Giai thfch cho each tiep can nay: su don gian nay (dua tren md hlnb ngii phap tieng Anh) giiip ngudi hpc hie'u de dang hon. Tfnh nguyen ban phai dupe th^ trong viee If giai cac hien tu[r]
(1)SLf DUNG TAI U^U NGUY^NpAN TRONG VIEC DAY DOC HI^U
Nguyin Hodng Trung Khoa Viet Nam hoc Trdng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Tp HCM
Viee day tie'ng ndi chung va day timg ki nang ndi rieng deu nhim muc dfch giup ngudi bpc giao tiep Tuy nhien, thue te viee giao tie'p cd cdng hay khdng lai tiiy thupc vao viee ngudi cd co h6i tie'p xuc, "song" vdi ngdn ngir thuc dupe sir dung cdng ddng sir dung ngdn ngir bay khdng Ngdn ngir cac giao trlnh day tie'ng ndi chung la tach rdi kbdi mdi trudng giao tiep thuc va boan toan gSn lien vdi muc dfch su pham Chfnh vl If ma ngdn ngii cac giao trinh day tieng deu dupe don gian boa ve mat tir vung, ngii phap va thudng mat di "cai bdn" van bda dupe cbuy^n tai cai ngdn ngii ma le ngudi hpc phai dupe tiep nhan Viee sir dung cac loai tai lieu giang day nguyen ban (authentic materials) se gdp phin giup ngudi hpc "thoat li" kbdi mdi trudng ngdn ngii kbien cudng, kern lu nhien va thuc su ddi mat vdi mot the gidi thuc va viee sir dung ng6n ngii cai the gidi thuc dd Cac tai lieu nguyen ban cd tb^ giiip ngudi hpc cd dpng luc bon va cd tinh thin kham pha bon Va nhu viy viee day tieng mdi thuc su gin vdi muc dfch giao tie'p
L Md dau
(2)tao", thi^u tu nhien va day chinb la rao can Idn ddi vdi hp d mdt tlnh hudng giao tiep thuc Trong tinh thin giup ngudi bpc vupt qua khd khan nay, bai viet se ban ve nbiing uu nhupc diem ciia vific sir dung tai lieu nguyen ban viee giang day kl nang dpc hieu cho ngudi nude ngoai hoc tieng Viet
Grellet (1981) da dinh ngbia dpc bi^u nhu sau doc hieu la mot qua trinh khdm phd, chii't xudt mot cdch hieu qua nhdt td bdi doc ; jdiSng thdng tin dugc yiu cdu Cd th^ ndi mot each khae, dpc bi^u
dupe xem la qua trinh tuong tac giiia cac to tao nen qua trlnh doc: ngudi viet, ngudi dpc va ndi dung ciia bai dpc
Ngudi hpc thudng thuc hien qua trlnh dpc theo bai each: (1) dpc timg ttf, timg eau nhim tim hie'u can ke nghia ciia ttmg tir va cac quan h6 cii phdp dupe diing bai (Bottom-Up Approach) va (2) dpc d^ nim dupe y chfnh ciia bai dpc nbd vao kien tbiie cd sin ciia ngudi hpc (Top-Down Approach) Ca bai each tiep can khdng tach rdi nbau mi b6 sung cho nbau Cach tie'p can Top-Dov^n giup ngudi bpc du bao y ngbla ciia bai dpc, edn each tie'p can Bottom-Up giiip ngudi hpc kilm tra, xae nhan lai y nghia dd
2 Tai lieu nguyen ban: nguon va each thiirc chpn lira
Theo Wallace (1992), bai doe nguyen ban (authentic texts) la bai doc "sd'ng", khdng dupe viet de' phuc vu muc dfch giang day VI vay, loai bai dpc dupe danh cho ngudi ban ngii va su dung ngdn ngii thuc, tu nhien Con theo Peacock (1997), tai lieu nguyen ban dupe tao nhim phuc vu mot muc dfch xa bdi nao dd ciia cdng ddng ngdn ngii ma tai lieu dd dupe phat banh
