Trong qua trinh day ngudi day cin ciing cd, hoan thien eau tnie ngii phap co ban nhu ngii am, bjf vung, trang bi nhiing kien thiic ve ngdn ngii d^ uen eo sd dd ngudi hpc cd the van dun[r]
(1)QUY TRINH THI§'T K ^ ' C A C P H A T N G O N SO S A N H tiNH BIEU TH! Y N G H I A T I / O N G DONG
T R O N G T I E N G VIET CHO NGl/Ol Nl/dC NGOAI
Bdi Thanh Thuy Khoa Tii'ng Viet vd Van hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngoai
Trudfig DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Ha Ndi
Kbi hoc mot ngdn ngir ngudi hpc cin hieu ve nhihig hinh thai ngdn ngir tuong duong vdi cac chiic nang giao tiep Mdi lien he giQa cac hinh thai va cac chiie nang thay ddi ngoai ngir canh tbi khd cd the du doan mdt each chinh xac Rd rang can phai cd eo hpi de' phat trien chien lupc nhim lam rd each diing ngdn ngiif hien dai
Di cd kl nang giao tie'p tdt tbi:
- Ngudi hpc phai dat tdi trinh dd cao ve ngdn ngO hpc Dd la he thdng ngdn ngir hpc ma ngudi hpc phai phat trie'n kl nang thao lac phai sir dung no mot each tu nhien va linh boat nhim bi^u dat y dinh giao tiep cua mlnh
- Ngudi hpc phai phat tri^n kl nang va chien lupc sir dung ngdn ngil de truyen dat mot each hieu qua nhiing tlnb hudng cu th^, sir dung thdng tin phan hoi de' danh gia su cdng cua minb
- Ngudi hpc phai cd y thiic ve nghia, cd tfnh hlnb tbiic ciia cac hinh thai ngdn ngir
Muc tieu cudi ciing cua ngudi hpc la tham gia giao tie'p vdi nhimg ngudi khac Dong co hpc cua ho ihfch hpp hon ne'u bp cd ih^ tha'y vice hpc tap Idp dat dupe muc tieu va giup bp cdng nhu the nao
(2)vien NhGng mdi quan he cd Xhi bilu hi^n "tfnh nhan van" va tao mdi trudng giiip ngudi hpc cd ging hpc
Muc dfeb giao tie'p la tiep nhan nhihig ye'u to thdng tin Nhiing thJnh cdng dupe danh gia ngudi hpc biet sir dung cac tbuat ngir hay khdng
Kbi nang phit tin hi?u hpi thoai la hudng din thire hanh ngdn ngil", them vao mpt sd Idi binh cin thiet Giao vien cd the su dung phat tin hi?u hpi thoai de ngudi hoc tim eau triic ma giao vien vua day Ba nhan td de nhan syr han che ve ph^un vi ngdn ngii cd the xay thieb hpp d tin hi?u hpi thoai:
- Tin hi?u hudng dan chue nang nghla ma ngudi hpc phai dien d^t
- Tinh hudng xS hpi va mdi quan h? xac dinh loai ngdn ngu: thieb hpp de dien d^t nghia
- D$e bi^t, d giai doan dau, khdng chac rang ki nang ciia ngudi hpc se chira d\mg s\r thay ddi Ion ciia cac dang thiic ngdn ngu' khac de diln d^t chue nang giao tiep dac bi^t
Vi v^y, khdng khd de giao vien ehuan bi cho ngudi hpc mpt hoat dpng cy the, trang bi cho ngudi hpc dang thiie phii hpp Sau boat dpng, giao vien cd the dua thdng tin phan hdi rd rang ve cac dang thiic ho CO the sii dyng
Tuy nhien, gido vien cd the thay ddi sir sang tao cua ngudi hpc qua hai each chinh sau:
- Tin hi^u cd the nhieu boSe it chi tilt chue nSng nghia ma ngudi hpc xac dinh
- Giao vien cd the thay ddi nhiing hudng din cho ngudi hpc DiSu dua ngudi hpc tinh chinh xac, cd sang tao tir "hudng din tdi da" den ' ^ g t^o tdi da"
S\r hudng dan ciia giao vien din din it di va sir sang tao ciia ngudi hpc cang tang
(3)bp can Ngudi hpc se cd gang tim each de ndi nhiing dieu mi bp ehua dat dupe hi^u qua boac dimg ngdn ngii thieb hpp
- Ngdn ngur dupe tao bdi timg ddi hay nhdm sS kbic Mdt mat, ngudi hpc the hien Uinh dp ciia minb, m$t kbic, giio viSn khdng dua thdng tin phan hdi Dieu cd nghia la ngudi hpc sS ddi diing ngdn ngur khdng chinh xac bo^c khdng diing ma se khdng bao gid dupe ehu"a
