(Luận văn thạc sĩ) sự điểu chỉnh chính sách đối ngoại của mỹ với nhật bản trong nhiệm kỳ của tổng thống r nixon ( 1969 1973)

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN - NGUYỄN THỊ HƢƠNG SỰ ĐIỀU CHỈNH CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA MỸ VỚI NHẬT BẢN TRONG NHIỆM KÌ CỦA TỔNG THỐNG R.NIXON (1969 – 1973) LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ LỊCH SỬ Hà Nội-2014 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN - NGUYỄN THỊ HƢƠNG SỰ ĐIỀU CHỈNH CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA MỸ VỚI NHẬT BẢN TRONG NHIỆM KÌ CỦA TỔNG THỐNG R.NIXON (1969 – 1973) Chuyên ngành: Lịch sử giới Mã số: 60 22 50 LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ LỊCH SỬ Ngƣời hƣớng dẫn khoa học: TS Trần Thiện Thanh Hà Nội-2014 LỜI CẢM ƠN Để hoàn thành luận văn em nhận giúp đỡ góp ý tận tình nghiêm túc từ TS Trần Thiện Thanh, em xin gửi lời cảm ơn sâu sắc đến Cơ tất hướng dẫn giúp đỡ Cô suốt thời gian em học tập hoàn thành luận văn Em xin gửi lời chân thành cảm ơn đến Khoa Lịch sử - Trường Đại học Khoa học xã hội nhân văn – Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội giúp đỡ tạo điều kiện cho em hoàn thành tốt luận văn Cuối lời cảm ơn sâu sắc tơi tới gia đình bạn bè, người quan tâm, động viên giúp đỡ thời gian học tập nghiên cứu Hà Nội, ngày 30 tháng 12 năm 2014 Học viên Nguyễn Thị Hương MỤC LỤC PHẦN MỞ ĐẦU 1 Lý chọn đề tài Lịch sử nghiên cứu vấn đề Đối tƣợng nghiên cứu phạm vi nghiên cứu 10 Nguồn tƣ liệu phƣơng pháp nghiên cứu 10 Đóng góp luận văn 11 Bố cục luận văn 12 PHẦN NỘI DUNG 14 CHƢƠNG I: NHỮNG NHÂN TỐ TÁC ĐỘNG ĐẾN SỰ ĐIỀU CHỈNH CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA MỸ VỚI NHẬT BẢN CUỐI THẬP NIÊN 1960 – ĐẦU THẬP NIÊN 1970 14 1.1 Tình hình giới khu vực châu Á – Thái Bình Dƣơng 14 1.1.1 Thế cân quân Mỹ - Liên Xô 14 1.1.2 Trung Quốc mâu thuẫn Trung Quốc – Liên Xô 19 1.2 Thực trạng nƣớc Mỹ chiến lƣợc toàn cầu Mỹ 23 1.2.1 Nƣớc Mỹ chiến tranh Việt Nam 23 1.2.2 Sự suy giảm tƣơng đối địa vị kinh tế Mỹ 32 1.3 Tình hình Nhật Bản cuối thập niên 1960 – đầu thập niên 1970 36 CHƢƠNG II: CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA MỸ VỚI NHẬT BẢN TRONG NHIỆM KÌ CỦA TỔNG THỐNG R NIXON (1969 – 1973) 45 2.1 Nhật Bản sách đối ngoại Mỹ 45 2.2 Những điều chỉnh sách quan hệ đồng minh với Nhật Bản 48 2.2.1 Trên phƣơng diện trị - an ninh: gia hạn vĩnh viễn Hiệp ƣớc An ninh hợp tác song phƣơng trao trả quần đảo Okinawa cho Nhật Bản 48 2.2.2 Trên phƣơng diện kinh tế: Điều chỉnh tỷ giá đồng Yen/USD hạn chế xuất hàng dệt len, sợi tổng hợp Nhật Bản sang Mỹ 75 CHƢƠNG III: TÁC ĐỘNG CỦA SỰ ĐIỀU CHỈNH CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA MỸ VỚI NHẬT BẢN 83 3.1 Đối với nƣớc Mỹ 83 3.2 Với Nhật Bản 90 3.3 Với mối quan hệ Mỹ - Nhật Bản 98 3.4 Với quan hệ quốc tế Việt Nam 102 KẾT LUẬN 112 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 115 Phụ lục 1: The Nixon Doctrine 123 Phụ lục 2: Joint Statement Following Discussions With Prime Minister Sato of Japan November 21, 1969 134 Phụ lục 3: Agreement Between the United States of America and Japan Concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands Washington and Tokyo (simultaneously), 17th June,1971 138 Phụ lục 4: Address to the Nation Outlining a New Economic Policy: "The Challenge of Peace." August 15, 1971 143 Phụ lục 5: Joint Statement of Japanese Prime Minister Sato and U.S President Nixon 150 Phụ lục 6: Joint Statement of Japanese Prime Minister Tanaka and 152 Phụ lục 7: Joint Communique of Japanese Prime Minister Tanaka and U.S President Nixon 155 Phụ lục 8: Một số hình ảnh 160 DANH MỤC CÁC CHỮ VIẾT TẮT TỪ KÍ HIỆU Xã hội chủ nghĩa XHCN Đơn vị đo dệt may: Square Yard Equal: yd2 SYE Official Development Assistance (Hỗ trợ phát triển thức) ODA Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development (Tổ OECD chức Hợp tác Phát triển Kinh tế ) Hội đồng an ninh quốc gia Mỹ ( National Security Council) NSC PHẦN MỞ ĐẦU Lý chọn đề tài Trong bối cảnh tồn cầu hóa với tốc độ nhanh chóng nhƣ nay, cá thể phải tìm cách thích nghi với thực tế môi trƣờng xung quanh thay đổi không ngừng Mỗi quốc gia vậy, phải đƣa chiến lƣợc sách lƣợc phù hợp với biến đổi phức tạp mối quan hệ với chủ thể khác quan hệ quốc tế Việc hoạch định sách đối ngoại quốc gia xuất phát từ ―lợi ích quốc gia‖, phân tích tình hình thực tế đối tƣợng, mối quan hệ bối cảnh chung toàn giới khu vực, từ tìm đƣờng hƣớng sách đem lại lợi ích lớn cho Chính vậy, việc nghiên cứu sách đối ngoại quốc gia khơng hoạt động có ý nghĩa thực tiễn tầm vĩ mô, rút học cho việc hoạch định sách nƣớc, mà cịn giúp thực thể khác quan hệ quốc tế thích nghi với mơi trƣờng thực tế Từ lâu, sách đối ngoại nƣớc lớn ln có tác động to lớn với giới Vì vậy, việc nghiên cứu sách đối ngoại nƣớc đƣợc học giả giới quan tâm, đặc biệt sách đối ngoại Mỹ Trong sách đối ngoại Mỹ, mảng sách với Nhật Bản kỉ XX lại thu hút quan tâm nhà nghiên cứu lịch sử quan hệ quốc tế Điều xuất phát từ điều đặc biệt lịch sử hai nƣớc Khơng phủ nhận Mỹ nƣớc có ảnh hƣởng lớn giới Cịn châu Á, Nhật Bản có tầm ảnh hƣởng quan trọng khu vực Mối quan hệ hai nƣớc trải qua thăng trầm: kẻ thù chiến thứ hai (1939 – 1945) nhƣng sau bƣớc khỏi chiến thời gian lại trở thành đồng minh quan hệ liên minh Mỹ - Nhật Bản đƣợc trì, củng cố Tuy nhiên, trình tồn