(3)dung ciia bai Nutall (1996) dua ba tieu chf chpn lua bai dpc nguyfin *^
ban phuc vu cho viee giang day: ^ a) Tfnh thfch hop v^ ndi dung (Suitability of content) jco
b) Tfnh kha dung (Exploitability) ^^
ili
c) Tfnh de doc (Readability) IP
Theo Nutall, tieu chf diu tien la tieu chf quan trpng nhit vl bii^^ dpc nh^t thiet Idi cudn ngudi dpc/ngudi bpc va dap img nhu ciu ciia hp,;^ Ngoai ra, bai dpc phai dupe xem la mdt su gia lap ve tlnh hudng thuc-n su dien ben ngoai Idp bpc Ndi dung ciia tieu chf tbii bai la bai dpc^E cd the' dupe sir dung de' phat triln kl nang dpc cua ngudi hpc haytc khdng Nd dupe sir dung nhim muc dfch gl va cudi ciing nd dupe diing;i de' phat trie'n ki nang nao cua ngudi bpc Tieu chf tbii ba yeu ciu ngudi :•} day cin phai cbii y den dp khd cua ngii phap, sd lupng tir vung, sd tiriix mdi, sd ca'u true ngii phap mdi dupe dung bai dpc Ndi chung, h theo tieu chi bai dpc thudng phu hcrp vdi trinh dd thuc ciia sinha' vien, hoac cao hon trinh dd ngudi hpc ddi chut nhim tao ddng lUC -^ kham pha cho hp Ngoai ba tieu chf quan trpng nay, hlnb tbiie cua bii"! dpc cung dupe xem la mdt tieu chf mang tac dung tam If kha quan^' Upng Tieu chf bao gdm tfnh nguyen ban, tfnh bSfp din ciia bai dpc.^^ Mdt bai dpc ba'p din chic chin se thu hut su chii y ciia ngudi dpc vi k
tao cho hp su ham mudn kham pha bai dpc ^ Mot bai dpc nguyen ban khdng don thuin la mdt bai vift bing *^
ngdn ngii cua ngudi ban ngii ma phai la mot bai dpc tao su pban ling "^l cua ngudi ban ngii VI vay, tai lieu nguyen ban ndi chung bay bai doc Qc nguyen ban ndi rieng phai nhim vao muc dfch tao d ngudi hpc nu6c ^i ngoai mdt phan ling tuong tu nhu ngudi ban ngii Tat nhien su phan * ling phai dua tren nhieu yeu to nhu van bda dan tdc, van bda ci »! nhan, v.v VI vay, mot bai dpc nguyen ban phai la mdt bai dpc tao ^ su tuong tac giiia ngudi dpc/ngudi bpc va ndi dung ciia nd Tir dd c6 ^ the' ndi qua trlnh dpc la mdt qua trlnh tuong tac dang di^n ra, nd vu^l ^ qua khuon khd cua viee xir If thdng tin, xae dinh y nghia cua bai dpc ^ bay ndi each khae, ngudi viet ma bda tu tudng cua bing ngdn ^
(4)' Muc dich cua viee sur dung tai lieu nguyen ban gid hoc Mdt nbiing ndi dung chinh ciia each tig^p can la dat ngtf5i bpc true dien vdi each sii dung ngon ngii tu nhien ciia ngudi ban ngii' cang nhi^u cang tdt Dix cho Idp hpc khdng phai la cude sdng thuc nhimg tai lieu nguyen ban vin glG mot vi tri quan trpng Uong gid bpc Mdt sd nha nghien cihi phuong phap day ti^ng nhu Wallace (1992) cho ring mdt bai dpc hoac mdt tai lieu giang day nao khae neu bi tach ' n khoi bdi canh nguyen thuy cua nd thl se khdng edn la mot tai lieu • nguyen ban nfia Dii vay, viee six dung tai lieu nguyen ban vin van ' dircK; xem la co bdi de ngudi bpc true dien vdi ngdn ngii thuc va each