NhOmg Idi dd la khdng the tranh khdi Ngudi hpc thvrc h i ^ timg ddi hay nhdm de t^o tinh dpe l$p Nhan m^uih d cdc bo^t dpng la thyc hanh qua trinh giao tiep hon la danh gid sin phim Thyc ra, ngudi hpc t^p trung vao nghia giao tiep, bp sS nhd eau true ngon ngir ey the Ddng thdi eung la mpt trinh t\r diing ciia cic eau true
Ngudi hpc cd the sir dyng kl nang da dupe hpc vao thye hanh ngdn ngur, sy chii y cua ngudi hpc t^p trung vao eau tnie can hpc Cach luy?n tap se la dpng eo tdt hon vi dua tren thvrc te nhu eau ngdn ngQr dieu xuat hi^n chinh svr cd ging giao tiep cua ngudi hpc
Tat ca cde ho^t dpng d phan trudc eung cap mpt bp tin hi^u cy the cho ngudi hpc Dieu cho phep gido vien hudng dan bo^t dpng va dam bao cho ngudi hpc dien d^t nghia dje bi?t.' Nbimg tin bi^u eung lam giam mpt so kba nang sdng t^o ciia ngudi hpc
Khi ngudi hpc tien bp, giao vien se khdng can sii dyng tin hi?u ey the Giao vien mudn tao loai hanh dpng'dac bi^t va liy pb^m vi dac bi^t ciia chue nang nghia va hinh thiie Tuy nhien, eung sS tang ca hpi, eung cap eau tnie it hon, dua ngudi hpc vho sang tao Idn hon Bay gid su hudng dan xac dinh nghia khdng qua nhieu Nd tr\re tiep dye vao mire dp cao cua tinh hudng va mye dich ma ngudi hpc phii d^t dupe qua giao tiep
Ngudi hpc bat dau cd y thire ve toan bp tinh huong va mye dich Hp phai vupt qua mpi tinh hudng de dien dat, moi ngudi ddi tho^i ty tra Idi cac tinh hudng giao tiep khac va cd cac chien lupc
(4)bi§t, nlhmg khdng eSn thilt theo dudi bit cu mye dich giao tiep dac bi^t nao
So sdnh tinh duac hieu Id ddi tugng, phdm chat cua ddi tugng, ddc trung cua ddi tuang dugc neu tgi mot thdi diem de ddi chieu Ddi tugng, ddc trung cua ddi tugng d trang thdi vi tri khdng ddi,
Ngbien cihi va thiet ke ciu tnie ngii phap vi so sanh tinh bie'u tbi ^ nghia tuong ddng tieng Viet nhim lam sang td them mdi quan he giOa tu va ngdn ngii Vice ngbien cihi cac phuong tien bi^u dat y nghia vdi chiie nang giao tie'p cua nd lam sang td them cac eau tnie diln dat y nghia so sanh tieng Viet Ngbien eihi cac phat ngdn so sinh tinh va ddng se eung ca'p cho ngudi hpc phuong tien sir dung ngdn ngii tinh te'
1 Muc dich cua ban thiet ke'
Muc dfeb cua ban thi€^t ke' nham giup ngudi day va ngudi hpc nhan thiic dupe gia tri giao tie'p ciia cac miu eau va cac each thiic thuc hanh chung mdt each cd y nghia Khi xay dung cac miu eau ngudi hpc CO th^ khai thac d^ thuc hanh ndi ve nhihig de tai gin gui cupe sdng hang ngay, chiing se dupe day tinh hudng nao, ngvi canh giao tie'p gi
Trudc day mdt bai khoa boac mpt bai hpi thoai ngudi day cin [^ai dpe qua bai va danh da'u cac miu eau cd nhiing chiic nang cin day IChi day miu eau cin gidi thieu ca hinh thiic ciu tao, y nghia eung nhu cich sir dung Trong qua trinh day ngudi day cin ciing cd, hoan thien eau tnie ngii phap co ban nhu ngii am, bjf vung, trang bi nhiing kien thiic ve ngdn ngii d^ uen eo sd dd ngudi hpc cd the van dung tri thiic ciia mlnh de' tu hoan thien Idi ndi va ngbe bie'u dupe ngudi ndi ehuyen vdi mlnh, phat huy dupe tfnh chii ddng sang tao thuc hanh
(5)Ngudi day ddng vai Ud x6 chiic dinh hudng va hudng din each thiic hpc bing he thdng viec lam da dupe thiet ke sin, cdn nhiem vu ngudi hpc la hpc each lam viec tri de thdng qua viec thuc hien he thdng thao tac viec lam, tir dd hpc each tu khoa hpc (each tifp nhan va giai quyet va^n de cac tinh hudng hoc tap khac nhau) Ngudi day la ngudi td chiie chfnh boat dpng ciia ngudi hpc, la ngudi eung c^p vat lieu va hudng di de ngudi hpc nim la'y phuong tien vat lieu pbu hpp va van dung vao cac tinh hudng cu tb^ cude sd'ng hang Ngudi day danh gia ke't qua hpc tap ciia ngudi hpc bing cac eau bdi
