Trong quá trình dạy và học Ngoại Ngữ tại trường THPT Sáng Sơn, tôi nhận thấy rằng, kỹ năng đọc hiểu văn bản của học sinh còn nhiều hạn chế. Đa phần học sinh ngại phải làm bài đọc và có xu hướng chọn đáp án ngẫu nhiên trong bài thi trắc nghiệm, hoặc lặp lại thông tin có chứa từ khóa trong bài thi tự luận. Có thể thấy, kỹ năng chọn lọc và phân loại thông tin của học sinh còn rất hạn chế. Mặt khác, bài đọc hiểu có lượng từ vựng khá lớn, lượng từ mới cũng nhiều khiến cho học sinh luôn e ngại và mặc định đây là dạng bài khó. Nắm được các khó khăn của học sinh và các trở ngại trong vấn đề đọc hiểu văn bản, tôi mạnh dạn chia sẻ một số kinh nghiệm về các dạng bài đọc hiểu và cách làm các bài tập sau khi đọc. Thông qua chuyên đề: “Hướng dẫn học sinh làm các dạng câu hỏi của bài đọc hiểu trong đề thi THPT quốc gia”, tôi hy vọng có thể giúp học sinh hiểu rõ hơn các dạng câu hỏi trong đề thi, cách xác định và chọn lọc thông tin cũng như các kỹ năng cần thiết để hoàn thành tốt phần thi đọc hiểu.
CHUYÊN ĐỀ - HƯỚNG DẪN HỌC SINH LÀM CÁC DẠNG CÂU HỎI CỦA BÀI ĐỌC HIỂU TRONG ĐỀ THI THPT QUỐC GIA MƠN TIẾNG ANH PHẦN I: I LÍ DO CHỌN CHUYÊN ĐỀ Tiếng Anh trở thành ngoại ngữ quan trọng Việt Nam Từ nhiều năm nay, Tiếng Anh đưa vào chương trình đạo tạo từ cấp Tiểu học trở thành mơn học quan trọng cấp học Đặc biêt, môn Tiếng Anh ba môn thi bắt buộc kỳ thi THPT Quốc Gia Việt Nam Dù chất lượng môn dần cải thiện, nhiên chưa đạt mức kỳ vọng, chí cịn thấp so với nhiều môn học khác Cụ thể, theo thống kê Bộ GD-ĐT cho thấy, năm 2019, nước có 789.435 thí sinh dự thi mơn tiếng Anh Trong có tới 542.666 thí sinh có điểm trung bình, chiếm tỷ lệ 68,74% Mức điểm có nhiều thí sinh đạt môn tiếng Anh 3,75 Mức điểm trung bình mơn đạt 4,3 Đây thực tình trạng đáng phải cân nhắc việc dạy học Tiếng Anh nước ta Chất lượng môn chưa nâng cao nhiều phần kỹ làm thi học sinh hạn chế Như biết, học ngơn ngữ ngồi việc nắm kiến thức ngữ pháp, điều quan trọng người học phải thành thạo kỹ ngơn ngữ: nghe, nói, đọc, viết Mỗi kỹ có vai trò khác Tuy nhiên, vận dụng vào kỳ thi THPT Quốc Gia kỹ đọc hiểu quan trọng Đây phương tiện hữu hiệu cần thiết cho học sinh nắm vững, củng cố kiến thức ngôn ngữ, mở rộng vốn từ vựng hiểu sâu văn phong, cách sử dụng ngơn ngữ học Đọc hiểu nhận định phần thi khó đề thi THPTQG môn tiếng Anh Phần đọc hiểu bao gồm đọc văn khoảng 250 – 350 từ theo chủ đề tự nhiên, môi trường, xã hội Bài đọc hiểu với tổng số câu 13 câu, chiếm 26% tổng số câu đề thi Qua thấy rằng, nắm phần đọc hiểu, học sinh cải thiện đáng kể kết thi Dù nội dung khó, đọc hiểu phần thi mà hồn tồn chinh phục thông qua việc luyện tập Thông thường, câu hỏi đọc hiểu chia làm nhóm câu hỏi với dạng tập cụ thể Mỗi dạng có dấu hiệu nhận biết cách làm khác Nắm vững cách làm này, học sinh hồn thành môn thi Tiếng Anh với kết tốt Trong trình dạy học Ngoại Ngữ trường THPT Sáng Sơn, nhận thấy rằng, kỹ đọc hiểu văn học sinh nhiều hạn chế Đa phần học sinh ngại phải làm đọc có xu hướng chọn đáp án ngẫu nhiên thi trắc nghiệm, lặp lại thơng tin có chứa từ khóa thi tự luận Có thể thấy, kỹ chọn lọc phân loại thông tin học sinh cịn hạn chế Mặt khác, đọc hiểu có lượng từ vựng lớn, lượng từ nhiều khiến cho học sinh e ngại mặc định dạng khó Nắm khó khăn học sinh trở ngại vấn đề đọc hiểu văn bản, mạnh dạn chia sẻ số kinh nghiệm dạng đọc hiểu cách làm tập sau đọc Thông qua chuyên đề: “Hướng dẫn học sinh làm dạng câu hỏi đọc hiểu đề thi THPT quốc gia”, tơi hy vọng giúp học sinh hiểu rõ dạng câu hỏi đề thi, cách xác định chọn lọc thông tin kỹ cần thiết để hoàn thành tốt phần thi đọc hiểu II MỤC ĐÍCH CỦA CHUYÊN ĐỀ Hệ thống dạng câu hỏi phần đọc hiểu đề thi THPTQG môn Tiếng Anh Liệt kê dấu hiệu giúp học sinh nhận biết yêu cầu câu hỏi Cung cấp kỹ năng, kỹ thuật giúp học sinh xác định phân loại thông tin, nâng cao kết phần đọc hiểu III ĐỐI TƯỢNG ÁP DỤNG 380 học sinh lớp 12 trường THPT Sáng Sơn IV THỜI LƯỢNG ÁP DỤNG tiết (45 phút/ tiết) Năm học 2019-2020 PHẦN II: NỘI DUNG CHUYÊN ĐỀ A PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI ĐỌC HIỂU TRẮC NGHIỆM VỚI NHIỀU CÂU HỎI I KHÁI QUÁT: lưu ý cần thiết làm đọc hiểu Về mặt câu hỏi: Có 10 dạng sau: 1- Tìm ý đọc (Main idea) 2- Xác định mục đích (Purpose) 3- Tìm thơng tin hỗ trợ cho câu hỏi (Support question) 4- Nhận diện cách tổ chức ý tưởng bố cục chung (General organization) 5- Xác định câu cụm từ đồng nghĩa (Restatement) 6- Suy luận/ tìm hàm ý (Inference) 7- Tìm từ đồng nghĩa/ trái nghĩa (Vocabulary) 8- Xác định thông tin không đề cập đến (Except/ Not) 9- Tìm từ cụm từ nói đến/ quy chiếu đến (Reference) 10- Xác định ý nghĩa định nghĩa từ/ cụm từ nêu đọc (Definition) Về trình tự trả lời câu hỏi Trong dạng câu hỏi nêu trên, câu hỏi 1-4 câu hỏi thông tin chung, câu hỏi 5- 10 câu hỏi thông tin cụ thể đọc Việc phân loại câu hỏi giúp em có hướng tiếp cận khác loại câu hỏi, trước hết có trình tự làm sau: Dạng câu hỏi – 10 (Specific questions) làm trước, câu hỏi dạng 1- (General questions) làm sau Trật tự câu hỏi Thường xếp theo trật tự thông tin đọc (tức thông tin để trả lời câu hỏi theo thứ tự từ đầu đến cuối bài) Đôi có đảo vị trí khơng nhiều Việc xác định giúp em dễ tìm thơng tin cần thiết để trả lời câu hỏi II CÁC BƯỚC GIẢI CỤ THỂ: Dạng câu hỏi -10 (specific questions) làm trước, dạng câu hỏi 1– (general questions) làm sau: * Câu hỏi 1: Câu hỏi chủ đề - Tổng hợp lại thông tin cụ thể - Sử dụng phương pháp loại trừ - loại phương án sau: ý (main idea) rộng (too general); ý hẹp (too specific); ý khơng đề cập tới (no given information) * Câu hỏi 2: Câu hỏi mục đích viết tác giả lựa chọn thường có dạng: - A to analyze + tân ngữ - B to criticize + tân ngữ - C to describe + tân ngữ - D to explain + tân ngữ => Lựa chọn phải lựa chọn có chứa tân ngữ ý thơng tin minh họa cho ý đọc hiểu * Câu hỏi 3: Tìm thơng tin hỗ trợ cho ý chính/ luận điểm Thực chất câu suy luận (inference), suy diễn từ đọc mà từ ý phương pháp câu hỏi * Câu hỏi 4: Cách tổ chức, bố cục đọc Dựa vào ý đọc (main idea) dấu hiệu chuyển đoạn (transitional signals) “However/ Therefore/ Consequently, … ) * Câu hỏi 5: Câu hỏi đồng nghĩa/ trái nghĩa - Dấu hiệu nhận biết: Thường bắt đầu “ According to the passage ….” - Đáp án câu có nội dung khác cách diễn đạt (paraphrase) - Dựa vào từ chủ chốt (key words) tìm câu hỏi, từ soi vào đọc, tìm câu chứa từ chủ chốt, đọc câu đó, câu trước câu sau - Cuối tự tổng hợp lại ý (paraphrase), đọc phương án để trả lời * Câu hỏi 6: Câu hỏi hàm ý - Dấu hiệu nhận biết: “It can be infered from the passage that ….” Trong cấu trúc essay gồm phần (conclusion), facts/ evidence, assumption) phần giả định (assumption) phần tác giả không đề cập tới (để người đọc tự hiểu) Nhiệm vụ người làm câu câu hỏi rút giả định từ đọc - Với loại câu hỏi này, em dựa vào hiểu đọc * Câu hỏi 7: Câu hỏi từ vựng - Tìm dịng tham chiếu có chứa từ đó, đọc câu chứa từ câu trước, câu sau - Hiểu nội dung câu đó, loại bỏ từ cần đốn nghĩa, thay từ từ cho có nghĩa tương đương Khơng thiết hiểu nghĩa xác từ mà cần biết khuynh hướng chung, nội dung khái quát từ (ý tốt/ ý xấu, tăng/ phát triển, thúc đẩy/ giảm/ trì trệ…) Trở lại câu hỏi từ vựng, xem từ có nghĩa tương đương (most similar meaning) chọn - Trong phương án gợi ý, ta thường dễ dàng loại phương án sai, phương án lại hay gây nhầm lẫn, từ có nghĩa hay gặp từ điển (nghĩa đen), từ có nghĩa bóng Đây chỗ người đề hay tạo bẫy gây nhiễu Câu hỏi 8: Câu hỏi loại trừ Đọc phần có chứa thơng tin phần đáp án lựa chọn, từ loại trừ đáp án khơng có khơng Câu hỏi 9: Tìm từ quy chiếu - Dấu hiệu nhận biết: “The word “them” in line refers to …” - Mức độ gây nhiễu người đề thường cho nhiều danh từ câu, làm em bối rối Đại từ (“They/ Them/ It …”) thay cho danh từ Cẩn thận đọc dịch lại câu để tránh nhầm lẫn đáng tiếc Câu hỏi 10: Câu hỏi định nghĩa (tương đối dễ) Dấu hiệu nhận biết: - Dấu phẩy: S, , V (trong dấu phẩy nhiểu khả định nghĩa từ làm rõ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ) - Dấu gạch ngang – - Dấu ngoặc đơn ( ) PHẦN III: BÀI GIẢNG I Bài giảng 1: Skill 1- MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS Almost every reading passage will have a multiple-choice question about the main idea of a passage Such a question may be worded in a variety of ways; you may, for example, be asked to identify the topic, subject, title, primary idea, or main idea It is relatively easy to find the main ideas by studying the topic sentences, which are most probably found at the beginning of each paragraph If a passage consists of only one paragraph, you should study the beginning of that paragraph to determine the main idea a How to define the question 1- What is the topic of the passage? 2- What is the subject of the passage? 3- What is the main idea of the passage? 4- What is the author's main point in the passage? 5- With what is the author primarily concerned? 