sir dung khdng nhim muc dfch su pham ciia loai ngdn ngii dd Tai lieu nguyen ban cung mang lai cho ngudi dpc co bdi tiep nhan nhihig - Ih6ng tin mdi v6 the' gidi chung quanh hp Tiep nhan thdng tin mdi qua m6t bai dpc nguyen ban ngdn ngii mdi cd Xhi la mdt chat xuc tac, : vi vay se nang cao ddng co hpc tap cua ngudi hpc bing each dat hp
tnrc dien vdi ngdn ngii tu nhien ciia ngudi ban ngii Tai lieu nguyen bin cd th^ phan anh su bien ddi each sii dung ngdn ngii ddng Ih&i mang lai cho ngudi hpc mdt 'bing chutig' ring ngdn ngii anh dang hpc la ngdn ngii dupe diing mdt each tu nhien, phuc vu cho mot muc dfch cd that, chii khdng phai phuc vu viee giang day Idp hpc
Nhu da ndi d phin tren, tai lieu nguyen ban ri^t da dang ve th^ loai cung nhu de tai nen viee lua chpn mdt bai dpc cd tb^ hip din ngudi bpc that su khdng khd Bai dpc nguyen ban sir dung Idp cd th^ dupe giao vien lua chpn, chup va phat cho ngudi hpc C!ach c6 th^ khdng hieu qua vl su chpn lua cua giao vien cd the khae su lua chon ciia sinh vien CJach lua chpn tdt nhat theo mot sd ngudi la mang mdt td bao hay mdt quye'n tap chf vao Idp de' sinh vien lua chpn theo su quan tam ciia minh Su quan tam ciia ngudi hoc thudng dupe dinh hudng bang kinh nghiem ca nhan, kien thiic nen ciia hp
Muc dfch ciia viee sii dung tai lieu nguyen ban la giup ngudi hpc phan ling nhu ngudi ban ngii true dien vdi ndi dung ciia bai dpc Viee phai true dien vdi tai lieu nguyen ban se mang lai cho ngudi bpc cam giae dang dupe hpc mdt ngdn ngii thuc duoc sir dung cude sfing thuc
(5)4 fch Ipi va kho khdn ciia viee sii dung tai lieu nguyen ban
Cach tie'p can nao giang day tieng ciing deu cd mat manh va mat ban cbe ciia nd Cach tiep can cung khdng nim ngoai quy luat dd Viee lua chpn phuong phap nao cho hieu qua, phii hop vdi trlnh dp hpc vien va quan trpng la giiip hpc vien cai thien dupe nang sir dung ngdn ngii dfch ciia minh boan toan phu thudc vao nang luc va quyet tam mudn thay ddi phuong phap ciia ngudi day Dudi day, chiing tdi se de cap de'n uu nhupc die'm cua each tie'p can boan canh giang day tieng Viet tai Viet Nam
a) Uu diem
Uu diim diu tien la cac tai lieu nguyen ban cd mdt tac dung r^t
quan trpng, dd la tao ddng co hoc tap cho ngudi dpc/ngudi bpc Nhu da ndi, mot bai dpc nguyen ban that su la mdt su kfch thfch ddi vdi ngudi dpc, nd tao mdt su bao hiic d ngudi dpc, Hp chd dpi nbiing dieu mdi me, ciing nhu nhutig each thiic sir dung ngdn ngir mdt each tu nhien ma bat ki ngudi bpc ngoai ngii nao cung mong mudn cd dupe Hp cd cam giac "tu nhien" mdt mdi trudng ngdn ngii tu nhien chii khdng go bd, md pham nhu cac giao trlnh day tie'ng