tại, liên minh Mỹ - Nhật Bản có thời kì đứng trƣớc thách thức gay gắt buộc nƣớc phải đƣa điều chỉnh phù hợp với thay đổi thực tế nƣớc Giai đoạn 1969 – 1973 nhiệm kì Tổng thống R Nixon giai đoạn nhƣ Mỹ phải điều chỉnh sách đối ngoại với Nhật Bản thể chủ yếu hai phƣơng diện an ninh – trị kinh tế Vì Mỹ phải điều chỉnh sách đối ngoại với Nhật Bản? Sự điều chỉnh có phá vỡ hay nằm liên minh Mỹ - Nhật Bản? Sự điều chỉnh tác động nhƣ tới nƣớc Mỹ, với Nhật Bản với khu vực châu Á có Việt Nam? Những vấn đề hầu nhƣ chƣa đƣợc học giả nƣớc sâu nghiên cứu Do vậy, vấn đề địi hỏi có phân tích tổng thể sâu sắc để đến giải đáp thỏa đáng Đó lí khiến tơi lựa chọn vấn đề “Sự điều chỉnh sách đối ngoại Mỹ với Nhật Bản nhiệm kì Tổng thống R Nixon (1969 – 1973)” làm đề tài nghiên cứu cho Luận văn Thạc sĩ Lịch sử Lịch sử nghiên cứu vấn đề Trong phạm vi nguồn tài liệu mà cá nhân tiếp cận đƣợc, xin tóm tắt lịch sử nghiên cứu vấn đề nƣớc nhƣ sau: Ở nước ngồi, thấy số lƣợng cơng trình nghiên cứu sách đối ngoại Mỹ nhiều, chứng tỏ chủ đề nghiên cứu đƣợc học giả quan tâm Trong số đó, phân chia thành hai nhóm nhƣ sau: Nhóm thứ nghiên cứu tổng quan nƣớc Mỹ lĩnh vực cụ thể có vấn đề liên quan đến sách đối ngoại Mỹ nói chung; nhóm thứ hai nghiên cứu trực tiếp sách đối ngoại Mỹ với Nhật Bản nói chung nhiệm kì Tổng thống R Nixon (1969 – 1973) nói riêng Với nhóm thứ nhất, số sách tiến trình lịch sử nƣớc Mỹ văn hóa Mỹ nhƣ “An outline of American History” (Khái lƣợc lịch sử nƣớc Mỹ, 1994) Howard đƣợc xuất tiếng Việt năm 2000, hay “America” (Nƣớc Mỹ, 2000) George Brown Tindall David Emory…nghiên cứu lịch sử văn hóa Mỹ phạm vi thời gian không gian rộng tạo sở cho việc phân tích q trình hoạch định sách đối ngoại Mỹ, nhiên phần sách đối ngoại Mỹ với Nhật Bản chiếm tỉ lệ nhỏ Ngồi ra, có nhiều học giả nghiên cứu sách đối ngoại Mỹ sau chiến tranh lạnh, xin nêu vài tác phẩm tiêu biểu: Năm 1973, “U.S foreign Policy in a changing world” Elan M Johns, Jr đƣợc xuất New York Năm 1983, “Foreign Policy Making and the American Political System” hai tác giả James A Nathan James K Oliver Đại học Delaware đƣợc xuất Toronto, Canada Cuốn sách tập trung nghiên cứu mối quan hệ việc hoạch định sách đối ngoại với hệ thống trị Mỹ thời kì từ sau Chiến tranh giới thứ hai đến đầu thập niên 80 Năm 1994, The American Age - U.S foreign policy at home and abroad Walter Lafeber đƣợc xuất với tập I II Ở tập II, tác giả dựng lại cách tổng thể sách đối nội đối ngoại Mỹ đặc biệt kỉ XX bao hàm sách liên quan đến Nhật Bản Ngoài ra, tác phẩm “Mỹ thay đổi lớn chiến lược toàn cầu” học giả Lý Thực Cốc đƣợc dịch xuất năm 1996 phân tích biến đổi tình hình trị giới, nguyên nhân dẫn đến việc Mỹ điều chỉnh chiến lƣợc toàn cầu Một tác phẩm đáng ý khác “ Nước Mỹ nửa kỉ - Chính sách đối ngoại Hoa Kỳ sau chiến tranh lạnh” Thomas McCommick đƣợc dịch tiếng Việt xuất năm 2004 Cuốn sách phân tích có hệ thống sách đối ngoại Mỹ nửa kỉ - sau chiến tranh lạnh, đồng thời tác giả sâu phân tích nguyên điều chỉnh sách đối ngoại thời gian đó… Có thể nói, thời điểm tại, có nhiều cơng trình nghiên cứu học giả Mỹ, Anh, Trung Quốc…về sách đối ngoại Mỹ song đa phần cơng trình nghiên cứu phạm vi rộng, nhiều chủ thể quan hệ với Mỹ Phần sách đối ngoại Mỹ với Nhật Bản cơng trình chiếm tỉ lệ nhỏ nhƣng cung cấp hiểu biết tổng quát bối cảnh lịch sử việc hoạch định điều chỉnh sách đối ngoại Mỹ Những hiểu biết giúp tơi nhìn nhận vấn đề cách bao qt đa chiều Với nhóm thứ hai, nghiên cứu trực tiếp sách đối ngoại Mỹ với Nhật Bản có nhiều cơng trình dƣới dạng sách tham khảo, viết Trƣớc hết sách đáng tin cậy cựu Đại sứ Mỹ Nhật Bản Edwin O.Reischeur xuất năm 1965 tái năm 1969 Mỹ với nhan đề “The United States and Japan” Cuốn sách viết mối quan hệ Mỹ - Nhật Bản từ 1945 – 1952 đến năm 1960, bên cạnh mối quan hệ trƣớc chiến tranh Mỹ - Nhật Bản số vấn đề khác quan hệ hai nƣớc Năm 1974, sách “United States – Japanese relations: The 1970’s” tác giả Priscilla Clapp viết mối quan hệ Mỹ - Nhật Bản thập niên 1970 phƣơng diện quan hệ ngoại giao, kinh tế Mỹ Nhật Bản, triển vọng mối quan hệ Năm 1976, “Managing an Alliance: The politics of U.S – Japanese relations” Priscilla Clapp nhóm tác giả I.M Destler, Sato Hideo, đƣợc xuất Washington Cuốn sách phân tích vấn đề tồn quan hệ hai nƣớc hai thập niên sau Thế chiến II trình hoạch định sách đối ngoại hai nƣớc giai đoạn Đặc biệt, sách “U.S – Japanese relations throughout History: The Clash” đƣợc phát hành năm 1998 tác giả Walter Lafeber đƣợc xem cách tiếp cận nghiên cứu quan hệ Mỹ - Nhật Bản Tác giả phân tích mối quan hệ hai nƣớc dƣới góc nhìn va chạm, xung đột lợi ích hai nƣớc tiến trình lịch sử từ cuối kỉ XIX đến cuối kỉ XX Năm 2001, tác phẩm hệ thống mối quan hệ Mỹ - Nhật Bản “Partnership The United States and Japan 1951 – 2001” nhà nghiên cứu Akira Iriye trƣờng Đại học Havard chủ biên Trong sách này, số viết tác giả khác đƣợc tập hợp đem đến nhìn tổng thể mối quan hệ hai nƣớc nửa kỉ Một số khía cạnh đƣợc sâu phân Accordingly, I have directed the Secretary of the Treasury to take the action necessary to defend the dollar against the speculators I have directed Secretary Connally to suspend temporarily the convertibility of the dollar into gold or other reserve assets, except in amounts and conditions determined to be in the interest of monetary stability and in the best