Bài viết tiến hành nghiên cứu pháp luật quốc tế và kinh nghiệm lập pháp của một số nước về xử lý chuyển hướng; đề xuất bổ sung các quy định về các biện pháp thay thể xử lý hình sự.
sdcbuyen deXay diing Dii an Bg luat Hinb sii svta dpi CAC BICN PHiiP THAY TH£ Xdf Lf HINH SIT e$l VA HGIlSl CHITA THANH H I I N PHAM Til I ThS PHAM ANH TUY^N ' tgo, can thigp tai cpng ddng v i tu dd giim tic ddng, inh hudng hg thing tu phip ehfnh thong mang Igf, cung nhu sy ky thj cCia cpng dong, dong thai cung trinh vigc d l lai an tfch cho cic em Cic bign phip xd ly ehuyin hudng khdng chi xu ly hinh vi vi phgm phip lu|t, mi cdn giai quyet c i nhung nguydn nhin siu xa dan den vi phgm v i dd tic dgng phdng ngua tii phgm die bidt hipu qui (y nudc ta, Bd luat Hinh su (BLHS) hidn hinh chua quy djnh van de xu ly chuyln hudng, vide xu \^ ngudi ehua thinh nien phgm tdi chu yeu thdng qua h$ thong tu phip hinh sy Mae dii khoin Oieu 69 BLHS da co quy djnh ve vide mien trich nhigm hinh su doi vdi ngudi chua thinh nien phgm tpi ft nghiem hoac nghiem tnpng m i giy thipt hgi khdng Idn, cd nhidu tinh tilt giim Nghien cuu phip lugt cua cic nude tren thi gidi cho nhp v i dugc gia dinh, ca quan, t l chde nhan giim sit, thay, nhilu cich thdc xu ly ngudi chua thinh nidn vi giio dgc nhung diy khong phai l i xd ly ehuyin hudng phgm phip luit mang tfnh giio due, phdng ngug da theo dimg nghTa v i tuang dong vdi khuyin nghi ciia dugc cdng dong qude t l xiy dyng va thuc hign, quic t l v i ciia da so eic nudc dang ap dgng cich thiic dd cd cich thuc xd ly khdng vidn din den cic thu tgc to xu \'j niy Han nua, ehd djnh niy cung bdc Id nhieu han tung chinh thdc doi vdi ngudi chua nidn vi phgm chl, nhu thilu ea sd phap ly rd ring, cu the ve dieu phap luit hay ndi cich khic l i xu ly chuyln hudng kipn, trinh ty, thii tye i p dung v i dd, han che vigc ip dang dugc sd dgng bien v i dem lai nhieu hipu qui dgng trdn thyc t l viec giio dgc v i phdng ngua tgi phgm vj thinh Thyc tien xd ly ngudi chua thinh nidn phgm tpi cho nidn I\;1dt nhung mge dfch ca ban eiia xu ly thiy, loai hinh phgt chu yiu i p dgng doi vdi cic em la chuyln hudng l i nham hgn chl viec ngudi chua thinh til cd thdi han, ndng doi vdi ngudi chua thinh nien tii nien pham tpi phii tilp xuc vdi hp thing tu phip chinh du 14 den dudi 16 tuli pham t|i chl i p dgng hai hinh thue thdng qua viec i p dung cie bidn phip giio dgc, cai phgt tude ty l i phgt tu v i dua vio trudng giio IDitvindl Mdt nhung nguydn tic quan trpng vide xu ly ngudi chua thinh nien vi pham phip lu$t da duac ghi nhin Cdng udc Lidn Hgp Quoc ve quyln tre em, dd l i phii bio dim cic lgi ieh tdt nhit ciia eie em Vigc lua chpn phuang phip xd ly phu hgp l i rat quan trpng vipe bao dam sy phit triln binh thudng cua ngudi ehua thinh nien, cung nhu bio dim higu qui giio dgc v i phdng ngda tdi phgm Chfnh vi viy, Cdng ude ydu eiu "bit eu nio xdt thay phii hgp v i nen lim", thi eic quoc gia phii khuyen khfch vigc thilt lip cic bign phip xu ly ngudi chua thinh nien vi pham phip lugt, mi khdng d n vipn den cac thD tgc tu phip dieu kipn