Ngdn ngii la ban ma ciia van hda va van bda chi dupe th^ hien mdt each sinh ddng bing ngdn ngii ciia chfnh van hda dd, chir khdng phai bang mot loai ngdn ngir nhan tao, kem tu nhien, Tai lieu nguyen ban cd the' dupe xem la giai phap kha di nhit giup ngudi hpc tie'p can mdt each tu nhien nb^t van bda, va d day Ih van hda Viet Nam C6 nhieu khuynh hudng khae nbau day tieng Viet cho ngudi nude ngoii, ddi trai ngupc Chang ban cd nbiing khuynh hudng diing loai tie'ng Viet dupe "tieng Anh bda" Nbiing ngudi theo khuynh hudng lap luan ring viee ap cac ngii thiic tieng Anh vao tie'ng Viet sc giiip cho ngudi nude ngoai cam thiy de dang hon, cd cam giac nhutig each ndi tieng Viet gSn vdi tieng Anh Chang ban, nbi6u giao trlnh tieng Viet cd kha nhieu nbiing each ndi nhu '"Anh ndi tieng
Viet dugc khdng'\ 'Tdi cd themua vi mdy bay addu?", v.v thay vio
phai dua vao nbiing cau hoan toan Viet Nam nhu "A/1/2 bii't tii'ng Viet
khdng" hay '"Vi mdy bay bdn dddu?'\ Tai lieu nguyen ban cd the
(6)cin thie't "Khu phd vdn hda", "mua he xanh'\ ''gia dinh vdn hda"', v.v la nhutig khai niem van hda boan toan Viet Nam ma ngudi nude ngoai cin phai lam quen Idp hpc Ai ngoai khdng hie'u nhim '"khu phd vdn hod' la mdt khu phd cd nhutig di tfch van hda, licb sii Vi vay, tai lieu nguyen ban se cung cip cho ngudi dpc nhimg thdng tin van boa "nguyen ban", thuin chit Viet Nam
Tren phuong dien dung ngii, tai lieu nguyen ban giup ngudi hpc nhan \yi€x dupe mdt tbii tieng Viet tu nhien dupe ngudi Viet sii dung d^ giao tie'p nhutig ngii canh tu nhien Ve phuong dien tir vung, ngudi hpc se tiep xiie vdi nhutig tir mieu ta nbiing khai niem boan toan Viet Nam nhu d tren ehiing tdi viia ndi Hon niia, tai lieu nguyen ban li mdi trudng thuc nhit &i ngudi hpc ki^m tra kha nang nhan tbiie va sir dung tir vung tieng Viet ciia minh Cd dieu khdng phai ban cai la nghia thuc ciia mdt X\i chi sinh tir dd banh chiic mdt cau cu thl Chfnh vl vay tir vung diing giao trinh hay tir dien khdng dii d^ ngudi bpc thu die mot each tu nhien nha't each sir dung ciia mdt tir Chang ban tii "vdn hdd\ d day chung tdi khdng ban de'n viee "vdn hdd' la mdt tir da nghia hay la hlnh thiic chii viet ciia nhieu tir khae ma ehiing tdi chi ban de'n vdi tu each la ngudi day tieng Rd rang chung ta deu thiy ttr diln khdng th^ cung cip tit ca each diing cua tir niy, va cac nghia tir di^n se dupe tiep thu mot each thu ddng, dd, tai lieu nguyen ban se mang den cho ngudi hpc tit ca nhfing net nghia cung nhu each sii dung timg ngii canh sinh ddng ciia don vi tir vung Tren phuong dien ngii phap, each tiep can ngii phap tie'ng Viet dua tren viee phdng ngO phap cua mdt sd thii tieng chau Au, ma cu the' la tieng Anh, la rit ro, tat nhien khdng phai tat ca Song, viee phong lai roi dung vao nbiing chii diem ngii phap phan inh dac trung loai hlnh ciia tieng Viet Chang ban nhu cac pham trii thi, the, thdc, thdi, v.v Giai thfch cho each tiep can nay: su don gian (dua tren md hlnb ngii phap tieng Anh) giiip ngudi hpc hie'u de dang hon Tfnh nguyen ban phai dupe th^ viee If giai cac hien tupng ngii phap mang tfnh dac trung ciia loai hlnh ngdn ngir ma ngudi hpc dang hpc, va d day la tie'ng Viet Ngoai ra, viee sii dung tai lieu nguyen ban se giiip ngudi hpc tie'p can vdi nhiing cau tnic ngii phap ma Uong cac giao trinh khdng dua vao nhieu li khae nhau,