interests of the United States Now, what is this action which is very technical what does it mean for you? Let me lay to rest the bugaboo of what is called devaluation If you want to buy a foreign car or take a trip abroad, market conditions may cause your dollar to buy slightly less But if you are among the overwhelming majority of Americans who buy American-made products in America, your dollar will be worth just as much tomorrow as it is today The effect of this action, in other words, will be to stabilize the dollar Now, this action will not win us any friends among the international money traders But our primary concern is with the American workers, and with fair competition around the world To our friends abroad, including the many responsible members of the international banking community who are dedicated to stability and the flow of trade, I give this assurance: The United States has always been, and will continue to be, a forward-looking and trustworthy trading partner In full cooperation with the International Monetary Fund and those who trade with us, we will press for the necessary reforms to set up an urgently needed new international monetary system Stability and equal treatment is in everybody's best interest I am determined that the American dollar must never again be a hostage in the hands of international speculators I am taking one further step to protect the dollar, to improve our balance of payments, and to increase jobs for Americans As a temporary measure, I am today imposing an additional tax of 10 percent on goods imported into the United States.2 This is a better solution for international trade than direct controls on the amount of imports This import tax is a temporary action It isn't directed against any other country It is an action to make certain that American products will not be at a disadvantage because of unfair exchange rates When the unfair treatment is ended, the import tax will end as well As a result of these actions, the product of American labor will be more competitive, and the unfair edge that some of our foreign competition has will be removed This is a major reason why our trade balance has eroded over the past 15 years 147 At the end of World War II the economies of the major industrial nations of Europe and Asia were shattered To help them get on their feet and to protect their freedom, the United States has provided over the past 25 years $143 billion in foreign aid That was the right thing for us to Today, largely with our help, they have regained their vitality They have become our strong competitors, and we welcome their success But now that other nations are economically strong, the time has come for them to bear their fair share of the burden of defending freedom around the world The time has come for exchange rates to be set straight and for the major nations to compete as equals There is no longer any need for the United States to compete with one hand tied behind her back The range of actions I have taken and Proclamation 4074 proposed tonight on the job front, on the inflation front, on the monetary front is the most comprehensive new economic policy to be undertaken in this Nation in four decades We are fortunate to live in a nation with an economic system capable of producing for its people the highest standard of living in the world; a system flexible enough to change its ways dramatically when circumstances call for change; and, most important, a system resourceful enough to produce prosperity with freedom and opportunity unmatched in the history of nations The purposes of the Government actions I have announced tonight are to lay the basis for renewed confidence, to make it possible for us to compete fairly with the rest of the world, to open the door to new prosperity But government, with all of its powers, does not hold the key to the success of a people That key, my fellow Americans, is in your hands A nation, like a person, has to have a certain inner drive in order to succeed In economic affairs, that inner drive is called the competitive spirit Every action I have taken tonight is designed to nurture and stimulate that competitive spirit, to help us snap out of the self-doubt, the self-disparagement that saps our energy and erodes our confidence in ourselves Whether this Nation stays number one in the world's economy or resigns itself to second, third, or fourth place; whether we as a people have faith in ourselves, or lose that faith; whether we hold fast to the strength that makes peace and freedom possible in this world, or lose our grip all that depends on you, on your competitive spirit, your sense of personal destiny, your pride in your country and in yourself 148 We can be certain of this: As the threat of war recedes, the challenge of peaceful competition in the world will greatly increase We welcome competition, because America is at her greatest when she is called on to compete As there always have been in our history, there will be voices urging us to shrink from that challenge of competition, to build a protective wall around ourselves, to crawl into a shell as the rest of the world moves ahead Two hundred years ago a man wrote in his diary these words: "Many thinking people believe America has seen its