6- Which of the following would be the best title? b Where to find the question The answer to this type of question can generally be determined by looking at the first sentence of each paragraph c How to answer the question 1- Read the first line of each paragraph 2- Look for a common theme or idea in the first lines 3- Pass your eyes quickly over the rest of the passage to check that you have really found the topic sentence(s) 4- Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the remaining choices d Phần vận dụng Passage 1: Basketball was invented in 1891 by a physical education instructor in Springfield, Massachusetts, by the name of James Naismith Because of terrible weather in winter, his physical education students were indoors rather than outdoors They really did not like the idea of boring, repetitive exercises and preferred the excitement and challenge of a game Naismith figured out a team sport that could be played indoors on a gymnasium floor, that involved a lot of running, that kept all team members involved, and that did not allow the tackling and physical contact of American style football The question: What is the topic of this passage? A The life of James Naismith B The history of sports C Physical education and exercise D The origin of basketball The first sentence of this passage states that basketball was invented, so the invention of basketball is probably the topic A quick check of the rest of the sentences in the passage confirms that the topic is, in fact, the beginnings of the sport of basketball Now you should check each of the answers to determine which one comes closest to the topic that you have determined Answer A mentions James Naismith but not basketball, so it is not the topic Answer B is too general; it mentions sports but does not mention basketball Answer C is also too general; it mentions physical education but does not mention basketball The best answer is therefore answer D.: the origin of basketball means that the way that basketball was invented is going to be discussed If a passage consists of more than one paragraph, you should study the beginning of each paragraph to determine the main idea In a passage with more than one paragraph, you should be sure to read the first sentence of each paragraph to determine the subject, topic, title, or main idea The followings outline the key information that you should remember about main idea questions Passage 2: The average home library has a number of old favourite books, many unread books, and a few very useful books The most useful one of all - besides the dictionary – is likely to be a world almanac A good almanac includes a wealth of information – biographical, historical, and geographical Records of all sorts – the highest, the lowest, the longest and the biggest – are all included in the almanac - The main idea of the paragraph is that _ A Everyone should have a home library B The almanac is an unread book C The dictionary is not the most useful book D An almanac includes important information => Tất yếu tố home library, useful book, dictionary, almanac xuất đoạn Mặc dù vậy, để ý kỹ bạn thấy câu dẫn chứng tiêu biểu để chứng minh cho câu cuối “records of all sorts… are all included in the almanac” câu chốt đoạn Một cách diễn đạt khác câu chốt “An almanac includes important information” nên D đáp án Ngoài ra, với số đoạn văn ý đoạn lại đặt đoạn hay có khơng nằm hồn tồn câu Chẳng hạn: Passage 3: Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a fire goes flat Few inventions are as helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashtlight in hand A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has faded The main idea of the paragraph is that _ A Some children are afraid of the dark B Modern flashlight is very useful C You need a flashlight to find things D A flashlight is always beside any campers => Cấu trúc đoạn sau: Giới thiệu – câu chốt – dẫn chứng Do ý đoạn nằm câu Và đáp án câu chắn B Passage 4: Dishes have to be washed There are floors to sweep and laundry to wash, fold and put away Windows need washing, and furniture needs to be dusted and polished Besides these chores, houses need constant organization too The main idea of the paragraph is that _ A Any houses have dishes and floors B We often have to wash windows C Houses need constant organization D Housework is never done => Để làm loại khơng có câu chốt này, bạn cần phải đọc kỹ toàn đoạn tự rút thông điệp tác giả muốn gửi tới người đọc Trong đoạn văn trên, rõ ràng, tất dẫn chứng đưa nói lên công việc nhà chuỗi không kết thúc người nội trợ Vì vậy, D đáp án Lưu ý: Cũng với mục đích tìm ý bài, người đề u cầu học sinh tìm tiêu đề thích hợp cho đoạn Khi làm câu hỏi này, em cần phải hiểu ý bài, mà cịn phải biết khái quát ý nhỏ thành chủ đề lớn - Bài đọc vận dụng 1: Upon the creation of the United States, one of the core concepts on which the hopes for the new democracy were pinned was the ideal that its citizens would be enlightened individuals with clearly articulated rights and the opportunity for individual achievement and education It was believed that in a free nation where the power belongs to the people, the commitment to education defines the progress of that democracy and is the catalyst for future progress This core value has not only stood the test of time but has also grown in importance In this new Information Era and international economy, education is an increasingly vital commodity, a precursor of potential success and a driving force of change It is important to recognize, however, that we approach education today differently than in the past, partly because the kinds of jobs people had didn't require the kind of basic education and specialized training that is often required in the workforce today In the 1950s, for instance, only 20 percent of American jobs were classified as professional, 20 percent as skilled, and 60 percent as unskilled Today, our world has changed The proportion of unskilled jobs has fallen to 20 percent, while skilled jobs now account for at least 60 percent of the workforce Even more important, almost every job today increasingly requires a combination of academic knowledge and practical skills that require learning throughout a lifetime - Which of the following titles would be best for the passage? A Education and Jobs in the Past and at Present in the United States B The Significant Role of Education in American Citizens' Careers C Academic Knowledge and Practical Skills in American Professions D Recent Changes of Educational and Vocational Systems in America => Ta thấy nội dung phương án xuất đoạn văn nói giáo dục Mỹ Tuy nhiên, để tìm tiêu đề đoạn, ta phải chọn cụm từ mang tính chung bao qt tồn ý tưởng tác giả Trong phương án ta thấy “nghề nghiệp việc làm khứ Mỹ”, “kiến thức lý thuyết kỹ thực hành nghề nghiệp Mỹ” hay “những thay đổi gần giáo dục việc làm Mỹ” xoay quanh vai trò to lớn giáo dục nghề nghiệp cơng dân Mỹ mà thơi, ý nghĩa chung chứng minh luận điểm dẫn chứng đưa Vì vậy, B đáp án Trong nhiều thi, em bắt gặp câu hỏi thái độ ngụ ý tác giả đoạn văn Các em nên nhớ rằng, từ mà tác giả sử dụng mang đến cho ý nghĩa định nghĩa từ điển, ngụ ý riêng mà người viết muốn chuyển tải - Bài đọc vận dụng 2: The telephone has the power to break into people’s homes It is an unusual person who can choose not to answer a ringing telephone Also, very few people turn their telophones off The telephone is a door that is always open to the outside world Which of these statements are implied in the information of the paragraph? A Most people always answer their telephone B Most people have telephones C Most people turn off their telephones D Most telephones now have doors => Nhìn chung, thái độ người viết đoạn văn ủng hộ tính tốt đẹp điện thoại câu “It is an unusual person who can choose not to answer a ringing telephone” giúp ta hiểu ẩn ý nhà văn “Most people always answer their telephone.” II Bài giảng Câu hỏi tìm nghĩa tương đương TỪ đoạn văn - Học sinh thường gặp khó khăn việc chọn đáp án có từ có nghĩa gần có nhiều từ từ Để làm tốt câu này, học sinh nên xem xét kỹ mối quan hệ từ cần tìm nghĩa với từ, cụm từ xung quanh a Ví dụ 1: - Television is one of the main subjects of conversation, at school, in offices, at home and in the street, as well as being written about in all the newspapers At school or in offices, television is considered as a topic _ A for learning B for people to talk about C for discussion D for entertainment => Mặc dù câu hỏi không hỏi trực tiếp, ta thấy điều mấu chốt câu hỏi nằm nghĩa từ conversation Trong phương án “(a topic) for people to talk about” cách diễn đạt có ý gần đáp án b Ví dụ 2: - Holding your head to one side shows interest in the other, while an easy, open posture indicates that you are self-confident What does the word "open" in the passage most closely mean? A Unrestrained B Relaxed C Confined D Unlimited => Dựa vào cụm từ xung quanh, ta thấy từ open phải mô tả tư khiến người khác nghĩ bạn tự tin Trong phương án unrestrained (không kiềm chế), relaxed (thoải mái), confined (giới hạn), unlimited (không giới hạn) có relaxed phù hợp nghĩa khơng nằm ngữ cảnh hai từ chẳng có mối liên hệ Tìm thơng tin ngày tháng (date), - Nhìn thật nhanh vào số, chữ viết hoa, dấu phẩy, tên tháng, ngày số Ví dụ: “In 1945 the town’s population was 176,214 and in 1975 it was 200,842 By December 1985 the population had grown to 250, 562.” When was the latest population count taken? _ A In 1945 B In 1975 C In 1985 D In 2000 => Trong câu hỏi trên, ta phải tập trung vào số năm 1945, 1975 1985 Và số gần dân số chắn tính vào năm 1985 Tìm thơng số, hay kiện - Chú ý dấu câu, đặc biệt dấu khác thường %, dấu hiệu đơn vị tiền tệ $ từ viết in nghiêng like, từ gạch chân từ đặt dấu ngoặc kép (“ ”) Ví dụ: “The rainfall in the city is usually 16 inches per year, but in 1979 the rainfall was a record setting 20 inches Therefore, about 20% fewer tourists came to visit the city than usual Because of the drop in the tourist trade, the city lost $100,000 in business owing to the rain.” How much money did the city lost? _ A 16 inches B 20 inches C 20% D $100,000 => Khơng khó khăn ta tìm câu trả lời $100,000 nhờ có dấu hiệu $ (đơ la Mỹ) Và nhìn nhanh hiểu xác câu hỏi, bạn vài tích tắc cho câu hỏi Câu hỏi cách diễn đạt tương đương - Điều không yêu cầu bạn cần có óc phân tích tổng hợp phạm vi từ, cụm từ mà chí cịn phải liên hệ câu đoạn a Ví dụ 1: Newcastle is on the bank of the River Tyne There is a cathedral and a university Newcastle is next to Gateshead The main industries used to be shipbuilding and coalmining, but now the chemical and soap industries are important I miss the people, who are very friendly, and I miss the beautiful countryside near the city, where there are so many hills and streams Which of the following is NOT true about Newcastle? A Its people are friendly B Its main industry now is shipbuilding C It has a cathedral and a university D It is next to Gateshead => Ta xét đáp án sau: phương án C D có bài, mặt khác, thơng qua đại từ quan hệ who đứng trước the people (who are very friendly), ta thấy phương án A đặc điểm Newscatle Shipbuilding B có đoạn, nhiên với cụm từ used to ta hiểu thơng tin phía sau việc xảy khứ không cịn tồn Và ngành cơng nghiệp Newcastle chemical and soap industries shippbulding nên B đáp án b Ví dụ 2: Also, a stranger may remind you of a meeting with someone This may be because of something as simple as the fact that he or she is physically similar to someone who