bao dim quyln ngudi v i sy nghiem minh ciia phip lu^f I Ddn chO & Phdp lu$t ' Vien Kiem sdt nhdn ddn toi cao Sdch uyen de Xay diing Dii an Bg luat Hinh sii svta ddi dudng Mac du che tii ip dgng hrang doi nghidm khic, nhung hipu qua giio dgc, phdng ngda lai ehua bao dim, dilu niy thi hign d xu hudng phgm tpi lua tuli vj thinh nien ngiy eing gia tang, ti Ig tii pham eao (theo so lipu nim 2010 cua Bg Cdng an, tl lg til phgm Ida tuli vj thinh nidn d nudc ta l i 44%, theo mdt so nghidn edu quic t l , ti lg niy d eie nudc khac la khoang 10-12%) Ngoai ra, cich thue xd ly doi vdi ngudi chua thinh nidn niy cung kdo theo nhieu hg luy nhu giy tinh trang qui tii v i ton kim cho Nhi nudc quy trlnh td tung hinh sy mang lai, dd, ngudn luc ddi dio tgi cpng dong lai ehua duge phit huy; chua dip ung dugc yeu d u quic t l h-ong vigc bio vg Igi fch tot nhit cho ngudi chua thinh nien nhu cdng an, kiem sat d n dugc h^o thim quyen ty quydt hong viec quylt dinh xu ly chuyen hudng thiy cd du didu kign luit dinh Hai / i , eic ca quan ed thim quyen ehl nen i p dgng xd ly chuyln hudng cd chung cu thuylt phgc v l vigc VI pham phip luit cOa tre em, tre em dd phai tu nguygn thua nhan traeh nhidm, mi khdng ed bit cii su de dpa hay dp budc nio Sa la, cac bign phip xu ly ehuyin hudng dua vio cOng ddng phii da dgng va thi dl tao didu kign cho cie ca quan cd thim quyln vide lua chpn bign phip phu hgp vdi tdng tmdng hap eg thi v i de xd ly chuyln hudng ed hipu qui, d n cd cic chuang trinh hd hv vigc giim sit giio dgc ngudi ehua nidn Trdn ea sd xem xdt phip lugt hidn hinh v i dieu kfgn tgi cgng dong nhu quan lygiim sit ngin hgn, giio huin thyc tidn, die bfgt h-ong boi cinh chiing ta dang hoin ehi din, bugc bdi thudng thigt hgi, den bii cho ngudi bj thign hg thing phip luit nhim bio dam thuc thi Hiln hgi phip vl bao vd quyln ngudi, ^ i vigc xiy dyng cic Son / i , vipc i p dgng bat cu bien phip xd ly ehuyen chinh sich eg thi v l i p dung cic bipn phip thay thi xu hudng nio nhu chuyln ngudi chua nidn din cac ly hinh sy hay cdn gpi l i xd ly chuyen hudng nhim bio djch vg cdng ddng thich hgp hogc cic djch vg khic deu vg lgi fch tit nhit cua ngudi chua thinh nidn l i rit d n ddi hdi phii cd sy ding thuin eiia ngudi chua thilt nidn hoie eha me hay ngudi giim hd cua cie em v i Phip luat quoc te v i kinh nghiem lip phip cua mpt so nu^c ve xip \i ehuyen hudng Xu ly chuyen hudng ddf vdi eae vi phgm cua ngudi chua thinh nien di duge edng dong quic t i ghi nhin thdng qua Cdng udc Lien Hgp Quoc ve Quyenfrdem vi hing logt eie ehuin myc quoc te ve tu phip ngudi chua thinh nidn nhu: Quy tic chuin toi thilu cOa Lidn Hgp Quic ve quan ly tu phip vj thinh nien (Quy tic Bic Kinh), Hudng din Riyadh cOa Lien Hgp Quoc ve phdng ngua vi pham phap luit cua ngudi chua nien, Quy tie ehuan toi thieu eua Lien Hgp Quic vl cic bign phip khdng giam giu (Quy tic Tokyo) Xd ly chuyen hudng theo cic vin kign qudete the hign d mdt so dilm chinh sau: Mgt IA, khuyin khfch cic quoc gia xu ly chuyen hudng cic vi pham cda ngudi ehua thinh nien bit cu luc nio xdt thiy phii