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Qlghim eiiu ^me dii 86 12 (237)-2011 CHI'NH SACH HINH SIT DOI VflU NGUdi CHUA IHAIil MEN PHAM Tdi - i i l N itirnUIIG DIEN TOI P H A M HOC VA TRACH NHIEM XA Hdl • • • • • • ThS LE MINH THANG * Cac dac diem tgi pham hgc ve tinh hinh tgi pham va kha nang giao due, cai tao ngfldi chfla nien pham tgi Theo quy djnh eiia phap luat Viet Nam hien hanh, ngfldi chfla nien pham tdi la ngfldi tfl du 14 tudi den dfldi 18 tudi Cd the cd nhflng diem khac nha't djnh ve gidi ban tudi cua ngfldi chfla nien va gidi ban tudi chju trach nhiem hinh sfl phap luat cua mdi qud'c gia Tuy nhien, xet dfldi gdc tgi pham hgc, ngfldi pham tgi d tudi chfla nien deu ed dac diem chfla phat trien day du ve the chat, tam sinh ly dang cd nhflng chuyen ddi manh me, hieu biet ve phap luat va xa hgi edn ban che Day la tud'i dang cd sfl chuyen ddi tfl mgt dfla tre mgt ngfldi ldn, la giai doan qua len thdi ky trfldng vdi sfl phflc tap, dan xen va dau tranh cua rat nhieu mau thudn y thfle ve ly tfldng sdng va gia trj sdng Ngfldi chfla nien bdt dau cd xu hfldng tach dan khdi sfl kiem soat eua gia dinh de thie't lap cae mdi quan he xa hgi mdi Trong nhflng khdng gian mdi ben ngoai mdi trfldng gia dinh, ngfldi chfla nien da phan cd thien hfldng vfldn tdi cai tdt, eac dep, nhien, day cflng la Ifla tudi cd nhu cau khdng djnh ban than, vl vay, ngfldi chfla nien cd xu hfldng thich lam nhflng viec nhfl ngfldi ldn thfldng lam hoac lam nhflng viec ma ngfldi ldn khdng dam lam Cac * Khoa Nhanucfcvd Phdp ludt Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hdnh cinnh khu viic I nhu eau ve vat chat (quan ao, phfldng tien di lai, tien sinh boat ) cung gia tang manh d tudi Ngoai ra, sfl tan vd cua gia dinh hay sup dd cac hinh mau cha me, thay, cd giao, thdn tfldng cflng anh hfldng nghiem trgng den ddi sd'ng tam ly cua tre chfla nien Day cflng la tudi ma cd sfl phat trien nhanh va manh me ve gidi tinh, ed nhu cau kham pha sfl khac biet ve gidi tfnh, tinh due Do dd, tren phfldng dien tgi pham hgc, eac dac diem tam sinh ly tren dan tdi hai khuynh hfldng ndi bat lien quan de'n kha nang pham tgi va kha nang giao due, cai tao eua ngfldi chfla nien Thit nhdt, lien quan dm khd ndng pham toi vd tinh hinh toi pham Ngfldi chfla nien d§ bj ngfldi khac du dd, kich dgng, thfle day vao viec thfle hien tgi pham Ngfldi chfla nien rat dd bj dao dgng bfldc qua ranh gidi gifla hanh vi dfldc phap luat cho phep va hanh vi bj phap luat cam, ranh gidi gifla hanh vi vi pham phap luat thdng thfldng va hanh vi vi pham phap luat hinh sfl (hanh vi pham tgi) khdng nhan thfle dfldc hoac khdng dii ban linh de chdng lai cac cam dd, tac dgng tfl ngoai canh Thfle te cho tha'y, eae loai tgi pham ngfldi chfla nien thfle hien chii ye'u xua't phat tfl hieu biet ban che ve phap luat, tap trung vao eae loai tgi gay thfldng r\A^ ^U,\ o nUA»I A4 Uan CnU & r n a p lUat Qlghim eiiu ^Mue dei tich (do de bj kich dgng bdi nhflng nguyen cd nhd nhat, thfch giai quyet mau thu&n biing bao Iflc), cac loai tgi xam pham sd hflu (xua't phat tfl dgng cd chiem doat tai siin de cd t IC'MI ti(Hi x;ii), ciic locii tgi pham ve ma tfly (chii yeu la sii dung trai phep chat ma tuy), ci'ic loai tgi gay n")i triii tfl eong cdng, chdng ngfldi thi hanh