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NHA NUUC Vft rnftF LUAI ^THirc THI CONG iSCiC QUYEN TRE EM VIET NAM: Tuoi chiu TRAch NhitM hJNh si/ VA chi lAi doi vdi Nqu^5i chu^A ihANh NiEN phAivi rpi PHAM THI THANH NGA* m Gidi thidu chung Tudi chiu trach nhiem hinh sy (TNHS) va ehd tdi hinh su hay hinh phgt la nhiing vin dd CO ban vd khdng thd thidu cd he thdng phap luat qudc gia vd qudc td, thd hidn quan didm va each thiic xir ly ngudi phgm tdi, ciing nhu cdc bidn phap bao vd trat tu xa hdi, an toan cdng cdng va quydn ngudi Vide xac djnh nhiing gidi hgn tudi chju TNHS thich hgp, dgc bidt la tudi tdi thidu ludn la van de khd khan xay dyng chinh sach hinh sy d mdi qudc gia cung nhu cac dieu udc vd hudng din chung cdng ddng qude te' Trong phgm vi Cdng ude quydn tre em (CUQTE), tudi chju TNHS vd chd tai ddi vdi ngudi ehua thdnh nidn (NCTN) pham tgi la nhiing ndi dung dac bidt quan trgng Viet Nam phd chuan CUQTE (khdng bao luu bat ky dieu khodn ndo) vdo nam 1990^, la qudc Tda in nhan dan tor tso, NCS Bai hgc WoHongong, gia diu tien d Chau A chip nhgn Cdng udc Nhd nude ta da tuyen bd ring, thye thi CUQTE Id mdt ngi dung uu tien chidn luge thuc thi quydn ngudi eua qudc gia^ Nhu mgi qudc gia thdnh vidn, Viet Nam cd nghia vu tidn hanh mgi bien phdp cin thidt ca vd lap phap, hdnh phap va tu phdp dd hien thuc hda cdc quydn cua trd em dugc ghi nhgn Cdng udc'' Q day, chung tdi danh gia miic dp tuang thieh giiia phap lugt va thye tidn ciia Viet Nam vdi cdc chuan myc j)hap ly qudc td, trung tam la CUQTE vd tudi chju TNHS vd chd tdi ddi vdi NCTN phgm tdi Cdc vdn dd td tyng (quydn bdo chiia, quydnriengtu, hoae thu tye gidi quydt) khdng thudc pham vi ciia nghidn ciiu Kdt qud nghidn citu chi rang, so vdi cac tidu chuan qude td, tudi chju TNHS d Viet Nam hien dugc quy dinh hoan toaii phii hop; he thdng chd tai thidu dam bao vd nguyen tdc nhung thidu Australia Gregor Uitas (2000) ''The Age of Criminal Responsibility" in Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, (AustrBllan Institute of Criminology), trang 1; Cipriani Don (2009) Children's Rights and the Minimum Age of Criminal Respon^t^tity: A Glotiai Perspective, Buriington, VT, Ashgate xiv; Delmage Bnys (2013) "The Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility: A Medico-Legal Perspective." Youth Jusb'ce 13(2), tiang 104 Xem: 14 CUQTE: Diiu 40/3/a 15 Xem Angela Melchlorre (2004) At What Age? Are Sdiool-diildren Employed, Married and Taken to Court?, Mght to E ucation Project, ; Binh Ii4n Chung so 10: Doan 30 16 Binh luan Chung so 10: Doan 32 17 Binh luan chung so 10: Doan 33 18 Xem CUQTE: Dieu 1; Cong Udc so 183 cua TS chii'c Lao dgng quoc te'ifli Lo?i bd nhOhg hlnh thOb lao a0ng tr^ em (14 biet tni ti: Dieu 2; Nghi djnh thU vi Phong chdng v^ tn/c ph^t t$i ph^m mua bin ngUdi, d$c bl^t li phi^ nO" vitriemB6 sung Cdng Udc cua Liin hdp quoc ve Phdng chdng ^i ph^m c6 tS chut: Diiu 3(d); Quy tSc Havana: Quy d c J l(d} CUU ^ 161NOHllN L A P P I I A P _ / S 18 (274) T9/2014 NHA NUCfC vA PHAP LUAT vd tre em, cdc qudc gia ludn dugc khuydn khich ap dyng chinh sach tu phap NCTN, bao gdm ca yB hinh phgt vd thii tuc td tyng thantiiidnddi vdi mgi ngudi pham tdi dudi 18 tudi, bat ke loai tgi phgm hg tbyc hidn" Trdn thye td, d mdt so qudc gia (nhu Malaysia, mgt sd bang cua My, Singapore vd Uc), Tod dn NCTN (Tod an tre em) cd thdm quydn xet xit nhiing ngudi dudi 16 tudi; nhung khdng cd tham quydn giai quydt ddi vdi nhung vy vide dac bidt nghiem trgng, nhung vy ed ca bi cdo trdn 16 tudi, hoac nhiing vy lidn quan ddn vii khi, an ninh quoc gia^° Trong nhung trudng hgp nhu vgy, NCTN pham tdi dugc xet xir bdi cac tda an hinh su thdng thudng, theo thii tye nhu ddi vdi ngudi da trudng O mdt sd qudc gia khdc, Tda dn thieu nien^' cd ttiam quydn giai quydt cac vy an ma ngudi phgm tdi dudi 21 tudi NghTa la thu tuc td tyng dac bidt danh cho NCTN dugc ap dung d6i vdi khdng chi nhiing ngudi dudi 18 tudi ma cd nhung ngudi ldn hon nhung khdn^ qud 21 tu6i Nhiing quy dinh nhu vay, rat dugc Uy ban CUQTE khuyen khich va ung Vd hinh phgt, bdn eanh nhung quy djnh cd tinh nguyen tdc chung vd bao vd va cham sdc tre em nhu bdo ve lgi ich tdt nhat va su phdt trien hai hoa cua tre em, CUC^TE va cac hudng dan ddu ydu cdu cac qudc gia ddm bdo nhimg van dd cd tinh dac trung vd tu phdp hinh sy xu ly NCTN phgm tdi Cdc ydu cdu dd bao gdm: khdng tra tan, ddi xu tan t? vd nhdn dgo hay lam mat phdm gia ngudi; khdng xii phat tu hinh hay tu ehung than vi nhimg hanh ddng pham phap ngudi dudi 18 tuoi gay ra; vide bit, giam giii hay bd tu phai dugc tidn hanh theo phap luat vd ehi dugc dung ddn nhu mdt bidn phdp cudi ciing va thdi hgn ngan nhat cd thd; vd tre em bj tude ty phdi dugc ddi xu nhdn dgo va tdn trgng pham gia cua eon ngudi theo each thiic phu hgp vdi cac nhu cau ciia lira tudi^^ Cac van kidn phap ly ciing nhan mgnh vide can cd nhiing he thdng xii ly NCTN pham tdi ma khdng phai dung ddn cac ddn cac thii tuc td tyng, xet xir va giam giii ehinh thire^'' Cae qudc gia dugc khuydn nghj dd xay dung va phat tridn eae quy trinh xu ly ehuydn hudng, cac bien phap thay thd giam giii nhu lenh giam sat, cham sdc va hudn^ dan, tu van, cdc chuang trinh giao due nghd nghidp, tai hda nhap cdng ddng^^ Nhu vdy, ngoai trir quy djnh khdng ap dung hinh phat tii hinh va tii chung, CUQTE va cac van kidn lidn quan khdng dua nhimg quy dinh chi tidt vd tdi phgm, hinh phat va edc bien phap xir ly ddi vdi NCTN pham tdi Cac hudng dan ve xir ly va dp dung hinh phgt cd tinh dinh hudng va ky thuat Dieu cd thd giai thich bdi he thong che tdi hinh sy ludn phan anh quan didm ciia moi nha nudc ve tdi phgm vd edeh thirc bao vd quydn ngudi; va chiu anh hudng cua truyen thdng phap luat va didu kidn kinh te - xa hdi d mdi qudc gia Thdng qua cac kdt qua