treated you well or badly Your feelings about a stranger could be influenced by a smell in the air that brings to mind a place where you were happy as a child Since even a single word can bring back a memory such as that, you may never realize it is happening What one feels about a stranger may be influenced by something that _ A strengthens one's past behaviours C revives one's past memories B reminds one of one's past treatment D points to one's childhood => Thoạt nhìn, học sinh thường chọn đáp án B thấy xuất từ remind giống Tuy nhiên, câu “bẫy” thú vị Ta chọn “reminds one of one's past treatment” cụm có nghĩa người nói nhớ cách cư xử cịn đoạn văn lại nói ký ức cách cư xử người khác với tác giả Vì vậy, C revives one's past memories đáp án c Ví dụ 3: In the 1950s, for instance, only 20 percent of American jobs were classified as professional, 20 percent as skilled, and 60 percent as unskilled Today, our world has changed The proportion of unskilled jobs has fallen to 20 percent, while skilled jobs now account for at least 60 percent of the workforce The passage shows the percentage of jobs that require higher training in the US between the 1950s and now A has remained the same B has changed dramatically C has been reversed D has changed slightly => Trong câu hỏi trên, phương án A D bị loại sai ý hồn tồn Phương án C có nghĩa tỉ lệ bị đảo ngược Rất nhiều học sinh chọn phương án nghĩ tỉ lệ cho 20%-60% bị đảo thành 60%-20% Tuy nhiên, câu hỏi ta lại đề cập đến đến “higher training”, từ reversed không hợp lý Ta phải rút nhận định số phần trăm tăng mạnh B phương án d Bài tập vận dụng thêm When we were in England last year, I went fishing with my friend, Peter Early in the morning we were sitting quietly by the side of a lake when we had an unpleasant surprise We saw a duck come along with three ducklings paddling cheerfully behind her As we watched them, there was a sudden swirl in the water We caught a glimpse of the vicious jaws of a pike – a fish which is rather like a freshwater shark – and one of the ducklings was dragged below the surface This incident made Peter furious He vowed to catch the pike On three successive mornings we returned to the vicinity and used several different kinds of bait On the thirs day Peter was lucky Using an artificial frog as bait, he managed to hook the monster There was a desperate fight but Peter wa determined to capture the pike and he succeeded When he had got it ashore and killed it, he weighed the fish and found that it scaled nearly thirty pounds – record for that district Why you think Peter was sitting quietly by the lake? A He was watching the ducks C He was waiting for the pike to appear B He wasn’t very talkative D He was fishing Which word in the passage suggests that the duckling were unaware of the danger below them? A three B along C paddling D cheerfully What was Peter’s feelings about the incident two days later? A He caught and killed the pike B He remained determined to catch the pike C He vowed that he would catch the remaining ducklings D He caught a frog and used it as bait for the pike How much was the pike worth? A About thirty pounds B About two hundred and forty dollars What can be the title of the passage? A Mysterious disappearance of ducklings B Revenge on a duck III.Bài giảng : Tìm thơng tin hỗ trợ cho ý chính/ luận điểm A stated detail question asks about one piece of information in the passage rather than the passage as a whole The answers to these questions are generally given in order in the passage, and the correct answer is often a restatement of what is given in the passage this means that the correct answer often expresses the same idea as what is written in the passage, but the words are not exactly the same Example: The passage: Flutes have been around for quite some time, in all sorts of shapes and sizes and made from a variety of materials The oldest known flutes are, about 20,000 years old, they were made from hollowed-out bones with holes cut in them In addition to bone, older flutes were often constructed from bamboo or hollowed-out wood Today flutes are generally made of metal, and in addition to the holes they have a complicated system of keys, levers, and pads The instrument belonging to well-known flautist James Galway is not just made of any metal, it is made of gold The question: According to the passage, the oldest flutes A had holes cut in them B were made of metal C were made 200,000 years ago D had a complicated set of levers and pads Since this question asks about the oldest flutes, you should see that this question is answered in the second sentence The passage states that the oldest known flutes were bones with holes cut in them, so the best answer is answer A Answers B and D are true about today's flutes but not about the oldest flutes, so they are incorrect Answer C is an incorrect number; the oldest flutes are 20,000 years old, not 200,000 years old The followings outline the key information that you should remember about stated detail questions: HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION According to the passage… It is stated in the passage The passage indicates that… Which of the following is true ? WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER The answers to the questions are found in order in the passage HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION Choose a key word in the question Skim in the appropriate part of the passage for the key word or idea Read the sentence that contains the key word or idea carefully Eliminate the definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the remaining choices IV.Bài giảng : Tìm thơng tin khơng đề cập You will sometimes be asked in the reading section to find an answer that is not stated or not mentioned or not true in the passage This type of question really means that three of the answers are stated, mentioned, or true in the passage, while one answer is not Example: The passage: The Florida Keys are a beautiful chain of almost 1,000 coral and limestone islands These islands form an arc that heads first southwest and then west from the mainland U.S Highway 1, called the Overseas Highway, connects the main islands in the chain On this highway, it is necessary to cross forty-two bridges over the ocean to cover the 159 miles from Miami, on the mainland, to Key West, the farthest island on the highway and the southernmost city in the United States The question: Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the Florida Keys? A The Florida Keys are a chain of islands B The Florida Keys contain coral and limestone C The Florida Keys are in the shape of an arc D The Florida Keys are not all inhabited This question asks for the one answer that is not mentioned about the Florida Keys The passage states that the Florida Keys are a chain (answer A) with coral and limestone (answer B) in the shape of an arc (answer C), so these answers are not correct The best answer is therefore answer D The passage does not mention whether or not the keys are all inhabited The followings outline the key information that you should remember about “unstated” detail questions: HOW TO DENTIFY THE QUESTION Which of the following is not stated ? Which of the following is not mentioned ? Which of the following is not discussed…? Which of the following are true except ? WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER The answers to these questions are found in order in the passage HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION Choose a key word in the question Scan the appropriate place in the passage for the key word (or related idea) Read the sentence that contains the key word or idea carefully Look for answers that are definitely true according to the passage Eliminate those answers Choose the answer that is not true or not discussed in the passage V Bài giảng 5: IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS In this type of question, you will be asked to answer a multiple choice question about a reading passage by drawing a conclusion from a specific detail or details in the passage Questions of this type contain the words implied, inferred, likely, or probably to let you know that the answer to the question is not directly stated In this type of question, it is important to understand that you not have to "pull the answer out of thin air." Instead, some information will be given in the passage, and you will draw a conclusion from that information Example: The passage: The number of rings in a tree can be used to determine how old a tree really is Each year a tree produces a ring that is composed of one light-colored wide band and one dark-colored narrow band The wider band is produced during the spring and early summer when tree stem cells grow rapidly and become larger The narrower band is produced in fall and early winter when cell growth is much slower and cells not get very large No cells are produced during the harsh winter and summer months The question: It is implied in the passage that if a tree has 100 wide bands and 100 narrow bands, then it is A a century old B two centuries old C fifty years old D two hundred years old This question asks about the age of a tree with 100 wide bands and 100 narrow bands The passage does not tell the age of a tree with 100 wide and narrow bands, but it does indicate that….wide band and one narrow band are produced each year From this, you can draw the conclusion that a tree with 100 wide and narrow bands is 100 years, or a century, old The best answer to this question is therefore answer A The followings outline the key information that you should remember about implied detail questions IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS It is implied in the passage that…… It is most likely that…… It can be inferred from the passage that … What probably happened ? The answers to these questions are generally found in order in the passage Choose a key word in the question Scan the passage for the key word (or a related idea) Carefully read the sentence that contains the key word Look for an answer that could be