best days." That was written in 1775, just before the American Revolution the dawn of the most exciting era in the history of man And today we hear the echoes of those voices, preaching a gospel of gloom and defeat, saying the same thing: "We have seen our best days." I say, let Americans reply: "Our best days lie ahead." As we move into a generation of peace, as we blaze the trail toward the new prosperity, I say to every American: Let us raise our spirits Let us raise our sights Let all of us contribute all we can to this great and good country that has contributed so much to the progress of mankind Let us invest in our Nation's future, and let us revitalize that faith in ourselves that built a great nation in the past and that will shape the world of the future Thank you and good evening Nguồn: Richard Nixon: "Address to the Nation Outlining a New Economic Policy: "The Challenge of Peace."," August 15, 1971 Online by Gerhard Peters and John T Woolley, The American Presidency Project http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=3115, 2.00 PM, 5/11/2014 149 Phụ lục 5: Joint Statement of Japanese Prime Minister Sato and U.S President Nixon ( Thông cáo chung Thủ tƣớng Nhật Bản Sato Tổng thống Mỹ Nixon) [Place] San Clemente [Date] January 7, 1972 Prime Minister Sato and President Nixon, meeting in San Clemente on January and 7, 1972 had wide-ranging and productive discussions that reflected the close, friendly relations between Japan and the United States They covered the general international situation with particular emphasis on Asia including China, as well as bilateral relations between Japan and the United States The Prime Minister and the President recognized that in the changing world situation today, there are hopeful trends pointing toward a relaxation of tension, and they emphasized the need for further efforts to encourage such trends so as to promote lasting peace and stability These efforts would involve close cooperation between the two governments and with other governments They also recognized that the maintenance of cooperative relations between Japan and the United States is an indispensable factor for peace and stability in Asia, and accordingly they confirmed that the two Governments would continue to consult closely on their respective Asian policies The Prime Minister and the President, recalling the more than one hundred years of association between the two countries, emphasized the importance of U.S.-Japanese relations being founded on mutual trust and interdependence In this connection, they highly valued the important role played by the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and the United States The Prime Minister and the President discussed the problems relating to the return of Okinawa as contemplated in the Joint Communique of November 21, 1969 They were gratified that the Reversion Agreement signed on June 17, 1971 had received the support of the respective legislatures, and decided to effect the return of Okinawa to Japan on May 15, 1972 The President indicated the intention of the United States Government to confirm upon reversion that the assurances of the United States Government concerning nuclear weapons on Okinawa have been fully carried out To this the Prime Minister expressed his deep appreciation The Prime Minister explained to the President why he felt it necessary that, after reversion, the facilities and areas of the United States armed forces located in Okinawa be realigned or reduced to the extent possible, particularly those in areas densely 150 populated or closely related to industrial development The President replied that these factors would be taken fully into consideration in working out after reversion mutually acceptable adjustments in the facilities and areas consistent with the purpose of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Recognizing that the further strengthening of the already close economic ties between Japan and the United States was of vital importance to the overall relations between the two countries as well as to the expansion of the world economy as a whole, the Prime Minister and the President expressed their satisfaction that significant progress was being made, particularly since the meeting of the JapanUnited States Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs last September, towards improvement of trade conditions and economic relations between the two countries They shared the expectation that the international currency realignment of last December would provide a firm basis on which to chart future development of the world economy, and stated their determination to exert renewed efforts, in combination with other countries, towards improved monetary arrangements, expanded world trade and assisting developing countries In this connection they affirmed the importance of conditions that facilitate the flow of both public assistance and private capital The Prime Minister and the President reaffirmed the basic view that Japan and the United States, jointly ascribing to the principles of freedom and democracy, would cooperate closely with each other in all areas such as the political, cultural, economic, scientific and technological fields to achieve the common