hgp, cic cd quan cd thim quyen phai chju sy kilm b-a eua mdt ea quan ed tham quyen Nam / i , bit ky mpt bign phip xd ly chuyln hudng nio cung khdng d l iai in tieh dli vdi ngudi chua thinh nidn Tren ca sd cac ehuin muc quic t l , phap luit mdt sd nudc quy ^nh xu ly chuyln hudng vdi nhung die diem ca bin sau: 11 Ve thoi diem ap dung va cac ccr quan co thim quyin ap dung Oe hinh viec ngudi chua thinh nien phii tidp xuc hoac din siu han vio he Oilng to hing ehlnh thde, cie quoc gia diu cho phep vide i p dgng xd ly chuyln hudng tai bat ky thdi dilm nio cua qui b-inh td tung dli vdi vu i n v i khuydn khich vide i p dgng cing sdm cing tit (Philippines, Nam Phi, Oc, Thii Lan, Canada, Nhit Ban, ) Theo phip luit cua cic nudc, eic eg quan cd thim Ddn chCi & Phdp lu^t Q l sdcbuyen diXay diingDUan Bq luat Hinb siisvta doi quyln nhu cdng an, kilm sOt, toa an duge trao thim da dpng, bao gom: Nhic nhd cda cdnh sOt, d n h cao quyln tg quylt ap dyng x u 1;^ ehuyin hudng thiy ed cda d n h sat, edng t l viOn ( r i t p h i biln tpi Canada), dd dieu kipn luOt dinh LuOt t u phap hinh sg cda Canada hgp hda giai, hgp nhdm gia dinh (Phillipines, Thai Lan, quy djnh d n h sat vO edng t l dugc khuyin khieh ap Niu Bi-ian, Lao) dung xu ly chuyln hudng trudc va sau quylt djnh 2.4 Vi dc bien phip can thi^p, hi tra tnjy t l Tai Niu Di-ian, thi cOnh sat ddng vai trd chu dpo Theo phap lupt eae nudc Thai Lan, Canada, viOc ap dyng eae bipn phap xd ly chuyln hudng Phillipines, Nam Phi, de bOo dam ngydi chua d l i vdi ngudi ehua niOn Tpi Phillipines, thi d l i niOn hda nhOp cOng dong, loai bd d c yeu t l nguy co cd vdi nhiing vy On ma muc hinh phpt tu dg kiln 10 nam t h i d i n d i n tai pham, tung tnrdng hgp cy the viec tu trd Idn phai thim phan quylt djnh Op dyng xu ly ehuyin hudng phai budc di kOm theo d c 2.2 Vi diiuftrOnx v ly ehuyin humg biOn phOp can thiep nhu bupc di hgc van hda, hgc nghl; Phap ludt mgt s i nude quy djnh mire gidi han cda lao dOng phyc vy edng ding; den bu cho nan nhan; tu hinh phat tu du kiln ed t h i ap dung d l i vdi tdi phpm mO v i n hope trj lieu cho ngudi nghidn ma hope nghiOn ngudi ehua thOnh nien da thyc hiOn lOm mpt nrgu; tham gia cde chugng trlnh tham v i n , ky nang nhiing cOn cii d l xir \^ ehuyin hudng, theo phap ludt sing; trlnh diOn c o quan cd thim quyln cua Philipines, thi mdc td t l i da dy kiln la 12 nSm, Thai De x u i t b l sung cOc quy djnh v l cOc biln Lan la nOm Mgt s i nudc lai gidi han khOng Op dyng phOp thay I h l xip ly hinh s y d l i vdi loai tOi cd Sii dyng bao lye nghiem trgng nhy gilt Tham khdo kinh nghidm quoc te vO phap lupt mOt so ngudi, cudp tOi san (COng hda Nam Phi) Tuy nhiOn, nudc cung nhu cOn nhic quy djnh hipn hOnh va dilu nhilu nude nhu; iJc, NhOt Ban, Phap, khong can cu kipn thyc t l eua Vipt Nam, BLHS d n duge sda d l i , bo vao loai tgi pham hay mdc hinh phpt tu cd I h l Op dyng sung theo hudng: d l i vdi tgi phpm mO d n eu vOo thai dd, khO nang d i Thir nhat, sua doi c h l djnh mien trOch nhipm hinh tpo, phyc thipn cua ngydi ehua thOnh niOn pham tOi sy tai khodn