vide giam sat va hd trg thye thi CUQTE va quyen tre em ITnh vu tu phdp NCTN, Uy ban CUQTE va cac to chiic qudc td hogt ddng ITnh vyc (UNICEF, Save the Children, va Mgng ludi tu phap NCTN) cd thd nhgn thay tu phap NCTN thu dugc it cdng so vdi cac ITnh vuc khac cua quydn tre 19 Xem Binh lu$n dyung so 10: Doan 38 20 Aiem Champion, D J va G L Mays (1991) Transferring Juveniles to Criminal Courts: Trends and Implications for Criminal Justice, New Yori(, Praeger; Chris Cunneen va Rob White (2007) Juvenile Justice: Youdi and Crime in Australia, Oxford Unlve^ity Press; Chan, W-C (2012) "Juvenile Ganders in Singapore." 21 Tin ddng Anh: the Youth Court 22 Binh lu$n chung s610: Doan 38 23 CUQTE: DHu 37; Quy tSc Bic Kmh; Quy tSc Havana; Binh luan chung sd 10 24 CUQTE: DiSu 40/3 25 CXJQTE: DHu 40; Hudng dSn Lim viic v&itreem h$ thong tUphap hinh sifi Quy tic Havana S618(274)T9/2014\ LAD I NHA Nirdc VA PHAP LUAT em^* Ddn nay, chua cd qudc gia nao xay dung dugc md hinh tu phap NCTN dap ling diy du cdc ydu cau ciia nhiing ehuan myc phap ly qudc td lien quan, dii rang d mdt sd tidu cM hep han (nhu tda an ehuydn bidt hay chuang trinh giao due cdng ddng) da dugc thuc hidn hieu qua d mdt sd qude gia^' Trong qud trinh giam sat viec thye thi Cdng udc, Uy ban CUQTE thudng xuydn dd nghi cae qudc gia thdnh vien, bao gdm ca Viet Nam, can quan tam hon niia den tu phdp NCTN, dd cd vin dd tudi va ehe tai hinh sy hay hinh phat Phap luat va thurc tidn d Vidt Nam 3.1 Vi tudi chiu TNHS Phap lugt Viet Nam hien hanh ed hai quy trinh khdc dd xu ly nhirng hanh vi cd diu hidu ciia tdi pham: trinh ty td tyng hinh sy (TTHS) va thu tye hanh chinh - tu phap Trinh ni TTHS dugc quy djnh bdi Bd luat TTHS nam 2003, thu tuc hanh chinh tu phdp dugc quy djnh bdi Luat Xir Iy vi pham hanh chinh nam 2013 Can cii dd xac djnh thii tuc giai quydt vy viec phy thudc vdo tudi eiia ngudi vi pham vd tinh chat nghidm trpng cua hanh vi Theo thdng Id, thao lugn vd tudi chiu TNHS va hinh phat, cac nha nghien cuu Viet Nam thudng chi tap trung ban den nhiing van de dugc quy dinh bdi Bd luat Hinh sy (BLHS) vd Bg luat TTHS Trong hai bd luat nay, tudi tdi thieu cua TNHS va tudi chiu TNHS diy du khdng dugc dinh nghTa rd rang, nhung cd the duge xac djnh ehinh xac Tudi tdi thidu chju TNHS la 14 va tudi chiu TNHS diy du la'lS^^ Hai bd lugt ciing nhu phap ludt ndi chung, sir dung thuat ngii 'NCTN' phii hgp vdi dinh nghTa cua Bd luat Dan su: ngudi chua du 18 tudi la NCTN, ngudi til dii 18 tudi trd idn !a ngudi da thdnh nidn^^ Tudi tdi tiiidu eua TNHS Id 14 khdng ddng nghia vdi vide ndu mdt ngudi du 14 tudi VPPL hinh sy se ludn phdi chju trach nhidm theo thu tuc TTHS va ngudi dudi 14 tudi vi phgm thi khdng bj dp dung edc bi$n phap hgn chd ty nhu bit, tam giu, hogc dua vdo trudng giao dudng Theo phdp luat hidn hdnh, ngudi dgt dp tudi tdi thidu cua TNHS (14 tudi) nhung chua du 16 tudi chiu