goals of maintaining and promoting peace and prosperity of the world and the well-being of their countrymen They agreed that the two Governments would expand cooperation in the fields of environment, of the peaceful uses of atomic energy and the peaceful exploration and use of outer space They further agreed that experts of the two countries would examine concrete steps in this regard They also agreed that steps be taken to increase cultural exchanges and in this regard the President welcomed the explanation given on the contemplated establishment of a Japanese cultural exchange program Nguồn: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=3729, 1.55 PM, 5/11/2014 151 Phụ lục 6: Joint Statement of Japanese Prime Minister Tanaka and U.S President Nixon ( Thông cáo chung Thủ tƣớng Nhật Bản Tanaka Tổng thống Mỹ Nixon) [Place] Hawaii [Date] September 1, 1972 Prime Minister Tanaka and President Nixon met in Hawaii August 31 September for wide ranging discussions on a number of topics of mutual interest The talks were held in an atmosphere of warmth and mutual trust reflecting the long history of friendship between Japan and the United States Both leaders expressed the hope that their meeting would mark the beginning of a new chapter in the course of developing ever closer bonds between the two countries The Prime Minister and the President reviewed the current international situation and the prospects for the relaxation of tension and peaceful solutions to current problems in the world, with particular reference to Asia It was stressed that the maintenance and strengthening of the close ties of friendship and cooperation between the two countries would continue to be an important factor for peace and stability in the evolving world situation Both leaders reaffirmed the intention of the two governments to maintain the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the two countries, and agreed that the two governments would continue to cooperate through close consultations with a view to ensuring smooth and effective implementation of the Treaty In discussing the increasing indications for peace and stability in Asia, the Prime Minister and the President welcomed the recent opening of dialogue in the Korean Peninsula, and the increasingly active efforts of Asian countries for self-reliance and regional cooperation, and shared the hope for an early realization of peace in Indochina The Prime Minister and the President recognized that the President's recent visits to the People's Republic of China and the USSR were a significant step forward In this context, they shared the hope that the forthcoming visit of the Prime Minister to the People's Republic of China would also serve to further the trend for the relaxation of tension in Asia The Prime Minister and the President discussed the recent agreements reached by the United States and the USSR on the limitation of ballistic missile defenses and the interim arrangement on the limitation of strategic offensive missiles, and they agreed that such measures represented an important step forward in limiting 152 strategic arms and contributing to world peace They agreed to consult on the need for further steps to control strategic arms The Prime Minister and the President exchanged views in a broad perspective on issues related to economic, trade and financial matters The Prime Minister and the President emphasized the great importance of economic relations between Japan and the United States Both leaders expressed their conviction that their talks would contribute to closer cooperation between the two countries in dealing with economic issues of a bilateral and global nature The Prime Minister and the President shared the view that fundamental reform of the international monetary system is essential They committed their governments to work rapidly to achieve such reform In trade, they reaffirmed the February 1972 commitments of both countries to initiate and actively support multilateral trade negotiations covering both industry and agriculture in 1973 In this connection they noted the need in the forthcoming trade negotiations to lay the basis for further trade expansion through reduction of tariff and nontariff barriers as well as formulations of a multilateral non-discriminatory safeguard mechanism The Prime Minister and the President agreed that both countries would endeavor to move towards a better equilibrium in their balance of payments and trade positions In this regard, the President explained the measures undertaken by the United States to improve its trade and payments position and stated that the Government of the United States was urging U.S firms to expand the volume of exports through increased productivity and improved market research, particularly to Japan The Prime Minister indicated that the Government of Japan would also try to promote imports from the United States and that it was the intention of the Government of Japan to reduce the imbalance to a more manageable size within a reasonable period of time The Prime Minister and the President agreed that it would be most valuable to hold future meetings at a high level to review evolving economic relationships, and that they intend to hold a meeting of the Joint United