true, according to that sentence V.Bài giảng 6:tìm từ đồng nghĩa trái nghĩa You may be asked to determine the meaning of a difficult word or expression that you not know In this case, the passage often gives you a clear indication of what the word or expression means Example: The passage: Professor Richmond's hobby is philately The professor has been quite interested in collecting stamps for a number of years The question: The word "philately" in line could best be replaced by A a philanthropic attitude B a common profession C stamp collecting D teaching classes In this question, you are asked to choose an expression to replace philately You are not expected to know the meaning of the word philately Instead, you should understand from the context that if the professor is interested in collecting stamps, then philately is most likely stamp collecting Answer C is therefore the best answer to this question The followings outline the key information that you should remember about vocabulary questions: HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION 10 Câu 17: Which of the following statements about Amish beliefs does the passage support? A People are defined according to their class B Pre-modern technology is preferred C Individualism and competition are important D A variety of religious practices are tolerated Câu 18: Which of following is NOT given as a reason why folk-made objects are replaced by mass-produced objects? A cost B convenience C quality D prestige Câu 19: What does the author imply about the United States and Canada? A They have no social classes B They have popular cultures C They value folk cultures D They not value individualism Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 44 to 50 If you were going to choose a job that involves travel, what would be your first choice? There are many jobs available today that give people opportunities to travel Although many traveling careers sound fantastic, they also have disadvantages Being an au pair is an excellent way not only to go to different countries, but to live in different places around the world and really get a feel for the culture Au pairs live with the families they are placed with and take care of children Many parents include au pairs in family events and vacations, so they experience many aspects of the new culture while on the job However, many of the activities are centered around the children, so they may not get to experience many things that interest adults For people who want a bit more freedom working abroad, being an English teacher may be a good choice There are English teaching jobs in almost all countries in the world People teaching English in other countries often have a chance to travel on the weekends around the country One drawback is that many teachers often wind up hanging out with other English teachers, and they don’t have time to learn the country’s language The nickname “roadie” implies that this job involves life on the road Roadies are people who work and travel with bands and provide technical support Roadies can be lighting and stage crew who set up the stage and break it down before and after events They can also be technicians helping band members with their instruments International tours take a band’s crew to cities around the world, often requiring air travel However, the crew doesn’t get much time off, so they may travel to several countries without seeing much besides concert venues and hotels Similarly, flight attendants often travel to cities around the world, but they don’t see much besides the inside of airplanes and hotels However, when they have time off, they can often fly at no cost, and their family members can sometimes fly free as well It is widely thought that a flight attendant job is glamorous, but flight attendants must deal with travel hassles, as well as security issues All jobs gave advantages and disadvantages whether or not you travel for work, so if you have the travel bug, keep these jobs in mind for the future Câu 44: What does the passage mainly discuss? A Disadvantages of traveling jobs B Jobs with opportunities to travel C Traveling to and from work D Jobs involving traveling by planes Câu 45: The word “glamorous” in paragraph is closet in meaning to _ A skilled B attractive C permanent D challenging Câu 46: The word “They” in paragraph refers to _? A instruments B bands C roadies D events Câu 47: Which of the following is a disadvantage of the job as an au pair? A They may live in different places around the world B They will experience many interesting things C Most of their activities are centered around children D They can experience many aspects of the new culture 21 Câu 48: How is a flight attendant’s job similar to a roadie’s? A They provide technical support B A lot of time is spent indoors C Family members may not have to pay for flights D They must deal with travel hassles Câu 49: Which of the following is something a roadie might do? A Set up the lights for a performance B Clean hotel rooms after the band and crew have left C Work on the road D Play the guitar in front of a large audience Câu 50: It can be inferred from the passage that _ A people who want to travel are more likely to get a job B traveling careers have more disadvantages than many other C it’s essential that the job you choose have more benefits than drawbacks D English teachers abroad don’t know the language of the country where they work II Đề thi KSCL LẦN II SGDVP Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B,C and D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 12 to 19 The ruined temples of Angkor are perhaps one of the most impressive Seven Wonders of the World Located in modern day Cambodia near Lake Tonle Sap, the largest freshwater lake in Asia, Angkor was the seat of power for the Khmer Empire from the ninth to the fifteenth century The ruins of Angkor are documented as some of the most impressive ones in the world, rivaling the pyramids of Giza in Egypt Why this mighty civilization died out is a question that archeologists are now only beginning to ponder The answer, it turns out, may be linked with the availability of fresh water One possible explanation for the downfall of the Khmer Empire has to with the inhabitants’ irrigation system The temples and palaces of Angkor were constructed around a series of artificial reservoirs and canals which were annually flooded to capacity by the Mekong River Once filled, they were used to irrigate the surrounding rice paddies and farmland during the course of the year Farmers were completely dependent upon the water for their crucial rice crop Without consistent irrigation, the farmers would have been unable to maintain functional crop production Scientists speculate that toward the end of the Khmer Empire the hydraulic systems of the reservoirs and canals broke down The construction of hundreds of sandstone temples and palaces required an enormous amount of physical labor In addition, as the capital of the Khmer Empire, Angkor contained upwards of one hundred thousand people who resided in and around Angkor In order to feed so many people, the local farmers were driven to grow food quicker and more efficiently After centuries of continual use, the irrigation system was pushed beyond its capacity Soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and the loss of water led to decrease in the food supply With less food available, the people of Angkor slowly began to migrate to other parts of Cambodia thus leaving the marvelous city of Angkor to be swallowed by the jungle Therefore, it is speculated that the Khmer Empire may have fallen victim to its own decrepit infrastructure Câu 12: What is the passage mainly about? A Modern day agricultural procedures in Cambodia B The essential role water plays in farming C Religious temples of the ancient Khmer Empire D A possible explanation for the decline of a civilization Câu 13: The word “artificial” in the paragraph is closest in meaning to A numerous B natural C insincere D man-made Câu 14: The word “decrepit” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to A deteriorated B beneficial C disorganized D incomplete 22 Câu 15: The word “they” in paragraph refers to A rice paddies B reservoirs and canals C temples and palaces D farmland Câu 16: All the following are mentioned as events that can affect food supply EXCEPT A reduction of nutrients B loss of water supply C contamination of soil D erosion of soil Câu 17: The passage preceding this passage most likely discusses A the other six wonders of the world B religious practices of the people of Angkor C the form of government practiced by the Khmer Empire D architecture of ancient Asian civilization Câu 18: Why does the author mention the hydraulic systems of the reservoirs? A They were destroyed by nearby warrior tribes B They helped transport the sandstones for constructing temples C They became non-functional due to overuse D They supplied irrigation from the Indian Ocean Câu 19: It can be inferred from the passage that the inhabitants of the Khmer Empire A lost their food source due to excess rainfall B supplemented their diets with meat hunted in the nearby jungles C depended upon rice as their main source of food D were intentionally starved by the farmers Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C and D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 44 to 50 Ocean Currents and the Turning of the Tide If you take a seat at the beach and look out across the water, you’ll soon notice that oceans have a rhythm of their own Throughout the course of the day, sea levels will rise and fall, and water will flow through routes and end up in different places But how does it all work? One force at play is tides, which are the alternating water levels of the ocean There are two major gravitational forces which cause tides: the sun and the moon The moon’s force has a tugging effect on oceans which causes them to bulge outwards on opposite sides of the planet Solar tides operate according to the same principles However, they are only about 50 