trach nhidm trudng hgp cd y thye hidn tdi phgm rit nghidm trgng hoac tdi phgm dgc bidt nghiem trgng; vd ngudi du 16 tudi hoac ldn ban phai chju TNHS ve mgi tdi phgm ma hg thuc hien^" Tir phuang didn hinh phgt, vide xac djnh logi tdi phgm cd tiie dya vao miie eao nhdt cua khung hinh phat ma BLHS quy djnh Tdi phgm it nghiem trgng cd miic cao nhat ciia khung hinh phat khdng qua ba nam tu; tdi phgm nghiem trpng ed miic cao nhdt ciia khung hinh phat tir trdn ba nam ddn bdy nam tu; tdi phgm rit nghiem trgng cd miic cao nhit cua khung hmh phgt tu trdn bay nam tii ddn 15 nam tu; tdi iihgm dgc bidt nghiem trpng ed mue cao nhat eua khung hinh phat trdn 15 nam tu, tii ehung than hogc tir hinh Nhu vgy, nhiing ngudi dgt dp tudi toi thidu ciia TNHS, 14 tudi hogc ldn hon nhung ehua du 16 tudi, ehi phdi chju trach nhidm phap ly theo thu tue TTHS ndu hp thye hidn tgi phgm cd mire eao nhat ciia khung hinh phat la trdn 15 nam hi, tii chung than hogc tir hinh; hogc cd y thye hidn t^i phgm cd miic cao nhat ciia khung hinh phgt trdn bay nam tii 26 Xem: International Networic on Juvenile Justice (2001) Bao cao aia Uy ban Quyen tre em Lien hdp qudc ve Cong tic tit phap NCTN (sach dich), Nha xuat ban Chfnh tn Quoc gia, trang 27 Pham Thi Thanh Nga (2013) "The Establishment of Juvenile Courts and die Fulfiment of Vietnam's Obligations under the Convention on the Rights of the Child." Australian Journal of Asian Law 14(1), trang 17; xem thim: UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia (2006) Juvenile Justice in South Asia: Improving Protection for Children in Conflict with the Law, Switzeriand, Geneva; UNICEF (2007) Implementation Handbook far the Convention on tiie Rights of the Child, Switzeriand, United Nations Publications, trang 615 28 BLHS nam 1999, dUOc sua doi bo sung nam 2009: cac Dieu 12, 68-77 29 Bo luat Dan sU nSm 2005: Dieu 18 30 BLHS: Dieu 12 18 I NGHIfcN CUU ILAP P H A P / S 18 (274) T9/2014 NHA Nirdc VA PHAP LUAT Cd BLHS vd Bp ludt TTHS ddu cd nhung quy djnh dp dung ridng ddi vdi NCTN pham tdi Hinh phat dp dung vdi ngudi pham tgi chua du 18 tudi nhe han; thu tye td tung dp dung vdi ngudi bj bit, bj can, bi edo dudi 18 tudi cd tinh ddn nhung didm dgc thu, phu hgp vdi tam ly liia tudi cua ngudi chua trudng thanh^' Ndi cdeh khde, ngudi tii dii 18 tudi trd len chju TNHS theo cdc quy djnh cua phdp luat hmh sy vd TTHS, khdng cd bdt ky uu tidn nao vi ly ngudi pham tgi edn non ndt vd the ehdt va tinh than Tdm lgi, xdc djnh TNHS theo quy djitii ciia BLHS va Bd lugt TTHS, tudi tdi thidu eiia TNHS (14 tudi) vd tudi tdi thidu cua TNHS day du (18 tudi) Id hodn toan phu hgp vdi chuan mire phdp ly qude td, phu hgp vdi cac khuyen nghi cua Uy ban CUQTE Ndu xet ca he thdng phap lugt Viet Nam, nhiing ngudi tir 12 ddn dudi 14 tudi du dugc coi la khdng cd nang luc TNHS, ndu vi phgm cdc quy djnh ciia BLHS van cd the bj dp dyng cdc bi?n