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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING CAN THO UNIVERSITY SUMMARY OF Ph.D DISSERTATION MAJOR: RURAL DEVELOPMENT Code: 9620116 DOAN THI NGUYET MINH SOLUTIONS TO ENHANCE THE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN THE NATIONAL TARGET PROGRAM ON BUILDING NEW RURAL AREAS IN TRA VINH PROVINCE THE DISSERTATION HAS BEEN COMPLETED AT CAN THO UNIVERSITY Academic supervisor: NGUYEN NGOC DE, Associate Prof PhD The dissertation was evaluated at grassroots Dissertation Assessment Board Meeting at: Hall 3, 2nd floor, Administrative Building, Can Tho University Time: at AM, 09/11/2019 Reviewer 1: DUONG NGOC THANH, Assoc Prof PhD Reviewer 2: LE NGOC THACH, PhD The dissertation can be found at: Learning Resource Centre of Can Tho University National Library of Vietnam LIST OF ARTICLES PUBLICATION Doan, M T N ., & Nguyen, D N (2016) Factors affecting community participation in new rural area construction in Tra Vinh province Proceeding of Agricultural Science and New Rural Development (208-219) Can Tho, Vietnam: Can Tho University Publishing House Doan, M T N., & Nguyen, D N (2017) Evaluation of the general results of the household participation process in new rural development program in Tra Vinh province Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology of Nong Lam University 4, 90-98 Doan, M T N., & Nguyen, D N (2017) Evaluating the real situation of the new rural development program in Tra Vinh province Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 24, 3-11 Doan, M T N., & Nguyen, D N (2019) Evaluating the community participation in the new rural development program in Tra Vinh province Status – Solution Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development Nong Lam University in Ho Chi Minh city, 18(1): 917 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 THE NECESSITY OF DISSERTATION Firstly, the Participation Problem is the most popular and hottest focus topic of policy planning, developing community experts One thing must be sure to confirm that many things are being around us and nothing can be solved without participation The research is focused on the practical participation Secondly, the research aiming at the new core participation concept is used in theory and then applied to the daily practical activities to awake one’s thinking and to motivate participation promotion actively in the right way that is considered by overcoming the obstacles of the before concept of the passive participation The biggest difference is the potential capacity that belongs to the root to be found out to promote the participation actively in order that agent is the most suitable to the main role of community while every available resource is used effectively Thirdly, to all final problem are solved at the root through the group of helpful solutions impact on personal internal participation definitely in enhancing one’s thinking, through promoting internal power in the right way research aimed to compassionate, awaken voluntarily and voluntarily to awaken continuously to interact together law of nature positively toward the top of developing swirling to improve knowledge and to make a big power help community overcome obstacles together come to the final goal in building new rural program that is also the final goal of one ‘s life 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 1.2.1 General objective A system of solutions is completed to help the community the main role in motivating participation actively to awaken their mind in their own daily activities in a highly voluntary way from that more promotion in participation is activated to improve more participation capacity quickly aimed to accomplish the goal of building new rural program generally and sustainably 1.2.2 Specific objectives - Evaluating the current status of building new rural program progress in Tra Vinh province - Analyzing the impact of level community participation and find out the causes that prevent local people from active participation in Tra Vinh province - Proposing the solution to enhance the motivation of participation to improve the main role of community in Tra Vinh province 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION - How is the building new rural program in Tra Vinh province in the first phase (2010-2015)? - Which factors affect the level of community participation and What are the causes that prevent local people from active participation in Tra Vinh province? - Which solutions can be proposed to enhance the motivation of participation to improve the main role of community in Tra Vinh province? 1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS - The level of community participation is dependent on economic households in Tra Vinh province 1.5 RESEARCH SCOPE Secondary data was collected from 2010 to 2015, primary data was surveyed in 01/2016 in districts (namely Tra Cu, Tieu Can, Cang Long) 1.6 NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE DISSERTATION 1.6.1 Scientific significance New contributions of the dissertation both in theory and academic are the scales of the positive participation based on motivation through using the Porter and Lawler motivation model (1981) and the chain of satisfying – desired - need theoretical relationship The highlight of the study is the use of strong and active internal point of ABCD approach to arouse local people on their own to survive and grow from that they can overcome the longtime passive participation in developing nations Many groups of the variables used in the research based on frames, the general factor of rual social aspects that affect the participation are systematized in order