percent as strong due to the distance between the sun and the earth As tides rise and fall, they create tidal currents The strongest tidal currents occur at the height of both high and low tides Unlike other currents, they not flow in a continuous stream Far from shore, tidal currents don’t have much of an effect Yet when they pass through narrow area, like harbours and bays, tidal currents can displace plants, animals, and sediment Although they may certainly shake things up, not all of the damage is negative Tidal currents can spread fish eggs across long distances to assist fertilization, in addition to transporting key nutrients Another category of currents is ocean currents These currents occur near the top of the water, and are mainly powered by the wind One example of these is coastal currents, which are those beachgoers encounter when going for a swim One of the strongest and most well-known currents is the Gulf Stream, which brings warm water from the Gulf of Mexico all the way to Western Europe Meanwhile, Deep Ocean currents are a powerful force in the depths of oceans The strongest of these has been nicknamed the global conveyor belt, and it moves much slower than surface currents Although we can’t see it in operation, it’s about 16 times as powerful as all the earth’s rivers put together As the global conveyor belt pushes water around the planet, it carries nutrition and carbon dioxide to places that truly need them In the end, although there are several currents working on oceans simultaneously, they each seem to perform a necessary function that creates balance for life in the sea Câu 44: What might be another good title for the passage? A The Secrets behind the Seas B The Pollution of the World’s Oceans C The Wonderful Sea of Dreams D The Dangers of Ocean Currents 23 Câu 45: The word “displace” in paragraph is closest in meaning to A destroy B bury C move D keep Câu 46: The word “these” in paragraph refers to A Deep Ocean currents B the Gulf Stream currents C the depths of oceans D forces to cause ocean currents Câu 47: How moon tides different from solar tides? A They only occur during the nighttime B They operate using different principles C They occur less frequently than solar tides D They are stronger than solar tides Câu 48: The most powerful tidal currents occur A when tides are low and high B when it is a windy day C when tides are low D when tides are high Câu 49: What happens when tidal currents pass through harbours and bays? A They kill lots of plants and fish B They destroy many towns C They transport things around D They always cause negative events Câu 50: What can be inferred from the passage? A There are ocean currents which are more powerful than the global conveyor belt B The moon’s force has the same effect on oceans on the opposite sides of the earth C Ocean currents play a role in creating life balance in the sea D People in Western Europe may see the Gulf Stream III Đề thi KSCL LẦN II SGDVP Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 12 to 19 What geologists call the Basin and Range Province in the United States roughly coincides in its northern portions with the geographic province known as the Great Basin The Great Basin is surrounded on the west by the Sierra Nevada and on the east by the Rocky Mountains; it has no outlet to the sea The prevailing winds in the Great Basin are from the west Warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean is forced upward as it crosses the Sierra Nevada At the higher altitudes it cools and the moisture it carries is precipitated as rain or snow on the western slopes of the mountains That which reaches the Basin is air wrung dry of moisture What little water falls there as rain or snow, mostly in the winter months, evaporates on the broad, flat desert floors It is, therefore, an environment in which organism battle for survival Along the rare watercourses, cottonwoods and willows eke out a sparse existence In the upland ranges, pinion pines and junipers struggle to hold their own But the Great Basin has not always been so arid Many of its dry, closed depressions were once filled with water Owens Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley were once a string of interconnected lakes The two largest of the ancient lakes of the Great Britain were Lake Lahontan and Lake Bonneville The Great Salt Lake is all that remains of the latter, and Pyramid Lake is one of the last briny remnants of the former There seem to have been several periods within the last tens of thousands of years when water accumulated in these basins The rise and fall of the lakes were undoubtedly linked to the advances and retreats of the great ice sheets that covered much of the northern part of the North American continent during those times Climatic changes during the Ice Ages sometimes brought cooler, wetter weather to mid-latitude deserts worldwide, including those of the Great Basin The broken valleys of the Great Basin provided ready receptacles for this moisture Câu 12: What is the geographical relationship between the Basin and Range Province and the Great Basin? A The Great Basin is mountainous; the Basin and Range Province is flat desert B The Great Basin is larger than the Basin and Range Province C The Great Basin is west of the Basin and Range Province D The Great Basin is in the northern part of the Basin and Range Province 24 Câu 13: According to the passage, what does the Great Basin lack? A Dry air B Access to the ocean C Snow D Winds from the west Câu 14: The word “prevailing” in paragraph is closest in meaning to A occasional B most dangerous C gentle D most frequent Câu 15: It can be inferred that the climate in the Great Basin is dry because A the weather patterns are so turbulent B the altitude prevents precipitation C the winds are not strong enough to carry moisture D precipitation falls in the nearby mountains Câu 16: Why does the author mention Owens Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley in the second paragraph? A To compare the characteristics of the valleys with the characteristics of the lakes B To give examples of depressions that once contained water C To explain their geographical formation D To explain what the Great Britain is like today Câu 17: The word “the former” in paragraph refer to A Pyramid Lake B Lake Lahontan C The Great Salt Lake D Lake Bonneville Câu 18: The word “accumulated” in paragraph is closest in meaning to A flooded B dried C collected D evaporated Câu 19: According to the passage, the Ice Ages often brought about A broken valley B wetter weather C warmer climates D desert formation Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 44 to 50 There are more than two hundred varieties of sausage that differ according to the meat, the fineness of the chopping or grinding, the seasonings used, and the processing method (smoking, cooking, drying) employed Per capita sausage consumption in the United States is now an astounding eleven kilograms a year, with the ubiquitous frankfurter, or wiener, accounting for about thirty percent of the total The frankfurter (after the German city) is better known in the United States as the “hot dog, ” especially when in its traditional presentation in a long bread bun, and so popular is it that fourteen billion are eaten every year in the United States, equivalent to sixty for every man, woman, and child in the country – including vegetarians The contents are strictly governed by law, with the USDA requiring manufacturers to use muscle meat In fact, heart, liver, and kidney may also be used but only if this is openly stated Contents must be eighty-five percent meat, ten percent water, and percent salt, with the remainder comprising spices and preservatives Casings were traditionally made from animal intestines, but now ninety percent of the hot dogs consumed are skinless And how did the American culinary delight originate? As with so many brilliant inventions, the answer is “almost by accident” At the St Loius Exposition of 1904 customers wanted to be able to eat while walking about, and vendors provided them with white cotton gloves to eat with After the sausages had been eaten, they expected the gloves to be returned, but the customers did not oblige So the vendors began serving the frankfurters in special bread buns The idea caught on, and, ever since, the hot dog, served with all kinds of extras (mustard, ketchup, relish, onions, cheese, chili carne, sauerkraut, …), has remained particularly welcome at ourdoor events such as picnics, barbecues, and, above all, baseball games Câu 44: According to the passage, A there are over two hundred kinds of meat in sausages 25 B the average American consumes eleven kilograms of frankfurters annually C not all types of sausage are cooked D “wiener” is the content of a frankfurter Câu 45: The word “seasonings” in line is closest in meaning to A colors B condiments C ingredients D procedures Câu 46: The main theme of the second paragraph is A frankfurter traditions B the popularity of frankfurters C United States frankfurter facts D laws governing the sale and contents of frankfurters Câu 47: Why does the author add the phrase “including vegetarians” in paragraph 2? A To suggest that the average for others is even higher B To warn vegetarians against the dangers of frankfurters C To indicate that frankfurters are eaten by vegetarians D To show that some men, women, and children in the USA are vegetarians Câu 48: It may be inferred that the proportion of spices and preservatives is A 97 5% B 25% C 12 5% D 5% Câu 49: The word “they” in paragraph refers to A vendors B cotton gloves C customers D sausages Câu 50: Why did vendors introduce frankfurters in bread buns in 1904? A The buns were traditional at outdoor events B The customers asked for them in bread buns C The buns could hold all of the extras plus the hot dog D The customers did not return the vendors’ white gloves IV Đề thi KSCL LẦN II SGDVP Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 12 to 19 The observation of the skies has played a special part in the lives