B i l u 69 BLHS theo hudng thu hpp pham cung nhu m l i nguy co d l i vdi cdng dong, d i x e m xdt, vi Op dyng chi doi vdi ngudi thyc hiOn tgi pham It quylt djnh Op dyng each thuc xu IJ phu hgp, bOo dam nghiem trgng, cd nhieu tinh tilt gidm nhp, bdi le, theo hiOu qua giOo dye va phdng ngiia khoOn B i l u 69 viOc mien trOch nhipm hinh sy khOng Ngoai ra, phap ludt cac nude cung quy djnh cdc dilu di kdm theo cac dilu kiOn rOng budc, giOm sOt, giao due kien khac tren co sd phd hgp vdi khuyin nghj cda Ciy d l i vdi ngudi dugc mien trOch nhipm hinh sy vO vOy, ban ve quyln trd em cua LiOn Hgp Quoc nhu: Ngudi chua thOnh niOn thOnh khin nhOn toi; sy chip thudn cda ngudi chua nien vO dpi dipn hgp phap cua hp v l vipc Op dyng xu ly chuyln hudng cung nhu cac bidn phOp can thipp; ngudi bi hpi ding y vdi cOch thiic xii ly; ed t h i d i n d i n nguy eg tdi pham Vipe tri c h l djnh miln traeh nhipm hinh s u la d n thilt, vl day la mpt ehinh sach hit sue nhOn dao d l i vdi ngudi chua niOn, nhien chi cOn nhic ap dyng tnrdng hgp xdt thiy ngudi dugc miOn trach nhidm hinh sy khdng cdn nguy hpi eho xa hgi, khdng d n Op dyng eOc bidn 2.3 Ve cic Wpn phip xir ly ehuyin hu^g phap giam sat, giao dye, kdm cOp va cung ehi ndn Op B l tao eg hgi cho can bd cd thim quyln vide dyng d l i vdi tgi pham it nghiOm trgng, lua chpn bidn phOp xir ly phu hgp vdi tiing tnrdng hgp Thir hai, b l sung vOo khodn B i l u 69 BLHS cu I h l , vdi nhOn than, dilu kipn, hoOn d n h cua ngydi nguydn t i e xem xdt dp dyng bidn phap thay t h i xii IJ chua nien, cae biOn phOp xii ly chuyln hudng r i t hinh sy, theo dd, co quan t i l n hOnh t l tyng xem xdt viOc I Ddn chd & Phdp lu$t Sdcbuyen de Xay diing Dii an Bg luat Hinb sii svta ddi ip dgng bign phip thay Sil xu ly hinh sy trudc phgm, nhin thin, gia dinh, dilu kign hoin einh phgm quylt djnh vide buy ciiu frich nhigm hinh sy dli vdi tpi d l dua bign phip v i can thipp phii hgp doi vdi ngudi chua thinh nien Quy djnh niy tgo nin mdng cho tung ci nhin ngudi phgm tpi, ed thi giai quylt nguydn cac quy djnh chi tilt eg thi cung nhu l i djnh hudng eho nhin gle r i din din hinh vi phgm tpi v i dd, ning cie ca quan bin hinh to tgng qui b'inh xd ly eao higu qui phdng ngua tii phgm, gfiip giii quylt vi xu ly vg vigc se nhanh han bao dam lgi fch ciia ngudi ngudi chua thinh nidn phgm tdi Thirba, bo sung cic quy djnh v l vigc ip dgng bign bj hgi v i cpng dong phip thay thi xd ly hinh sy, bao gom: Loai bign phip Ba M, vigc ip dgng rpng rai cae bign phip xu ly thay the xu ly hinh sy, nguydn tac ip dgng, dilu kign ip chuyln hudng doi vdi ngudi chua thinh nidn phgm tdi dgng, nghTa vg cua ngudi chua thinh nidn dugc ip tuc l i lim giim thieu so lugng cac vg vigc phii giii dgng bidn phap thay thi xd 1^ hinh su, dd d n quy quylt bang hd thong hj> phip ehinh thde vi dd, giam djnh eg thi: khoi lugng cdng viec cho cic ca quan tu phip, tilt kigm - Cie biOri phip thay thi xu ly hinh sy doi vdi ngudi dugc chi phi phit sinh td qui trinh to hjng hinh su, ehua ^inh nien pham tdi bao gim: Nhic nhd; hoi giai dong thdi huy dgng