2 Quy trinh thiet ke
Budc I: Gidi thieu hinh thdi vd y nghia cua mdu
Ngudi day cd the' dua mdt boac hai vf du de' ngudi hpc thafy y nghia cu th^ ciia miu Ngudi day dpe ebuin xac, ngudi hpc ngbe va dpe theo
Budc 2: Khdi qudt hod mdu
Ngudi hpc giai thfcb cflfu tao cua miu va dua nhan x^t cin thift (jach chan cdc tir co ban ciia miu giup ngudi hpc tim cdng thiic khii quat miu
Bu&c 3: Thuc hdnh cd hudng dan
Budc giiip ngudi hpc luyen tap di lain quen vdi edeh sii dung miu Ngudi day cho ngudi hpc luyen kl nang sir dung miu thdng qua cac loai bai tap khac nhu hdi dap, thay the, lip ghep vao miu, chuye'n ddi md rpng miu, bai tap sang tao, bai tap tinh hudng Hudng din ngudi hpc van dung mdt each triet d^ nhimg vat lieu cu hpc miu eau mdi
Budc 4: Luyen tap hoat ddng giao tiep
Sau da lam quen vdi am va nghia ciia miu eau, ngudi hpc c5n luyen tap de' sir dung dupe miu dd giao tie'p mdt each tu nhien Ngudi day dua tinh hudng de ngudi hpc sir dung ede miu cftu vao Uong giao tie'p Thao tac bdc Id kba nang ling dung M\6n thiic ciia ngudi hpc vao hoat ddng ngdn ngii Nd cd tac dung tang tfnh 410
(6)ling dung ki^n thiic ciia ngdn ngii lam cho gid hpc bdt di tfnh If thuyet, sich vd
Tir quy trinh miu tren chung ta cd tbi ap dung vao viec day cac phit ngdn hiiu tbi y nghia so sanh tuih va dpng Uong tieng Viet cho ngudi nude ngoai
3 Miu thiet ke day cac phat ngon so sanh tinh tieng Viet bi^u thi y nghia tuong dong
Budc 1: Gidi thieu hinh thAc cdu tao vd y nghia cua mdu cdu, Vi du 1: Ldng dit ii hat ciing nhu me ii
VI du 2: Nhiing tang da vdi Idn sang rue len nhu kim cuong Vf du 3: Hin tdn trpng cupe sd'ng ciia bin eung nhu ngudi ta rat ten trpng nguyen tie lam viec ciia hp
Vf du 4: Tie'ng thi thim ki ehuyen cd tfcb ciia ba ndi rit hien tir, phiic hau, diu dang nhu ba tien
Budc 2: Khdi qudt hod mdu
Thao tac 1: Dua cac tieu cbf nhan dien: - Ddi tupng dupe so sanh: Kl va K2
- Thdng sd ddi chieu la hanh dpng dupe ddi chieu, phim chit dac tnmg va miic dd dac trung: PI va P2
- Phuong tien so sanh: nhu, eung nhu, bet nhu, tua nhu, y bet, khdng/ching + khac, khdng/ching khac gl
- Ket qua ciia so sanh: gidng
Thao tac 2: Dua md hinh cho mdi loai:
Vf du cd md hlnb:
Ddi tupng Hanh ddng Phuong tien Ddi tupng Hanh ddng dupe so dupe so so sanh dupe so dupe so
(7)Vfdu3 Ddi tupng
dupe so sanh
Kl
CO md hlnb: Miicdd dac trung cua so sanh
PI Vi du cd md hlnb:
Ddi tuong Dac trung m ^ *•
-' ^ • ^ Phuong tien -.^ ^ ^ j ^ -' L duoc so duoc so Dot tuong dupe so sanh
: : so sanh sanh sanh
Kl PI nhu K2
Phuong Ddi tupng Miic dd tien so dupe so dac tnmg sanh sdnh cua so sdnh
cdng nhu K2 P2
Vf du cd md binh:
Ddi tupng Miic dd Phuong tien Ddi tucmg dupe so sdnh dupe so dac trung ciia so sanh Phuong tien dupe so
sanh so sanh sdnh Kl PI nhu K2
Budc 3: Thuc hdnh cd hudng ddn
Ngudi hpc cd Xhi dua eau bdi, gpi y di cho cudc ddi thoai ti^p tuc
Neu gidng ve hanh ddng thi bdi: lam gl gidng ai?/ gidng nhu lam gl?
Neu gidng ve dac trung thi hdi: gidng the nao?/ gidng nhu the nao?
Budc 4: Luyen tap giao tie'p
Ngudi day dua cac tlnb hudng cd sir dung cac miu lien quan de'n miu vira hpc ii thuc hanh hdi thoai giiia cac vien Idp
(8)y nghia luong dong ndi rieng ngii phap tieng Viet ndi chung cd hieu qua hun
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Nguyen The Lich (2001), Cdu true so sdnh tii'ng Viet, Tap cbf Ngdn ngii, sd
2 Nunan D (1998), Teaching grammar in context, ELT Journal, 101-109
3 Savignon S.J (1991), Communicative Language Teaching: The State of the Art TESOL Quarterii, Vol 25 N^