and cultures of peoples since the earliest of times Evidence obtained from a site known as the Hole in the Rock, in Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, indicates that it might have been used as an observatory by prehistoric people known as the Hohokam The physical attributes of the site allow its use as a natural calendar/clock The “hole” at Hole in the Rock is formed by two large overhanging rocks coming together at a point, creating a shelter with an opening large enough for several persons to pass through The northeast-facing overhang has a smaller hole in its roof It is this smaller hole that produces the attributes that may have been used as a calendar/clock Because of its location in the shelter’s roof, a beam of sunlight can pass through this second hole and cast a spot onto the shelter’s wall and floor This spot of light travels from west to east as the sun moves across the sky It also moves from north to south and back again as the Earth travels around the Sun The west-to-east movement could have been used to establish a daily clock, much like a sundial, while the north-to-south movement could have been used to establish a seasonal calendar The spot first appears and starts down the surface of the wall of the shelter at different times of the morning depending on the time of the year The spot grows in size from its first appearance until its maximum size is achieved roughly at midday It then continues its downward movement until it reaches a point where it jumps to the floor of the shelter As the Sun continues to move to the west, the spot continues to move across the shelter floor and down the butte, or hill, toward a group of small rocks If a person is seated on a certain one of these rocks as the spot reaches it, the Sun can be viewed through the calendar hole This occurs at different times in the afternoon depending on the time of year 26 Câu 12: What does the passage mainly discuss? A Observation of the stars by ancient people B Rock formation of Arizona C The movement of the Earth around the Sun D A site used by ancient people to measure time Câu 13: The word “attributes” in paragraph is closest in meaning to _ A changes B locations C characteristics D dimensions Câu 14: The word “roughly” in paragraph is closest in meaning to _ A finally B harshly C uneasily D approximately Câu 15: The word “its” in paragraph refers to _ A beam B hole C roof D spot Câu 16: Which of the following is NOT true about the spot of light? A Its movement is affected by the position of the Sun B Its movement could have been used to estimate the time of day C It travels across the roof of the shelter D It is caused by sunlight passing through a hole Câu 17: From which of the following can the time of year be determined? A The size of the spot of light at midday B The movement of the spot of light west to east C The speed with which the spot of light moves D The movement of the spot of light north to south Câu 18: The passage mentions that the Hole in the Rock was used as all of the following EXCEPT _ A a clock B an observatory C a home D a calendar Câu 19: Which of the following can be inferred from the fourth paragraph? A After it passes the rocks, the spot of light disappears B The spot of light is largest when it first appears C The rocks are located below the shelter D The person seated on the rock cannot see the shelter Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 44 to 50 In today’s world, it seems like everyone is focused on “the big picture” However, coming up with large-scale solutions is not always what is needed Sometimes it pays to think small - and that is exactly what many people are doing these days By thinking small, lots of big minds have created some pretty amazing things One example of this is microloans Microloans are tiny loans, in some cases just a few dollars, which are available to people in developing countries Although this may not seem like a lot of money, microloans can help workers to escape poverty and start their own businesses The person behind the modern microloan movement is a Bangladeshi man named Muhammad Yunus He started the project in the 1970s by offering villagers low-interest loans using his own money Yunus wanted to offer poor people access to small loans so they wouldn’t be forced to turn to gangsters if they needed funds In 1983, he founded the Grameen Bank and soon after, similar organizations started popping up around the globe Although there are still some issues with microloans, at the very least they offer everyone the potential of becoming an entrepreneur For most of the 20th century, companies required large sums of money and plenty of manpower to compete at the highest levels In the late 1990s, the Internet changed this and many microenterprises came about Microenterprises are smaller companies that employ less than 10 people and only require small sums of money to start Being small offers lots of flexibility to these companies as they can react more quickly than corporate giants when a business opportunity arises Many technology companies that produce mobile apps and websites fall into this category Keep in mind that having a small staff doesn’t mean small profits, as microenterprises can earn hundreds of millions of dollars per year 27 Thinking small can also lead to a tremendous improvement in quality One example of this is microbreweries, which are smaller-sized breweries that produce far less beer than traditional breweries Since microbreweries don’t have to target large markets and make millions of sales to stay open, they can monitor the brewing process carefully to make sure everything is perfect In addition, microbreweries can experiment with unique flavours that many traditional brewers would shy away from So the next time you are asked to “think big”, remember that good things may also come in small packages Câu 44: What is the best title for the passage ? A Microtrends: It's a Small World After All B Microloans and Microbreweries C Microbreweries: It has a tremendous improvement D Microloans: It saves farmers’ lives Câu 45: What could best replace the phrase “popping up” in paragraph 2? A discovering B disappearing C opening D complaining Câu 46: The word “they” in paragraph refers to _ A people who need loans B gangsters C friends of Yunus D those who work at banks Câu 47: The type of businesses which is most interested in microloans may be _ A companies that require plenty of well qualified manpower B companies with plenty of business opportunities C small companies that employ more than 100 people D the software companies producing mobile apps and websites Câu 48: What advantages small companies have over larger corporations? A They can make faster decisions B They have more people working for them C They usually have more money D They don’t have to pay any taxes Câu 49: All of the following are true about microloans EXCEPT that A its original ideas were initiated by a Bangladeshi man named Muhammad Yunus B so many banks offering small loans started appearing all over the world C they are often offered to poor local people D they are tiny loans, maybe just a few dollars Câu 50: We can infer from paragraph that thanks to microloans from the Grameen Bank, poor local people can _ A borrow money without any interest B cooperate to open large businesses C put gangsters offering big loans into prison D avoid borrowing money with very high interest V Đề thi KSCL LẦN III THPT NTG Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 30 to 34 David Beckham is an English footballer who has played for Manchester United and Real Madrid, as well as representing his country 100 times He moved to the Los Angeles Galaxy in 2007 to increase the profile of football in America He married Spice Girl Victoria Beckham and has become a worldwide celebrity, an advertising brand and a fashion icon Beckham was born in London in 1975 His parents were fanatical Manchester United supporters His talent was obvious from an early age and he signed with Manchester United on his fourteenth birthday He helped the youth team win several trophies and made his first team debut in 1995 He helped his team achieve considerable success in his eleven seasons with them Beckham has been runner-up twice as world football’s best player He won many trophies with Manchester United, including the Champion League, and won a league title with Real Madrid He 28 also captained his club and country He was famously sent off in a match against (Argentina in the 1998 World Cup In 2003, Beckham received an honor for services to football from Britain's Queen Beckham has many interests off the soccer pitch and is rarely out of the headlines, especially concerning his marriage and children He has established football academies in Los Angeles and London In 2006 he was named a judge for the British Book Awards He lives near Tom Cruise and the two are best buddies Beckham is also a United Nations Goodwill Ambassador (Source:https://www.famouspeoplelessons.com) Câu 30: What is the main idea of the passage? A Beckham's life before and after getting married B The life and career of David Beckham C Beckham's marriage with a Spice Girl's member D Beckham's family background Câu 31: According to the passage, Beckham has played 100 times for _ A Real Madrid B Manchester United C the national team of America D The national team of England Câu 32: The word "fanatical" is closest in meaning to A idealistic B realistic C inspired D enthusiastic Câu 33: When did Beckham receive the royal award for his contribution to football? A In 2006 B In 1995 C In 2003 D In 1998 Câu 34: Which of the following is NOT mentioned about Beckham? A He contributed to the success of the youth team of the Manchester United B He was voted one of the best football players of the world more than once C Some of Beckham's interests are not related to football D He made England lose the match against Argentina in the 1998 World Cup Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42 Robots are useful for exploring and working in space In particular, many robots