien quan den nhiing tri thiie bai nhU mot cau true cau, mot cap so sanh Vi du: De luyen cau triie so sanh ngang b^ng tieng Anh:
, as + adj + as
Bai 73 giao trinh Streamline dUa vi du : He is as rich as Rockefeler
It is as cold as ice
Chiing ta cd the gdi y, ddng vien hge sinh dUa hang loat t n h ngii tUdng tU:
As white as snow As black as night As dumb as fish As cool as cucumber As dry as dust
As poor as a church mouse As stupid as a donkey As pretty as paint As slow as molasses As sober as judge
Diing ngii, tue ngii neu van de da thu hiit chii y cua ca Idp hge Giao vien gdi md de ngUdi bgc n i t net tUdng dong song ngQ se lam tang bao hiing cua ngUdi hge, thay eai hay, eai hap dSn va gia tri cua ngdn ngii Tuf lam da neu nhflng van de tiep eua ndi dung bai day
(6)Love - it is a give - and - take matter Love can not be forced
Easy come - easy go
Love me little, love me long Love is blind
Love me, love my dog
Nhu vay, cd the sit dung ngii, tue ngii chang nhiing de neu van de, giai quyet van de ma de ehd't van de lai, de giao due cho the he tre nhiing quan diem dung dan nhat ve tinh yeu
Thanh ngii, tue ngii thUdng ngan ggn, bieu cam, de nhd Nd lam diem tua cho tri nhd, khac sau tri thiie bai hge
Trong qua trinh chu^n hi bai ciing nhU tien trinh len Idp, thu thuat sii dung ngii, tue ngii de md dau tiet day hay xem ndi dung day tbich hdp da lam cho khdng Idp hge thay ddi, tinh tich cue, hang say eua ngudi hoc tang len ro ret No edn giiip ngUdi hoc tiep thu tri thiic cua bai hge mot each nhe nhang va nam bai mot each viing chac
Thu thuat neu v^'n de bdng ngii, tue ngii da dUdc thuf nghi-em d nhieu bai day da tdng ket, danh gia, dac biet la ket qua qua kinghi-em tra ed dd'i chiing giiia bai day cd neu van de bdng th anh ngii, tue ngii vdi bai day khdng neu van de bdng tue ngii, t nh ngii, tren eiing mot dd'i tUdng (Idp bgc) hoac khac dd'i tUdng nhan thiic nhUng trinh tUdng dUdng (Idp N3 so vdi N2; N4 so vdi N5 cua K37 khoa Nga) Ket qua kiem tra da chi ro r i n g hge sinh cae Idp ed s^ dung t h a n h ngii, tue ngii de neu van de gid bgc, say xUa hge hdn, chiu khd tim tdi, ed hiing thii lam bai tap d nha hdn ( 95%) Ket qua thi ky nang nghe - ndi Idp N2 cud'i ky II nam 2004 viia qua eung khdng dinh tinh Uu viet eua thu thuat
(7)- Phai giiip ngUdi hge chap nhan mgi thach thiic vi neu v^'n de ma ngUdi hge khdng mud'n giai quyet thi chdng ed gia tri gi Giao vien can dSn ddt van de mot each hap d i n de ngUdi bgc chap n h a n va cd nhu cau giai quyet vgi'n de, tranh ap dat huge ngUdi hge phai chap nhan; giao vien cd the xay dUng hoat ddng tUdng trd Idp hge de ngUdi hge dUdc chuan bi giai quyet van de mdi ma khdng sd bai hay be t i c khdng giai quyet dUde
- Cho phep ngUdi hge theo duoi eon dudng rieng eiia minh de tim Idi giai, ed hd trd hg e^n thie't ma khdng de Id nhiing cau tra Idi
- Cho ngUdi hge mot khung gdi y de hg cd the trinh bay lai suy nghi, cae y kien tham luan, cae bai viet ve giai quy^'t van de cd lien quan
- Ndi ehuyen vdi ngUdi bgc ve cae qua trinh lien quan viee giai quyet van de de binh dan d hg vd'n kinh nghiem giai quyet van de
- Giao vien phai ludng trUdc nhiing khd k h a n trd ngai ma ngUdi bgc se gap phai giai quyet van de, ed phUdng an thao gd tbich hdp: eung cap tri thiic, cae quy trinh, quy tac giai mau, cae gdi y
2 V e ngifd^i h o c
NgUdi bgc la chu the eua boat ddng bgc nen phai tich cUc va chu ddng - Nghien ciiu ea nhan (dge, nghien ciiu tinh hud'ng cd van de mot each can than hay sd lUdc de dUa each giai quyet van de)
- Tham gia thao luan theo nhdm nhd hay chung ea Idp dudi sU hudng dan eua giao vien
(8)TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1 Pham Van Binh, Tue ngit, thdnh ngit fieng Anh, NXB Hai Phong 1993
2 Nguyen Tiing Cudng, Tue ngit Nga vd cdc dcfn vi titcfng dUcfng trong tieng Viet, Ha Ndi - 2003
3 Tran Hoang Tran, Tue ngu:, thdnh ngit Viet Anh, Anh Viet thudng diing, NXB Van boa - thdng tin Ha ndi 2001
4 AKCCHoaa M I l , PyccKHH JISLIK n o HOBOMy
5 John & Lis Soars, Headway pre - intermediate