eong vu Ngfldi chfla nien ludn ndm nhdm cd nguy ed cao \h ehii the thfle hien hanh vi pham tin Tinh hinh tgi pham d Viet Nam va tren the gidi ludn cho thay xu hfldng tre hda va rdi vao nhdm tudi chfla nien vdi sd Ifldng nhieu hdn, cd cau loai tgi da dang hdn va tfnh chat phflc tap hdn Tuy nhien, tren mat bdng ehung thi ve cd ban, ngfldi chfla nien chu ye'u thfle hien nhflng loai tdi pham ft nghiem trgng va tdi pham nghiem trgng, ngfldi chfla nien cflng tham gia cac vu an ve cae loai tgi pham rat nghiem trgng va dac biet nghiem trgng nhflng ty le khdng ldn so vdi ngfldi da nien Hdn nfla, nhflng vu an cd ddng pham, ngfldi chfla nien chu ye'u tham gia vdi vai trd ngfldi thfle hanh, ngfldi giup sflc ma khdng phai la ngfldi chi huy, xui giue Cac loai tdi danh ma ngfldi chfla nien thfle hien thfldng la nhflng nhdm tgi xam pham sflc khde (ed y gay thfldng tich), nhdm tgi xam pham sd hflu (cfldp tai san, cfldng doat tai san, trdm cdp tai san, cd y lam bfl hdng tai san ), nhdm tgi xam pham trat tfl, an toan cdng cdng (dua xe trai phep, gay rdi trat tfl cdng cdng ) Cac tgi pham xua't phat tfl nhflng dgng cd tfldng ddi ddn gian (do nhflng mau thuan, va cham ddn gian cudc sd'ng, can ed tien de tieu xai, dua ddi vdi ban be, mudn chflng td ban llnh ca nhan, mudn lam ngfldc lai vdi nhflng quy pham xa hgi ma ngfldi ldn giao due hay ap dat) Ddn chu & Phdp ludt 86 12 (237) - 2011 Thit hai, lien quan den khd ndng gido din cdi tao ngitdi chita thdnh nien pham toi Kha nang giao due cai tao dd'i vdi nhdm doi tfldng bj chi phdi bdi nhflng cae nhan tdsau: (i) Ngfldi chfla nien ndm nhdm co nguy cd cao bj tdn thfldng bdi cac tac dgng tfl qua trinh td tung hinh sfl dfla lai Cung the chat va ti'im ly chfla cd sfl phat trien day dii nen bj ap dung nhflng bien phap cfldng che td tung, tdn hai ve the chat va dac biet la tdn hai ve tinh than cua ngfldi chUa nien thfldng nang ne hdn so vdi ngUcli nien Ton hai ve tinh than ciia Ifla tuoi thfldng dan den nhflng sang chan tam ly manh va de lai nhflng di chan tieu cflc keo dai ddi vdi ngfldi chfla nien sudt thdi gian dai sau dd Nhieu trfldng hdp ngfldi chUa nien td manh ddng, lieu llnh bj bat, gifl, giam vi tfldng rang khdng edn gi de mat Tham chi cd ngfldi chfla nien qua lo sd, bj tram cam, sinh y dinh tfl siit sau bi khdi td Ngfldc lai, cd trfldng hdp lai cd gdng to bat can, ngang ngfldc, thach thfle ngfldi tien hanh td tung \ a can bg ndi giam gifl de che giau sd hai ben Do dd, can phai dat chfnh saeh hanh sfl phfl hdp, dac biet, quy trinh to' tung hinh sfl phai dfldc rdng md theo hUdng nhan van hdn ddi vdi ngfldi chfla nien, giup cho ngfldi chfla nien ban che nhiing tdn thfldng viec ap dung cac bien phap cUdng che td tung gay nen (ii) Kha nang giao due cai tao cong ngfldi chfla nien pham tgi la cao, nhUng boat dgng giao due va mdi trfldng td tung than thien phai dfldc tien hanh tfl khau dau ties cua td tung hlnh sfl, neu cang sdm thi hieu qua eang cao Qlghim eiiu ^me dei Cac ket qua nghien cflu cua tgi pham hgc phan loai bdn kieu tre em pham tgi nhfl sau: + Pham tgi ngdu nhien, trai ngfldc vdi xu hfldng chung cua nhan each; + Pham tgi cd the tfnh khdng dn djnh ciia xu hfldng chung ciia nhan each, nhflng mang tinh chat tinh hudng theo quan diem ve duyen cd va tinh