have been sent to explore Mars Such robots have usually looked like a box with wheels Though these robots are useful, by their very nature they are unreliable, extremely expensive, and they break easily Also, they cannot very many tasks Because of these problems, scientists have been developing a new and unusual kind of robot These new robots move like snakes, so they have been given the name “ Snakebots.” The way a snake is shaped lets it get into very small spaces, like cracks in rocks It can also push its way below the ground or climb up different kinds of objects, like high rocks and trees Such abilities account for the usefulness of a robot designed like a snake A snakebot would be able to these things, too, making it much more effective than regular robots with wheels, which easily get stuck or fall over Since they can carry tools, snakebots would be able to work in space, as well They could, for example, help repair the International Space Station But how can such a robot shape be made? A snakebot is built like a chain made of about thirty parts, or modules Each module is basically the same in that they all have a small computer and a wheel to aid movement The large computer in the “head” of the snake makes all of the modules in a snakebot work together The modular design of the snakebot has many advantages If one module fails, another can be added easily Snakebot module can also carry different kinds of tools, as well as cameras Since each module is actually a robot in itself, one module can work apart from the rest if necessary That is, all the module can separate and move on their own, and then later, reconnect back into a larger robot Researchers are also trying to develop snakebots made of a special kind of plastic that can change its shape using electricity almost like animal muscles Snakebots made with this plastic will be very strong and hard to break 29 Overall, the snakebot design is much simpler than that of common robots Thus, snakebots will be much less expensive to build For example, a robot recently sent to Mars cost over a hundred millions dollars, whereas snakebots can cost as little as a few hundred dollars With their versatility and affordability, snakebots seem to be the wave of the future, at least as far as space robots and concerned (Adapted from Reading Challenge by Casey Malarcher and Andrea Janzen) Câu 35: What topic does the passage mainly focus on? A The differences between the old robots and the new ones B The physical appearance and problems of the snakebots C The reasons for the appearance of the snakebots D The composition and abilities of the snakebots Câu 36: According to paragraph 1, the following are disadvantages of the common robots which have been on Mars, EXCEPT _ A uselessness B fragility C high manufacturing cost D difficulty in moving Câu 37: What does the word “they” in the second paragraph refer to? A regular robots B these things C snakebots D wheels Câu 38: According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about the snakebots? A They are unable to work in space like a regular robot B They are easier to get stuck or fall over than other kinds of robots C They are made of over thirty difference modules D They can move through myriad difficult terrains Câu 39: The author implied in paragraph that a snakebot only completely stops working when A all the modules cannot reconnect with each other B the head of the snake has something wrong C the whole parts of the snake are broken down D the energy battery in the snakebot runs out of Câu 40: The word “separate” in paragraph mostly means A divide into many different parts B control others to work in the way you want C join together D have effects on others and the way they develop Câu 41: The word “versatility” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to A flexibility B firmness C rigidity D ability Câu 42: Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward the new kind of robot? A criticize B appreciate C disapprove D admire VI Đề thi KSCL LẦN I THPT NTG Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42 Christina and James met in college and have been dating for more than five years For the past two years, they have been living together in a condo they purchased jointly While Christina and James were confident in their decision to enter into a commitment like a 20-year mortgage, they are unsure if they want to enter into marriage The couple had many discussions about marriage and decided that it just did not seem necessary Wasn’t it only a piece of paper? And didn’t half of all marriages end in divorce? Neither Christina nor James had seen much success with marriage while growing up Christina was raised by a single mother Her parents never married, and her father has had little contact with 30 the family since she was a toddler Christina and her mother lived with her maternal grandmother, who often served as a surrogate parent James grew up in a two-parent household until age seven, when his parents divorced He lived with his mother for a few years, and then later with his mother and her boyfriend until he left for college James remained close with his father who remarried and had a baby with his new wife Recently, Christina and James have been thinking about having children and the subject of marriage have resurfaced Christina likes the idea of her children growing up in a traditional family; while James is concerned about possible marital problems down the road and negative consequences for the children should that occur When they shared these concerns with their parents, James’s mom was adamant that the couple should get married Despite having been divorced and having a live-in boyfriend of 15 years, she believes that children are better off when their parents are married Christina’s mom believes that the couple should whatever they want but adds that it would “be nice” if they wed Christina and James’s friends told them, married or not married; they would still be a family Câu 36: Why did Christina and James suppose that marriage was unnecessary? Because _ A Half of all marriages ended in divorce B It was only a piece of paper C They led to an independent life D Neither of them had seen much success with marriage while growing up Câu 37: Which can be used as an antonym of the word “maternal”? A close B paternal C relative D bloody Câu 38: According to the paragraph 2, which is following statements is TRUE? A Both James and Christina grew up in broken families B James was bought up by his father and his new wife C James lived with his mother and her boyfriends for a year D Christina lived with her parents until she left for college Câu 39: Which of the following could be replaced the word “traditional”? A ancient B customary C antique D old-fashioned Câu 40: Why have Christina and James mentioned the subject of marriage again? A They have been thinking about having children B They have been living together for a long time C Christina likes the ideas of her children growing up in traditional family D James is concerned about possible marital problems down the road and negative consequences for the children should that occur Câu 41: What is the advice of the couple’s parents? A They couple should whatever they want B They can have children without entering into a commitment of marriage C They should get married so that children are better off D Married or not married, they would still be a family Câu 42: What does the passage mainly discuss? A Arguments about marriage B Negative consequences of a broken family C Changes in young people’s attitude to marriage D Marital problems Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50 Today we take electricity for granted and perhaps we not realize just how useful this discovery has been Steam was the first invention that replaced wind power It was used to drive engines and was passed through pipes and radiators to warm rooms Petrol mixed with air was the next invention that provided power Exploded in a cylinder, it drove a motor engine Beyond these simple and direct uses, those forms have not much adaptability 31 On the other hand, we make use of electricity in thousands of ways From the powerful voltages that drive our electric trains to the tiny current needed to work a simple calculator, and from the huge electric magnet in steel works that can lift 10 tons to the tiny electric magnet in a doorbell, all are powered by electricity An electric current can be made with equal ease to heat a huge mass of molten metal in a furnace, or to boil a jug for a cup of coffee Other than atomic energy, which has not as yet been harnessed to the full, electricity is the greatest power in the world It is flexible, and so adaptable for any task for which it is wanted It travels so easily and with incredible speed along wires or conductors that it can be supplied instantly over vast distances To generate electricity, huge turbines or generators must be turned In Australia they use coal or water to drive this machinery When dams are built, falling water is used to drive the turbines without polluting the atmosphere with smoke from coal Atomic power is used in several countries but there is always the fear of an accident A tragedy once occurred at Chernobyl, in Ukraine, at an atomic power plant used to make electricity The reactor leaked, which caused many deaths through radiation Now scientists are examining new ways of creating electricity without harmful effects They may harness the tides as they flow in and out of bays Most importantly, they hope to trap sunlight more efficiently We use solar heaters for swimming pools but as yet improvement in the capacity of solar cells to create more current is necessary When this happens, electric cars will be viable and the world will rid itself of the toxic gases given off by trucks and cars that burn fossil fuels Câu 43: What does the passage mainly discuss? A The usefulness of electricity B How to use electricity effectively C Sources of energy D The ways to create electricity Câu 44: The word “it” in paragraph refers to A Wind power