States-Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs as early in 1973 as feasible The Prime Minister and the President noted the endeavors of the two countries in cooperation with other developed countries, to help bring stability and prosperity to the developing countries in Asia and other regions of the world They acknowledged the need for adequate levels of official development assistance on appropriate terms They also reaffirmed that the two governments intend to continue 153 to help strengthen the international financial institutions for the purpose of economic development of the developing countries The Prime Minister and the President reaffirmed the need to promote efforts to improve the mutual understanding of the cultural, social and other backgrounds between the peoples of the two countries They agreed further that new and improved programs of cultural and educational exchange are an important means to this end In this connection the President underlined his high hopes for the successful activities of the Japan Foundation to be inaugurated in October this year lO The Prime Minister and the President noted with satisfaction the growing momentum of cooperation between the two countries in increasingly diverse fields under the common aims of maintaining and promoting peace and prosperity of the world and the well-being of their countrymen They agreed to strengthen and expand the already close cooperation between the two countries in controlling the illegal traffic in narcotics and other dangerous drugs, and they also agreed on the need for further bilateral and multilateral cooperation concerning the development and better utilization of energy and mineral resources and on the pressing problems of environmental protection and pollution control They pledged to continue appropriate assistance through the UN and its specialized agencies for the solution of problems caused by too rapid population growth 11 The Prime Minister and the President discussed cooperation in space exploration including Japan's goal of launching geostationary communications and other applications satellites The President welcomed Japan's active interest in and study on the launching of a meteorological satellite in support of the global atmospheric research program 12 The Prime Minister and the President expressed satisfaction with their talks and agreed to continue to maintain close personal contact Nguồn: A Documentary History of U.S.-Japanese Relations, 1945-1997, pp.872http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19720901.D1E.html 1.52 PM, 5/11/2014 154 Phụ lục 7: Joint Communique of Japanese Prime Minister Tanaka and U.S President Nixon ( Thông cáo chung Thủ tƣớng Nhật Bản Tanaka Tổng thống Mỹ Nixon) [Place] Washington [Date] August 1, 1973 Prime Minister Tanaka and President Nixon met in Washington July 31 and August for comprehensive and fruitful explorations of a wide variety of subjects of mutual interest The discussions of the two leaders, held in an atmosphere of cordiality and trust, reflected in tone and content the breadth and closeness of relations between Japan and the United States The primary focus of this meeting was the many common goals which Japan and the United States share and the common commitment of the two nations to a new era in this friendly relationship They emphasized the high value they place on the important role that each plays in the cause of world peace and prosperity and the strong desirability of proceeding together toward that common objective by cooperative efforts wherever possible around the globe The Prime Minister and the President confirmed the durable character of the friendly and cooperative relations between Japan and the United States, which are based on a common political philosophy of individual liberties and open societies, and a sense of interdependence They noted especially that the relationship between their two countries has an increasingly important global aspect and makes a significant contribution to the movement toward peaceful relations throughout the world Expressing their satisfaction with the continuous dialogue which has taken place at various levels on subjects of mutual interest since their meeting in Hawaii in September 1972, the Prime Minister and the President reviewed developments in the international situation They discussed the global trend toward detente, as evidenced by the progress of the dialogue between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the forthcoming negotiations on the mutual reduction of forces and armaments in Central Europe, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, the return of the People's Republic of China to the international community, and the signing of the Paris Agreements for a peace settlement in Indochina They expressed the hope that this trend would lead to the peaceful settlement of disputes throughout the world 155 The Prime Minister and the President agreed on the need to maintain continuous consultation on questions of mutual concern in the international political field They expressed their satisfaction with progress made in the area of arms control and the avoidance of conflict, including the SALT agreements and the US-Soviet Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War