hudng; + Pham tgi ket qua eua sfl djnh hfldng chung tieu cflc eua nhan each, nhflng mang tinh chgn mdi trfldng, viec sfl dung thdi gian va phfldng an trflc tiep cua hanh ddng cd sfl xfli giue, ed gfldng pham tgi eua ke khac ; i + Pham tgi la ket qua cua tam the pham tgi eiia nhan each, bao gdm sfl tim kiem tfch cflc, sfl td chflc ed hgi va tinh hudng cho boat ddng pham tgi, phfl hdp vdi he thd'ng nhflng gia trj va thai chdng ddi xa hdi^ Va "trong phan cau tao cua loai tre em "oham phap, thl kieu tre em pham phap thfl nha't ;hiem 23-25%, kieu thfl hai chie'm 25-30%, kieu hfl ba chiem 30-40%, kieu thfl tfl chie'm 10L5%"2 Nhfl vay, trfldng hdp tre em pham tgi iglu nhien (kieu thfl nha't), mang tinh chat tinh lud'ng (kieu thfl hai), hanh dgng ed sfl xfli jiuc, cd gfldng pham tdi cua ke khac (kieu thfl )a) chie'm ty le 78 de'n 95% eae trfldng hdp tre im pham phap Dieu dd cho thay, thieu hieu )iet phap luat, y thfle pham tdi chfla rd ret len ngfldi chfla nien dd udn ndn, cai tao ^a giao due trd ngfldi cd ich cho xa hgi Da )han khdng thudc nhflng ddi tfldng ngoan cd, H dm hay cd y thfle can trd viec dieu tra, truy td, :et xii Xuat phat tfl nguyen tdc trflng phat, ighiem tri ngfldi chfla nien cua phap luat linh sfl phai dfldc dat dfldi muc tieu giao due, cai ao ngfldi chfla nien nen qua trinh tdtung 86 12 (237)-2011 de di tdi viec cae quyet djnh ap dung cac dang, mflc trach nhiem hinh sfl phai: Mgt mat, khdng dfldc phep ddi xii vdi ngfldi chfla nien nhfl ddi vdi ngfldi ed tgi (nguyen tac khdng bj coi la cd tgi trfldc cd ban iin ed hieu Iflc phap luat ciia Tda an), mat khac, qua trinh cung la qua trinh giao due Hoat dgng giao due phai dfldc bat dau tfl phat sinh quan he td tung hinh sfl, ma khdng phai la tfl chuyen sang giai doan thi hanh an ddi vdi ngfldi chfla nien pham tdi mdi dat viec giao due ngfldi chfla nien Qua trinh td tung hinh sfl cflng la qua trinh giao due ngfldi chfla nien nham giflp cho ngfldi chfla nien nhan thfle dfldc tgi va ldi eua hg, giup cho ngfldi chfla nien nhan thfle dfldc sfl can thiet phai sfla chfla, khac phuc hanh vi cua ban than va phan dau trd ngfldi ed ich cho xa hgi Ngfldi chfla nien pham tgi va van de trach nhiem xa hgi Tgi pham la mgt hien tfldng tieu cflc cua xa hdi, vfla mang tinh ea nhan, vfla mang tinh xa hdi Tfnh ea nhan eua tgi pham the hien.d viec mdi ca nhan thfle hien tgi pham deu ed mgt ddng cd rieng (de giai quyet mau thudn ca nhan, de cd tien tieu xai, de ndi tieng ), mdt hoan canh rieng, mgt dac tinh tam ly khf chat rieng Tinh xa hdi eua tgi pham the hien d nhieu khia canh khac nhau, dd, cd viec xa hgi da khdng cd sfl quan tam dflng mflc tdi mdi cdng dan, chfla dam bao mgt mdi trfldng tdt dep de khdng xua't hien dgng cd pham tgi cung nhfl dieu kien pham tgi Ndi each khac, mgt nhflng bieu hien cho tinh xa hgi cua tgi pham la md'i quan he nhan qua gifla xa hgi va tgi pham: Tgi pham la hau qua ciia viec xa hgi da khdng hoan trach nhiem dd'i vdi cdng dan, dac biet la Ddn chu & Phdp ludt • i Qlghim eiiu ^rm doi nhflng trfldng hdp cdng dan hwiw phai pham tgi Trong trfldng hdp ddi tfldng phiim tgi la ngfldi chfla nien, tfnh chiU lai ciing thi' IIKMI rd ngfldi chfla nien la nhflng sinh the "giin mflc thi den, giiii den thi rang" va xa hgi (vdi cac thiet