(7)nhung thudng la mudn don gian hda cac md hlnb ngii phap cin day cho ngudi nude ngoai
Viee sir dung tai lieu nguyen ban cd th^ dap ling nhu ciu cua ngudi hpc d miic dd cao hon nhieu so vdi cac giao trlnh day tie'ng C4c chii de cac giao trlnh day tieng thudng dupe chpn lua va dua vio theo y dd cua cac soan gia, tiic mang tfnh chu quan va vi vay co ihi ndi dung hay chu 6i Uong cac giao trlnh cd th^ khdng tbda man dupe nhu ciu cua ngudi hpc va khie'n hp chan va khdng mudn tham gia vio viee tlm hieu chu de dupe gidi thieu cho hp
Cudi ciing, tai lieu nguyen ban cd the' giiip ngudi day ciing nhir ngudi hpc cd nhutig bude tie'p can sang tao hem viee day va hpc ngoai ngii Su da dang ve cSfu true ngii phap, tir vung, phong cich, ciing nhu ve chu de tai lieu nguyen ban se gpi cho ngudi day mdt each tri^n khai mdi, sang tao bon d^ ngudi bpc kbdi phai nham chan Su da dang ddi bdi ngudi phai van ddng va tu nhi^u hem va vl vay budi hpc Ud nen sinh ddng va hiiu fch hon
b) Khd khdn
Ben canh nbiing fch Ipi vira k^ tren, viee ap dung tai lieu nguyen ban cung dat khdng ft vin de Mat ban cbe' diu tien cua tai lieu nguyen ban cin phai de cap den la nd ddi bdi ngudi bpc phai cd mdt kien thiic van hda dii, bay ndi chfnh xae hon, ngudi bpc cin dupe Uang bi mot kien tbiie van bda thfch hcrp d^ cd tb^ giai ma dupe bai dpc Su khae biet ve van bda la ddng luc tbiie diy ngudi bpc kham pha, song nd cung la rao can kbien ngudi hpc tha'y bai dpc khd hi^u, ddi lai cd kien vdi tai lieu nguyen ban dd
Tai lieu nguyen ban cd tb^ cd nhieu tir vung phiic tap, khdng dap ling dupe nhu ciu tiic thdi ve tir vung ciia ngudi bpc Tren phuong dien ngii phap, bai dpc nguyen ban cd the cd nhihig ca^u tnic ngii phap phiic tap, tren t^m cua ngudi hpc va chfnh vi If ngudi bpc d trlnh dd tha'p cd the' khdng giai ma dupe ndi dung bai dpc
(8)doan dpc ludt va du doan ndi dung (skimming and scanning), kiefn thtic vii phuong phap ciia ngudi day se giiip ngudi hpc dinh hudng ki^n thiic ciia minh theo ndi dung ciia bai dpc d^ hi^u rd bai dpc hon
Nhihig khd khan tren bude ngudi day phai ehuin bi mdt each dac biet so vdi viee chuin bi cho mdt bai dpc giao trinh va nhu vay c6ng viee se tieu tdn mdt lupng thdi gian dang k^ cua giao vien
5 Chu^n b| bai dpc