dugc ngudn lye tu cdng dong, gia tai edng dong; giim s i t giio dge tgi gia dinh hoac giim dinh, ngn nhin eiing tham gia hd trg ngudi chua sat, giio dgc c^a ea quan, to ehdc Doi vdi mdi bien nidn sua chua loi lim, hoi nhip cdng dong phip quy djnh eg the dieu kipn i p dgng, thdi hgn giim Ngoii ra, d l bao dim thyc thi quy djnh niy ddi hdi sit giio dge (nlu cd), eie dilu kidn, mi ngudi chua phai bo sung vio Bg luit Tl tgng hinh sy quy dmh v l thinh nidn bude phii hjin thO cung nhu hiu qui phip thim quyln, trlnh ty, thu tgc ip dyng cic bign phip ly niu vi phgm thay the xu ly hinh sy Hign nay, Bd luat Tl tyng hinh - Cic dieu kign ring budc dli vdi ngudi chua thinh sy cung dang qui trlnh sua doi, bl sung, dd, nien duac ip dgng bign phip thay thi xu ly hinh sy, vide de xuit dl Ban soan thio dua cic quy djnh v l nhu: Tham gia cic ehuang trlnh tham vin, eai nghipn trlnh h/, thu tye ap dyng cic bipn phip thay the xd ly phit biln ky ning sing, bio cio kit qua rdn luypn, hinh sy l i rat thuin lgi Bdn egnh dd, hidn nay, dpi ngu khdng di khdi nai cu ird, tuin thu phip luit Hau qui cin bp v i he thong djch vy trg giiip dli vdi tre em ndi phip ly cua vi^c vi phgm dilu kipn noi tren l i ca quan Chung, dli vdi ngudi chua thinh nidn vi pham phap tiln hinh to tgng da quylt djnh ap dgng bign phap luat ndi ndng dang qui trinh hinh thinh vi phit thay thi xd ly hinh sy xem xdt, huy bd vipc ip dyng niy h-ien Quy b'inh thi hinh mpt so chl tii khdng tude tu doi vdi ngudl ehua thinh nidn vi pham phap luat vi tiep tyc quy trinh xu ly hinh sy dli vdi vg vipc (nhu bign phap giio dye tai xa, phudng, thi trin hogc Quy djnh xur ly chuyln hudng dli vdi ngudi chua bign phip thay thi xu ly hinh chfnh giao ngudi ehua thinh nidn pham tpi cd nhung uu dilm nhu sau: nien cho gia dinh quin ly) da vi dang hinh thinh M0t la, xd ly chuyln hudng sd hgn chl vipe ngudi mdt cich cd hp thong Oiy l i nguon lye, djch vy cd the ehua thinh nien pham tpi phii tilp xue vdi hO thong tu tin dyng vigc Uiln khai thi hinh cic bign phip phip chinh thdc thdng qua vigc ip dyng cic bipn phip thay the xd ly hinh sy ddi vdi ngudi chua thinh nien giio dye, cii tao, can thipp tgi cgng dong v i dd lim phgm tdi Q giim tic dpng tdu eye den sy phit triin cua cic em, giup cic em nhanh chdng tii hoi nh$p cOng ding Diiu 46 (3) (b), Cong udc LiSn Hgp Qu6c v4 q Hai / i , xu ly chuyln hudng dya tren ca sd dinh gii tung trudng hgp cy thi, cin d> tfnh chit, mdc dp vi tr6em Ddn chO & Phdp lu$t I ... v l vigc ip dgng bign bj hgi v i cpng dong phip thay thi xd ly hinh sy, bao gom: Loai bign phip Ba M, vigc ip dgng rpng rai cae bign phip xu ly thay the xu ly hinh sy, nguydn tac ip dgng, dilu... bidn phap thay thi xd 1^ hinh su, dd d n quy quylt bang hd thong hj> phip ehinh thde vi dd, giam djnh eg thi: khoi lugng cdng viec cho cic ca quan tu phip, tilt kigm - Cie biOri phip thay thi... vi phgm thay the xu ly hinh sy Hign nay, Bd luat Tl tyng hinh - Cic dieu kign ring budc dli vdi ngudi chua thinh sy cung dang qui trlnh sua doi, bl sung, dd, nien duac ip dgng bign phip thay thi