to find two overall solution groups proposed root causes to improve the extent of participation aimed to satisfy the final target of the new rural development programs 1.6.2 Practical significance New contributions of the dissertation for the practically applying participation activities of Tra Vinh Province to be done in the new rural development programs or the same ecosystem and economy - social condition of other provinces will have been largely influenced in leading the new rural development programs The research findings would be a good basic in thinking that can be awakened by every method toward getting the final goal making a significant change in local people and officials, the formal and informal unions, specially, the cooperation of the religious organizations also takes advantage in saturating the hearted participation of local people 1.7 STRUCTURE DISSERTATION The contain of the dissertation has 242 pages, including introduction, literature review, research methods, research and discussion, conclusion and recommendation, references, tables, and annexes, figures CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHOD The dissertation combines two kinds of methods: qualitative and quantitative method  Qualitative: Based on the theory of the level participation scale, the level participation, the impacts of level participation research, Hypothesis with independent variables were formed in the positively correlated relation ship  Quantitative: The data of the study were collected through interviewing 405 households in districts of Tra Vinh province (namely Cang Long, Tra Cu, and Tieu Can) with samples based on convenient conditions: (1) freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater ecosystems; (2) the degree to obtain criteria: strong (19/19), average (12-14/19), and weak (8-12/19); (3) and economic conditions of households: Rich, medium and poor households The collected data were analyzed by applying these methods: Descriptive statistics, Exploratory Factor Analysis and regression model, Swot, problem tree, and solution tree Specifically, this process is systematized by steps: Theory – Hypothesis – Observation – Conclusion (Dinh Phi Ho, 2011), based on deducing: General  specific  Theory: The dissertation was done by ABCD approaching (take advantage in applying available resources)  Hyppothesis: -Objective 1: The level of participation is affected by economic conditions of households: Rich, medium and poor households -Objective 2: Identify which group of variables match resources impact on participation level -Objective 3: which solution (Internal, external) is done to enhance the participation level  Observation 3: groups of variables match resources  aiming at accomplishing the criteria for building new rural area is group variables that are considered the impact on the participation level will be suggested: public social-cultural convenience, infrastructure planning for organizing to develop production, and distinctive characteristics of individual households, production, economic organization, environment General regression model PAR = f(F1, F2, F3, F4, F5)  Conclusion: Which group of variables is considered impacting the level of participation and the strong impact on participation based on that which problem could be identified to the research continue to analyze the group of causes (internal, external) by problem and solution tree and SWOT participation tool combining analyzing 5W + 1H to propose a group of solutions to enhance participation level capacity A OBJECTIVE Evaluating the results of building new rural area progress B DATABASE + Household survey C ANALYSIS METHOD D RESULTS Descriptive statistics Find out the status of participation level in building new rural progress Exploratory Factor Analysis and regression model Find out the impact group variable to participation level + Sherry R Arnstern scale of participation (1969,1971) Analyze the impact of participation level and find out the causes - Secondary data: related to materials + Group of the variables impact on participation: Infrastructure planning for economic production organization: Ladewig & Glenn C.McCann, 1980)(Marans & Rodger, 1975); Economic production organization: (Jesser, 1967; (Brown, 1993); Public social-cultural convenience: (Filkins R., Cordes.S 1999; Smith M.K, 2008) (Wilkinson, 1991) (Johnson &Knop, 1970Rojek et al, 1975); Environment: Braun(1991), Marans & Rodger, 1975; Ladewig, H., & McCann, G.C (1980); Mollie Van Loon & Stinner W.F., 1992; Distinctive characteristics of individual households: (Davies, 1945 Maslow (1943); Porter Lawer (1981) David Mc.lelland (1988); Vroom (1964) (Ladewig & Glenn C.McCann, 1980) Find out Limited causes that prevent local people from active participation - Primary data: + Interview KIP BCĐ + Household survey Proposing the solution to enhance the motivation of participation SWOT participation tool Based on the above results Problem and solution tree tool 5W + 1H tool Figure 2.1 General research frame diagram (Source: Author suggestion, 2016) Group of Solutions to improve participation to enhance local people’s participation capacity Community KNOWLEDGE Authority Policy Organization of Management Formal Union F: Economic production organization Propaganda S: Public social-cultural convenience H: Distinctive characteristics of individual and household Level of participation BEHAVIOR ATTITUDE Decision participat -ion Impact Organization to implementation N: Environment P: Infrastructure planning for economic production organization Informal Union ACTION Evaluating the status of building new rural progress The factors to impact the level of participation Solutions to enhance the