phdp hgn chd ty theo phdp ludt ve xir ly cdc vi phgm hanh chinh Vi dy, ngudi tu dii 12 tudi den dudi 14 tuoi thye hidn hdnh vi cd dau hidu ciia mgt tpi phgm dac bidt nghidm trpng cd y; va ngudi tir dii 14 tudi den dudi 16 tudi thye hi^n hanh vi cd dau hidu eiia mdt tdi phgm rat nghidm trgng vd y cd thd bj dua vdo trudng giao dudng tir sau ddn 24 thdng'^ Vd nguyen tdc, vide dp dung nhiing bi?n phdp xd ly hdnh chinh, bao gdm gido dye tai xa, phudng, thj tran; vd bidn phap dua vao trudng gido dudng cd tinh gidi phap vd trj li$u quan ly hanh chinh - tu phdp, nham myc dich giao dye hon Id mang tinh trimg phat, khde vdi cac hinh phat vd bi?n phap duge quy dinh BLHS Co the ndi rang, bien phdp dua vao trudng gido dudng, cd theo thii tuc TTHS va hdnh chinh - tu phdp, cd thd xem nhu mgt loai bidn phap cudng chd cd tinh chat ban chd tu do VPPL hinh sy theo phgm vi dieu ehinh eua CUQTE Trong Cdng udc, cung nhu cac hudng din ve tu phdp NCTN khdng cd sy phdn biet bidn phdp hanh ehinh hay bien phdp hinh sy, ma quan tam ddn bdn chat eua nhiing chd tdi, sy ban che ty dp dyng len tre em - NCTN hp thye hidn nhung hdnh vi trai phap luat hinh sy Didu cd thd thay qua cac bdo cdo thye hidn CUQTE vd cac yeu ciia Uy ban CUQTE ddi vdi cdc qudc gia vide cung cap thdng tin vd vide xir ly tre em VPPL ca vd hinh su va ca bidn phap hdnh chinh cd tinh chdt ban chd ty dua vdo cdc co sd gido dye bat budc (nhu trudng giao dudng, trung tam cai nghien) Va nhu vgy, md rdng pham vi nghidn ciiu thi c6 the ndi rang, tudi thdp nhat ma mdt ngudi cd the phai chiu trdch nhiem trudc phap lugt hg VPPL hinh sy d Viet Nam la 12 tudi Ngudi 12 tudi thye hidn hanh vi ma BLHS quy dinh miie cao nhat ciia khung hinh phgt la tren 15 nam tii, til chung than hogc tir hinh se bj dp dyng bidn phap dua vao trudng giao dudng tir sdu ddn 24 thang theo thu tuc hanh chinh - tu phap Gidi hgn 12 tudi khdng trdi vdi cac chuan myc phap ly qudc te ve tudi tdi thidu ciia TNHS, nhung khdng phai Id muc ma td chiic chju trach nhiem gidm sat thuc thi CUQTE khuydn khich Trong thuc tien dp dung phap lugt, he thdng thdng tin du lieu chinh thuc ciia cdc CO quan tien hanh td tung khdng cd nhirng sd lieu rd rdng vd nhiing vide truy ciiu TNHS sai lam Hen quan ddn tudi chju TNHS Tuy nhidn, Tda an nhan dan tdi cao da ludn phdi cd nhiing hudng dan dd xdc djnh tudi ciia bj cao nhung trudng hgp cdc tai lieu lidn quan khdng rd rang" Thdi gian gan day da xdy trudng hgp Tda an cap phue tham quydt djnh trd mdt hd so dd 31 Xem BQ luit TTHS: Chuong XXXn 32 Lu$t X&lyvi ph^m hinh chinh: dc Dieu 91 • 92; Nghi dinh sd 01/2014/ND-CP quy dinh che ap dung,tillhinh b phip xit ly hinh chinh dua vio tiUdng giao dudng vicosd giao due bit buoc 33 Tda in nhin din tdi cao, Cdng vin sS 81/2002/TMiDTC: myc 11 — , NOHItHCUUI i n So 18 (274) Tg/2014^LAP P H A p l ' " NHA NlTdC VA PHAP LUAT didu tra lai vi eho rang bi cao chua