Khi mang mdt tai lieu nguyen ban den giang day Idp, ngudi day bao gid ciing phai xae dinh diu mdt muc tieu su pham rd rang: Ngudi hpc se bpc dupe dieu gi tir tai lieu nay? Vdi su trp giup v6 mat su pham, ngudi bpc se cam thiy tu tin va "an toan" hon sis If cac tai lieu nguyen ban Cac tai lieu nguyen ban nen dupe sir dung cho phu hop vdi kha nang ngudi hpc Nhim giam thie'u nhihig khd khan cua ngudi hpc tie'p xiic vdi nhiing tai lieu nguyen ban, cd nbi^u giai phap da dupe ra, dd don gian boa tai lieu nguyen ban de' nd pbii hop vdi trinh dp ngudi hpc Thao tac cd th^ bao gdm viee lupe bd tir vung hoac cac cau triic ngii phap phiic tap so vdfi ulnh dd thuc te' ciia ngudi bpc Tuy nhien, thao tac lai lam cho bai dpc mit di phin nao tfnh nguyen ban Thao tac don gian hda bai dpc nguyen ban cin dupe Xhi hien qua mdt sd diem sau:
- Don gian ve mat ngdn ngii (ciu tnic ngii phap, tir vung ) - Don gian v6 mat nhan thiic: bai dpc phu hpp vdi dp tuoi, su hi^u biet, su quan tam ciia ngudi hpc
- Don gian v^ mat tam li: bai dpc cd pbii hpp vdi nhiing chuan muc xa bdi truyen thdng (ciia ngudi hpc) khdng?
Giai phap tbii bai dupe nhieu giao vien ap dung bon Bai dpc nguyen ban dupe tri^n khai theo cac bude sau:
(9)- Cach tri^n khai mdt bai dpc tiiy thudc vao muc dfch cua bai dpc Giao vien sir dung bai dpc vdi muc dfch gl, nhim buSn luyen cho ngudi bpc kl nang gi (each sir dung tir ngii, each lap luan, phan tfch, each tlm hi^u nhiing in y ) VI vay bai tap d phin cin dupe chuin bi theo muc dfch da dupe dat
- Cac cau hdi hoac bai tap nhim ki^m tra, danh gia miic dd hi^u bai cua ngudi hpc cung rat quan Upng va cung dupe tri^n khai theo muc dfch ciia bai dpc Nbiing bai tap md rdng nhim tao die'u kien cho ngudi bpc sir dung nhutig thdng tin da cd dupe tir bai dpc Cic dang bai tap nhu thao luan, viet tdm tit hoac cao bon la tdng hpp nhiing hhx dpc khae ciing ban ve mdt chu de cung dupe khuye'n khfch sii dung Tuy nhien, nhiing bai tap cung cin dupe chuin bi nhu danh cho ngudi ban ngii, cd nhu vay, tfnh chat nguyen ban mdi dupe dam bao
6 Ket luan
Tfnh hieu qua cua viee sir dung tai lieu nguyen ban viee giang day ngoai ngii v5n edn dang dupe tranb cai kha sdi n6i Tuy nhien, ngudi ta cd th^ nhan mdt sd khia canh tfch cue cua hudng tie'p can giang day tie'ng Tai lieu nguyen ban mang lai cho sinh vien co hdi vdi ngdn ngii thuc dupe sir dung khung canh giao tie'p thuc Mdt khfa canh tfch cue niia cin dupe nhie de'n la tai lieu nguyen ban cd the' tao ddng luc kham pha nhiing gia tri van hda-xa hdi mdi dupe chuye'n tai mdt each nguyen ban Viee sir dung loai tai lieu giiip sinh vien cd th^ phat Xr'iin dupe kl nang dpc hi^u cua minh tiep can vdi nhieu th^ loai bai dpc khae nhau, vdi nhiiu chu de khae
(10)• TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Grellet F (1981), Developing Reading Skills, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
2 Nutall, C (1996), Teaching Reading Skills in a foreign language, Oxford, Heinemann
3 Peacock, M (1997), The Effect of Authentic Materials on the Motivation of EFL Learners in English Language Teaching Journal 51
4 Wallace, C (1992), Reading, Oxford: Oxford University Press