che cdng quyen cung nhflng eong ddng sinh s()n^\ giao due dd) cd triich nhiem phai thu hep hoac xda bd nhflng nhan td tieu cflc, hoac ed bien phap (\v each ly ngfldi chfla nien khdi nhflng nhan td tu'ii cflc va tao lap mgt mdi trfldng vdi nhflng nhan td tfch cflc d§ nudi dfldng, giao due ngfldi chfla men Do ngfldi chfla nien nhan thfle phap luat rat ban ehe, nen mflc chiu sfl tac dgng ciia ngoai canh ngfldi chfla nien hinh va thfle hien hanh vi pham tgi la rat dang ke Sfl thieu quan tam hoac sfl djnh hfldng sai lech mgt each ed y hoac vd y eua ngfldi nien ddi vdi ngfldi chfla nien eung la nguyen nhan dan tdi tinh trang ngfldi chfla nien pham tgi Cac trfldng phai cua Nho giao cho rang, "Nhan ehi sd tinh ban thien" (Manh Tii) hay "Nhan chi sd tfnh ban ac" (Tdn Til) thi dfl tdn tai nhflng diem bat hdp ly nha't djnh nhan sinh quan, nhflng deu cflng ehung sfl de cao vai trd eua giao due va mdi trfldng xa hgi Con ngfldi ldn len, khdng tfl minh gifl dfldc ban tfnh ban vdn cd Ban tinh eon ngfldi bj tac dgng bdi dieu kien sinh sdng, giao due, vi the, chflng tdi cflng cho rdng: "Thien ac nguyen lai vd djnh tfnh Da giao due dfch nguyen nhan"'* (Hien dfl phai dau la tinh sdn, phan nhieu giao due ma nen) nhfl quan diem ve ngfldi eiia Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh Do tudi chfla nien chju tac dgng rat manh cua mdi trfldng Dan chu & Phap ludt 86 12 (237)-2011 sinh sdng, giao due Ngfldi chfla nien da bill ddu y thfle xem xet lai nhflng ngi dung giao due, giiio huan ciia gia dinh, nha trfldng va xa hgi Du ngi dung giao due, giao huan td't nhUng neu chu thi' giao due khdng bao dam dfldc sUdi ddi gifla ldi ndi va viec lam thi rat khd de ren luyen, bdi dfldng nhan each cho ngfldi chUa nien, tham chf rat de ddn tdi tac dung ngfldc Khi xa hgi chfla hoan nhiem vu ren luyen, bdi dfldng nhan each cho ngfldi chUa nien va chfla bao dam dfldc cac dieu kien ve kinh te, xa hdi de khdng ddn den viec ngUdi chfla nien pham tgi, xa hgi phai mgt phan chju trach nhiem, ndi each khac, dflng nhfl quan diem cua giao due hgc Xd viet (trfldc day) khdng ed tre em hfl ma chi cd chflng ta bat lUc Do dd, xa hdi khdng the ehi eoi ngfldi chfla nien la chii the cua tgi pham, xa hgi cflng khong the bugc ngfldi chfla nien phai chju hoan toan trach nhiem ve hanh vi pham tgi NgUcli chfla nien pham tgi cung cdn dfldc nhin nhan nhfl nan nhan cua xa hdi, vi vay, khongthe dieu tra, truy td, xet \\1 va quyet djnh hinh phat ddi vdi hg binh dAng nhfl cac ddi tfldng pham tdi khac, ma phai dat va ap dung cac quy djnh cua phap luat hinh sfl va td tung hinh sfl theo hfldng giam nhe, bdt di tinh nghiem khdc va gia tang tinh nhan dao Quy trinh to tung phai dfldc xay dflng theo hfldng khdi phuc lai nhan each cho ngfldi chfla nien, giiip cho ngfldi chfla nien nhan thfle dfldc sai pham cua minh cung nhfl giflp cho xa hgi nhan thfle dfldc nhflng sai lam, thie'u sdt viec nudi day ngfldi chfla nien de siia chiia, khdc phuc Viec bdt di tinh nghiem khdc va gia tang tinh nhan dao khdng phai la xa hoi cung Qlghim eiiu ^rue doi 86 12 (237) - 2011 cd mgt phan ldi van de ngfldi chfla nien pham tgi, nen trach nhiem phap ly ddi vdi ngfldi chfla nien pham tgi cung phai dfldc san bdt de xa hgi cung ganh chiu, cung khong phai vi xa hgi cung