The Prime Minister and the President noted with satisfaction the normalization of relations between Japan and the People's Republic of China and the movement toward more normal relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China They expressed their strong hope for a stable and lasting peace in Indochina through scrupulous implementation of the Paris Agreements They reaffirmed their resolve to assist the rehabilitation of Indochina They welcomed the new developments in the Korean Peninsula, and expressed the readiness of their Governments to contribute to the furtherance of peace and stability in that area They pledged to continue to facilitate regional cooperation in Asia as an important contributing factor in securing a lasting peace throughout that part of the world The President pointed out the desirability of a Declaration of Principles to guide future cooperation among the industrialized democracies The Prime Minister expressed his positive interest therein The Prime Minister and the President agreed that Japan and the United States would consult closely on the matter as preparations proceed toward a Declantion acceptable to all the countries concerned The Prime Minister and the President recognized that the existing framework of international relations had been the basis for the recent trend toward the relaxation of tensions in Asia and reaffirmed that continued close and cooperative relations between the two countries under the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security are an important factor for the maintenance of stability in Asia The President confirmed the intention of the United States to maintain an adequate level of deterrent forces in the region The two leaders noted with satisfaction continuing efforts to ensure the smooth and effective implementation of the Treaty and concurred on the desirability of further steps to realign and consolidate the facilities and areas of the United States Forces in Japan Recognizing that the greatest transoceanic commerce between two nations in the history of mankind greatly enriches the lives of the peoples of Japan and the United States, the Prime Minister and the President pledged to ensure that this trade continues to grow and to contribute to the expansion and prosperity of the world economy as a whole and to the overall relationship between the two countries They reviewed with satisfaction the discussions at the July meeting in Tokyo of the 156 Japan-US Joint Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs on the measures Japan has taken in the fields of trade and investment, for which the President again expressed the appreciation of the United States; on the marked improvement in the trade imbalance between the two countries, and the intention of both Governments to pursue policies designed to maintain the momentum of this improvement; on promoting investment between the two countries; and on the United States intention to exert its best efforts to supply essential materials including agricultural products to Japan, which the President reaffirmed The Prime Minister and the President confirmed the understanding reached in the above meeting that on the basis of recent economic developments, Japan and the United States could look forward to new perspectives in the development of their economic relations 10 The Prime Minister and the President reaffirmed the importance which they attach to a successful conclusion of the multilateral negotiations in the trade and monetary fields They endorsed the objective of achieving an open and equitable world trade and investment, and a reformed international monetary system, responsive to the needs of an increasingly interdependent world economy They expressed their mutual satisfaction that the Ministerial meeting to launch the new round of multilateral trade negotiations would be held in Tokyo in September They emphasized the firm intention of their Governments to work for as wide agreement as possible on the principles of monetary reform at the annual meeting of the International Monetary Fund in Nairobi later in that month In both of these undertakings, they pledged their cooperative efforts to assure early and constructive results in concert with other countries of the world 11 The Prime Minister and the President agreed to continue to coordinate efforts to ensure a stable supply of energy resources to meet the rapidly growing requirements of their peoples In this connection, they expressed their common intention to pursue just and harmonious relationships with the oil producing states; to examine the possibility of developing within the framework of the OECD, an arrangement on sharing oil in times of emergency; and greatly to expand the scope of cooperation for exploring and exploiting energy resources and for research and development of new energy sources 12 The Prime Minister and the President affirmed the importance of close cooperation between the two Governments in securing a stable supply of enriched uranium, including cooperation in the necessary research and development They agreed that the two Governments should exert their best efforts for the satisfactory realization of a Japan-US joint venture to that end In this