participation capacity Figure 2.2 Frame theory diagram (Source: Author suggestion, 2016) 10 Successfully building the new rural program CHAPTER 3: RESULTS OF RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION OBJECTIVE 1: EVALUATION OF THE RESULT OF THE BUILDING NEW RURAL PROGRESS IN TRA VINH PROVINCE Results showed that the participation in the implementation of the new rural development program in Tra Vinh province was the cooperation of both sides: the community and the authority in which local people played a key role and the authority supported in the first phase from 20102015 The results indicated that there was a difference in the form and degree among households depending on their economic conditions: rich households participated in the project more than poor ones The majority of households took part in the new rural development program only because of responsibility and enforcement at a low extent (I) Form of household participation Steps of activities: (1) System building participation; (2) Information transmit participation; (3) Sign up for commitment participation; (4) Surveying situation participation, planning participation, discuss contribution participation, proposing solution participation, ranking priority participation; (5) Check quality, monitoring progress schedule, management participation, and the following illustrations: 13 operation Figure 3.1 Participation level form of specific criteria in the whole building new rural (Source: Survey data in Tra Vinh province, 2016) 14 Figure 3.2 Participation level form of specific criteria in the whole building new rural (Source: Survey data in Tra Vinh province, 2016) 15 The level of participation is dependent on economic households: Most of the criteria were done by rich households is higher than the two households In addition, clarifying the level of participation according to criteria fields in groups of economic households, including participation in planning criteria and infrastructure economic-social criteria at a low extent Comunity contribute more than in culture, environment, organizing production, security criteria Community combined with authority took part in sharing responsibility, making a decision at low form extent The highest level participation is known, discussion community while other higher level is known how to, monitoring level Results of the difference of the level participation among convenient conditions, including freshwater, brackishwater, and saltwater ecosystems and the degree to obtain criteria: strong (19/19), average (12-14/19), and weak (8-12/19) Table 3.1 Square testing between different ecosystems in participation with the different level to criteria obtaining the degree and the level of participation in building new rural in Tra Vinh province Character No Ecosystem Freshwater Brackishwater Saltwater The degree to obtain criteria ` Strong (19/19 TC) Average (12-14/19 TC) Weak (8-11/19 TC) 4 PARTICIPATION LEVEL Very slow Medium High high 95 211 60 35 10 37 52 35 22 31 63 143 Total 405 134 62 209 220.717 0.000 96.292 0.000 95 211 60 35 405 27 27 41 35 76 100 15 40 29 106 112 187 (Source: Survey data in Tra Vinh province, 2016) 16 ChiSIG Squared Result: households who live in freshwater ecosystems (Cang Long) have the better condition on participating more than other two ecosystems such as brackishwater (Tieu Can), and saltwater ecosystems (Tra Cu) Result also showed that which place has ecosystems The level participation is better from that the degree to obtain criteria has obviously different level, including strong (19/19), average (12-14/19), and weak (8-12/19) OBJECTIVE 2: ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PARTICIPATION LEVEL OF LOCAL PEOPLE 3.2 FACTOR IMPACTING ON PARTICIPATION LEVEL AND THE CAUSES PREVENTING LOCAL PEOPLE FROM ACTIVE PARTICIPATION 3.2.1 Result of regression analysis The research also found out three important factors affecting the participating extent of local communities including: Public social-cultural convenience, Infrastructure planning for economic production organization, and Distinctive characteristics of individual and household Among these, public social-cultural convenience had the most powerful impact on the new rural development program in Tra Vinh province The following data is illustrated, such as: 17 Table 3.2 Result of regression analysis Variable Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients B 1(Constant) Std Error 3.067 029 Public socialcultural convenience 428 029 Infrastructure planning for economic production organization 412 Distinctive characteristics of individual and household 269 Beta Collinearity Statistics t Sig Tolerance VIF 105.471 000 489 14.702 000 1.000 1.000 029 471 14.162 000 1.000 1.000 029 307 9.239 000 1.000 1.000 a Dependent variable: participation level (Source: Survey data in Tra Vinh province, 2016) Other following results are illustrated such as:  Testing a partial correlation of regression coefficients Public social-cultural convenience, infrastructure planning for economic production organization, distinctive characteristics of individual and household Correlating with the level participation with 95% reliability, sig < 0.05 18  Testing the suitability of the model Multiple correlation coefficient R2 = 0.556 55.6% of the difference of participation level can be explained by independent variables of the model, and 44.4% of the left dependent variables can be explained by other factors F testing was used to test the meaning of the model Result sig< 0.05, The model is suitable with practical data T testing was used to test statistic meaning of each dependent variable in the model All dependent variables have statistic meaning with sig