du 14 tudi thye hidn hanh vi pham tdi, kdt luan gidm djnh vd dp tudi cua bj cao chua ro rang^"^ Hogc trudng hgp Tda an da quydt djnh xir phgt tir hinh ddi vdi mdt ngudi pham tpi dac bidt nghidm trgng, nhung sau dd xet xir Igi vd xu phgt 18 nam tu xac djnh rang, vao thdi diem thuc hidn hdnh vi phgm tdi, bj cdo chua du 18 tudi^^ Trong rtiiung vu nay, mdt cae can cu din den sy thay ddi ket luan eua Tda dn la bj eao khdng cd giay khai sinh bdn gdc, nhCmg tai lieu lidn quan den xdc djnh ngdy sinh ciia bj cdo, bao gdm cd cdc kdt ludn gidm djnh khdng thdng nhit 3.2 Chi tdi hinh sir ddi v&i ngwon chira thdnh nien pham tgi 3.2.1 Nhimg quy dinh chung ve hinh ph^t vd cdc bien phdp tuphdp Trong he thong phap lugt Viet Nam, chd tai hinh sy cd thd dp dyng ddi vdi ngudi thye hidn hanh vi trai phap luat hinh sy bao gdm hinh phgt va bidn phap tu jihdp^^ Hinh phat ndi chung gdm cac hiitii phgt chinh va hinh phat bd sung Cd bay logi hmh phat chinh gdm: Cdnh edo; Phgt tidn; Cai tao khdng giam giii; Tryc xudt; Tu cd thdi hanj Tu chung than; va Tu hinh Trong dd, xet vd mdi Udn be vdi logi tdi pham thi Cdnh cdo va Phgt tidn chi ap dung ddi vdi tdi pham it nghiem trpng; Cai tgo khdng giam giir chi dp dung ddi vdi ngudi phgm tdi it nghidm trpng hogc nghidm trgng; True xuat chi ap dyng vdi ngudi nudc ngodi; Tu cd thdi ban (tir thang den 20 nam) ed the dp dyng ddi vdi mgi loai tdi pham; Tu chung than va Tu hinh chi dp dung ddi vdi tdi dgc biet nghiem trgng^' Hmh phat bd sung gdm bdy logi^', vd khdng dp dyng ddi vdi NCTN^^ Ddi vdi nhiing ngudi bj xd phat tii khdng qua ba nam, can cii vdo nhan than ngudi phain tpi vd cac tinh tidt giam nhe, tda an cd thd dp cho ngudi bj kdt dn hudng an treo vdi thdi gian thir thdch tii mdt den nam nam Cac bidn phdp tu phap quy djnh tai Chuong VI BLHS bao gdm: Tjch thu vgt, tidn true tidp lidn quan ddn tdi phgm; Tra lai tai sdn, sua ehua hoac bdi thudng thidt hai; budc cdng khai xin loi; va Bat budc chira bdnh Nhiing bien phap cd the dp dung ddi vdi mgi tdi pham va ngudi pham tdi xet thiy ed edc can cii tuong ung quy dinh tgi cae Didu 41-44 eua Bg lugt Ddi vdi edc vy an NCTN phgm tdi, hai bidn phdp tu phap niia cd the ap dung la giao due tgi xa, phudng, thi trdn; vd dua vao trudng giao dudng Theo quy dinh cua phdp lugt, khdng phdi tit ca nhung ngudi cd hanh vi VPPL hinh sy ddu bj dp dyng cdc che tai hinh su vd hinh phat Trong qud trinh giai quyet vy an, cdc ca quan tidn hanh td tyng cd the midn TNHS vd mien hinh phgt cd cac can cu tuong ung quy dinh tgi cae Didu 25 va 54 BLHS Vi dy, vy dn dang dugc dieu tra, truy td hogc xet xit, chuydn bien ciia tinh hinh ma hanh vi pham tdi hoac ngudi pham tdi khdng cdn nguy hidm cho xa hdi nua, thi ngudi phgm tgi dugc mien TNHS"" 34 Toa an nhan dan phd Ho Chf Minh, Bin in so 30/2014/HSPT 35 Xem: Thoat an by sau hai lan bi tuyen tCfhinh: lan-bi-tuyen-tu-hinh.aspx> 10/01/2014