connection, the President 157 announced that the United States Government had authorized a group of American companies to enter into a contract with a private Japanese party to conduct a joint study of the economic, legal, and technical factors involved in the construction of a uranium enrichment plant in the United States in which Japan might participate 13 The Prime Minister and the President recognized that expanded programs for improved communication and understanding are vital to strengthening the relationship between the two countries Noting the warm reception in the United States to the activities of the Japan Foundation, the Prime Minister announced that the Government of Japan will grant, through the Foundation, funds in the amount of $10 million to several American universities for institutional support of Japanese studies, including the endowment of chairs for this purpose The President stated his intention to expand support for those United States cultural and educational projects which had been so productive in the past, and to ask the Congress in the near future to appropriate the funds remaining in the GARIOA [Government Assistance and Relief in Occupied Areas] account to strengthen Japan-US cultural and educational exchanges 14 The Prime Minister and the President expressed satisfaction with the growing cooperation between Japan and the United States in the field of environmental protection They commended the cooperative programs now in progress which would enable the two countries to cope more effectively with air and water pollution and other environmental problems, including those connected with sewage disposal and photochemical air pollution They confirmed that such cooperative programs would be instrumental in protecting the environment and devising antipollution measures in both countries 15 The Prime Minister and the President noted with satisfaction the achievements of the medical, scientific and technological cooperative programs developed during the last decade between the two countries They agreed to make an overall review of cooperative relationships in such fields in light of the broader requirements of the coming decade 16 The Prime Minister and the President, recognizing that the United Nations is making an important contribution to the furtherance of international cooperation and is an effective forum for collective consultations, agreed that Japan and the United States should cooperate fully in their efforts to help move the organization in a constructive direction The President expressed the belief that for the Security Council to fulfill its primary responsibility under the United Nations Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security, a way should be found to assure 158 permanent representation in that Council for Japan, whose resources and influence are of major importance in world affairs The Prime Minister expressed his appreciation for this statement 17 The President reconfirmed the standing invitation to Their Majesties, the Emperor and Empress of Japan, to visit the United States and hoped that the visit would take place in the near future at a mutually convenient time The Prime Minister expressed his deep appreciation for this invitation, and on his part conveyed an invitation from the Government of Japan to President and Mrs Nixon to visit Japan In accepting this invitation, the President voiced his sincere gratitude for the warm sentiments toward the United States symbolized by it It is hoped that the President's visit to Japan, to be arranged through diplomatic channels, will take place at a mutually convenient time before the end of 1974 18 The Prime Minister was accompanied by Foreign Minister Masayoshi Ohira, Takeshi Yasukawa, Japanese Ambassador to the United States, and Kiyohiko Tsurumi, Deputy Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Also taking part in the conversations on the American side were William P Rogers, Secretary of State, Dr Henry A Kissinger, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, and Robert S Ingersoll, Arnerican Ambassador to Japan Nguồn: A Documentary History of U.S.-Japanese Relations, 1945-1997, pp.880http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19730801.D1E.html 1.50 PM, 5/11/2014 159 Phụ lục 8: Một số hình ảnh Thủ tướng Sato Tổng thống Nixon Nhà Trắng, Washington, 19 – 11 – 1969 Nguồn: https://www.google.com.vn/search, 2.23 PM, 5/11/2014 160 Thủ tướng Sato Tổng thống Nixon Western White House, California, tháng - 1972 Nguồn: https://www.google.com.vn/search, , 2.23 PM, 5/11/2014 161 ... 1973 CHƢƠNG II: CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA MỸ VỚI NHẬT BẢN TRONG NHIỆM KÌ CỦA TỔNG THỐNG R NIXON (1 969 – 1973) Tập trung vào điều chỉnh sách Mỹ với Nhật Bản hai phƣơng diện: Chính trị - an ninh Kinh... hình Nhật Bản cuối thập niên 1960 – đầu thập niên 1970 36 CHƢƠNG II: CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA MỸ VỚI NHẬT BẢN TRONG NHIỆM KÌ CỦA TỔNG THỐNG R NIXON (1 969 – 1973) 45 2.1 Nhật Bản sách đối ngoại. .. nhiều phƣơng diện 44 CHƢƠNG II: CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA MỸ VỚI NHẬT BẢN TRONG NHIỆM KÌ CỦA TỔNG THỐNG R NIXON (1 969 – 1973) 2.1 Nhật Bản sách đối ngoại Mỹ Xuất phát từ biến đổi bối cảnh giới