cd mgt phan ldi, nen xa hgi khdng dii tfl each de huge ngfldi chfla nien pham tgi phai ganh chju hoan toan trach nhiem phap ly Dat va ap dung ehinh saeh hinh sfl theo hfldng giam nhe ddi vdi ngfldi chfla nien pham tgi cdn hai van de khach quan ve cac yeu td ca'u tdi pham va kha nang giao due cai tao: Thit nhdt, ve cdc yeu to cdu thdnh toi pham, ngfldi chfla nien pham tgi la mgt loai chii the dac biet tham gia eae quan he phap luat hinh sfl va to tung hinh sfl, mac dfl da du tudi chiu trach nhiem hinh sfl nhflng van d tudi chfla nien, trinh nhan thfle ve tfnh eha't va mflc nguy hiem cho xa hgi cua hanh vi pham tgi ban ehe hdn so vdi ngfldi nien, dd, yeu tdldi cflng it nghiem trgng hdn so vdi ngfldi nien Vi the, ea ve chu the va mat chii quan cua tdi pham, dac diem cua ngfldi chfla nien dan tdi tinh nguy hiem cho xa hgi cua tgi pham tha'p hdn nhflng trfldng hdp tfldng tfl nhfl ddi vdi ngfldi nien, nen hg dfldc ap dung eac ehe tai hinh sfl it nghiem khdc hdn nhfl dd'i vdi ngfldi nien Thic hai, xudt phdt tii cdc dac diem ve khd ndng gido due cdi tao ngitdi chUa thdnh nien , ' ' , , , , , ^ , dat dfldi muc tieu giao due, cai tao Vdi nhan thfle dd, Nha nfldc thay mat cho xa hgi dat chinh sach hinh sfl ddi vdi ngfldi chfla nien Dieu 69 Bg luat Hinh sfl hien hanh quy djnh: 'Viec xfl ly ngfldi chfla nien pham tgi chii yeu nhdm giao due, giup dd hg siia chfla sai lam, phat trien lanh manh va trd cdng dan ed ich cho xa hgi Viec truy cflu trach nhiem hinh sfl ngfldi chfla nien pham tgi va ap dung hinh phat ddi vdi hg dfldc thfle hien ehi trfldng hdp can thiet va phai can cfl vao tfnh chat eua hanh vi pham tgi, vao nhflng dac diem ve nhan than va yeu cau cua viec phdng ngfla tgi pham" De thfle hien chinh sach nay, Nha nfldc giao trach nhiem cho he thd'ng tfl phap hinh sfl He thd'ng tfl phap hinh sfl bdng eae quy djnh eua Luat Hinh sfl, Luat Td tung hinh sfl, Luat Thi hanh an hinh sfl, bang sfl tdn tai eua cac the ehe va cd che van hanh, thdng qua boat dgng dieu tra eua ed quan dieu tra, boat dgng cdng td eua Vien kiem sat, boat dgng xet xfl eua Tda an va boat dgng thi hanh an eua cd quan thi hanh an ed trach nhiem bao dam quyen eon ngfldi tdtung hinh sfl ndi chung va quyen eua ngfldi chfla nien td tung hinh sfl ndi rieng, hfldng den mue tieu giai quye't vu an ehinh xae, khach quan, bao ve cdng ly, cdng bdng xa hgi • ^- ^suyin Xudn Yem (chil biin), Phdng ngUa tha thieu nien pham toi cong cao hdn SO Vdl ngitdi men, cac , ,^ ° ° ^ ^ ' trdch nhiem ciia gia dinh, nhd - , , ^ u n- L~ J- onn^ , mn trUdng va xa hgi, Nxb Cong an nhan dan, 2004, tr 100, bien phap trflng phat va cfldng che td tung ap dung vdi ngfldi chfla nien pham tgi phai dfldc tiet che d mflc hdp ly, phfl hdp vdi dac Nguyin Xudn Yem (chu bien), Phong ngiia th ^^'^ '^'^« P^^"" ^^' ^"^'^ "^^?'" ^"° sia dinh, nhd ,.;>' triidng vd xd hoi, Nxb Cong an nhdn ddn, 2004, tr 101 ^ ,,.,, ,•>.,' , ,_• , - loi diem tam ly Ifla tuoi, hfldng tdi mue tieu phu hoi ^ ^ ^^,^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^^ ^^^^ ^, ^^^^^ ^,^ nhan each va tai hda nhap cdng ddng Muc tieu H6 Chi Minh todn tap, tap 3, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gi trflng phat cua viec dat hinh phat phai dfldc Ngi, 2005 tr 383 Ddn chu & Phdp ludt