B Electricity C Invention D Steam Câu 45: According to paragraph 2, electricity can not _ A work a simple calculator B heat a huge mass of molten metal in a furnace C drive our electric trains D form magnet in steel works and in a doorbell Câu 46: The word “adaptable” in paragraph is closest in meaning to A suitable B capable C profitable D remarkable Câu 47: According to the passage, the following sentences are true EXCEPT _ A People believe that atomic energy is safe B Steam was used to drive engines and warm rooms C The Australian use coal and water to generate electricity D Turbines and generators are used to make electricity Câu 48: The word “harness” in paragraph is closest in meaning to A raise B exploit C catch D release Câu 49: How many types of sources of energy are mentioned in the passage? A B C D Câu 50: What can be inferred from the passage? A An electric current can be made more difficultly to heat a huge mass of molten metal in a furnace than to boil a jug for a cup of coffee B Trucks and cars that burn fossil fuels dismiss the gases that pollute the air C Electricity does not have as much adaptability as steam and petrol D Coal generates electricity without polluting the atmosphere VII TRƯỜNG THPT TAM ĐẢO 32 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions In the Native American Navajo nation which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying Most of its speakers are middle-age or elderly Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English Street sign, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years' time Navajo is far from alone Half the world's 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations - that's one language lost every ten days Never before has the planet's linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace Isolation breeds linguistic diversity as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2,500 It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers What makes a language endangered is not that the number of speakers, but how old they are If it is spoken by children it is relatively safe The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alaska Native Language Center, in Fairbanks Why people reject the language of their parent? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler of Britain's Foundation for Endangered Languages, in Bath “People lose faith in their culture” he says "When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old tradition.” The change is not always voluntary Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in school, all to promote national unity The former US policy of running Indian reservation in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger list But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics Department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation "Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures" he says “They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in English." However, a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direct predictions from coming true ‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language' says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut “Most of these will ive without a large degree of bilingualism” he says Question 19: What is the main idea of this passage? A To explain the importance of persevering endangered languages B To describe how diverse languages are in the past C To explain why more and more languages disappear D To point out that many languages being in danger of extinction Question 20: The word peppered in paragraph is closest in meaning to _ A sparsely distributed B slowly attacked C randomly separated D unintentionally controlled Question 21: According to the passage, endangered languages cannot be saved unless people _ A know more than one language B grow interest in cultural identities C avoid speaking their dominant language D write in their mother tongue Question 22: The word these in paragraph refers to _ A ancestral tongue B dominant language C growing interest in cultural identity D the key to fostering diversity Question 23: Navajo language is considered being endangered language because _ 33 A it currently has too few speakers B it is spoken by too many elderly and middle-aged speakers C it was banned in publicity by the former US policy D many young people refuse to learn to speak it Question 24: Which statement is NOT supported by the information in the passage? A National governments could more to protect endangered languages B A large number of native speakers fail to guarantee the survival of a language C The loss of linguistic diversity is inevitable D Young people often reject the established way of life in their community Question 25: What is the word interest in the last paragraph means? A showing our care about the matter C describing how diverse languages are in the past C explaining why more and more languages disappear D pointing out that many languages being in danger of extinction Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions Amphibians are an animal group that includes frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts These animals live in and out of the water The number of amphibians on our planet is declining rapidly in both local mass extinctions and population crashes This is a cause for concern as many scientists believe that humans are responsible Since the 1980s, scientists have noticed a decline in amphibian populations Although many animals are affected by humans, amphibians have been hit particularly hard Some scientists believe this is because of their two-stage life cycle Unlike most animals, amphibians live their lives in two distinct stages The first is aquatic and the second is terrestrial This means amphibians are sensitive to environmental changes in the water and on land They also have permeable skin, which means that toxins and chemicals can easily get into their bodies At first, some scientists did not believe that human pollution was the cause for changes in amphibian populations These scientists believed that every species on Earth goes through natural cycles and changes and that there was not enough long-term data to prove that humans were the problem In recent years, this has changed Almost all biologists are concerned about the decline in amphibian populations They are worried not only because many amphibians may go extinct, but also because these extinctions will affect other plants and animals in ecosystems They believe that the decline in amphibian populations is a warning to humans to stop polluting and clean up Earth Question 39: Which title best summarizes the main idea of the passage? A Endangered amphibians B Endangered reptiles C Amphibian life cycle D Amphibians and reptiles Question 40: According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A The number of amphibians is decreasing rapidly B The number of amphibians is increasing C The number of amphibians is going up D The number of amphibians staying constant Question 41: In paragraph 2, the word noticed is closest in meaning to _ A become aware of B studied C analysed D started to work on Question 42: In paragraph 2, the word they refers to _ A amphibians B humans C animals D scientists Question 43: According the passage, which of the following is TRUE about amphibians? A First they live in the water, then on land A First they live on land, then in the water C They mainly live in water D They mainly live on land Question 44: In paragraph 2, the word toxins is closest in meaning to _ A poisonous substances B tonic substances C essential minerals D essential vitamins Question 45: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? 34 A A clean environment may help to protect amphibians from extinction B Amphibians contribute greatly to biodiversity C All amphibians will go extinct in the near future D Protecting amphibians is the responsibility of all people on Earth KẾT QUẢ ỨNG DỤNG VÀ BÀI HỌC KINH NGHIỆM I Kết Sau thời gian áp dụng chuyên đề vào giảng dạy luyện đề thi THPTQG, có kết đáng ghi nhận Phần lớn em học sinh nắm cách làm đọc hiểu Tiếng Anh.Học sinh khơng cịn e dè làm dạng đọc Tỉ lệ học sinh bị điểm liệt giảm Thay vào điểm trung bình – Bằng việc hướng dẫn , cung cấp ví dụ minh họa đề thi THPTQG giúp em tự tin tiếp cận với dạng tập khó Kết hợp với việc tra cứu từ vựng thông qua loại từ điển OXFORD DICTIONARY,OXFORD COLLOCATION DICTIONARY,TFLAT DICTIONARY ,LONGMAN DICTIONARY OF TEMPORARY ENGLISH,TỪ ĐIỂN LẠC VIỆT Đồng thời khuyến khích em chịu khó đọc sách báo tạp chí để tăng vốn hiểu biết lĩnh vực sống hàng ngày Từ học sinh làm đọc hiểu hiệu Năm học LÂN LÂN LÂN 2018-2019 3.3 3.5 2019-2020 2.4 II Bài học kinh nghiệm - Giáo viên nhân tố quan trọng việc chuẩn bị dạy cách kĩ lưỡngvà định hướng dạng tập đọc hiểu cách linh hoạt hiệu quả, gợi mở, hướng dẫn chi tiết, đưa nhiều tình viết để học sinh nắm bắt lựa chọn cho phần viết câu, phù hợp với đối tượng học sinh - Chia nhỏ dạng giúp học sinh ghi nhớ tốt em ghi nhớ nhiều thông tin lúc - Sửa chữa lỗi sai kịp thời từ vựng, cấu trúc câu, ngữ nghĩa giúp học sinh hiểu ghi nhớ - Giáo viên cần tăng cường kiểm tra giao đề cho em viết nhà - + Từ thực tế giảng dạy thân nhận thấy để học sinh làm tốt dạng tập đề thi THPTQG nói chung với chuyên đề “Hướng dẫn học sinh làm dạng câu hỏi đọc hiểu đề thi THPT quốc gia nói riêng rèn cho học sinh kĩ tự học nắm bước dạng thi Tài liệu tham khảo - Bộ đề ôn thi THPTQG 2018-2019 - Intenet Sông Lô, ngày 15/10/2019 Người báo cáo KHỔNG NGỌC MINH 35 ... tra giao đề cho em viết nhà - + Từ thực tế giảng dạy thân nhận thấy để học sinh làm tốt dạng tập đề thi THPTQG nói chung với chuyên đề ? ?Hướng dẫn học sinh làm dạng câu hỏi đọc hiểu đề thi THPT quốc. .. trên, câu hỏi 1-4 câu hỏi thông tin chung, câu hỏi 5- 10 câu hỏi thông tin cụ thể đọc Việc phân loại câu hỏi giúp em có hướng tiếp cận khác loại câu hỏi, trước hết có trình tự làm sau: Dạng câu hỏi. .. thơng tin cần thi? ??t để trả lời câu hỏi II CÁC BƯỚC GIẢI CỤ THỂ: Dạng câu hỏi -10 (specific questions) làm trước, dạng câu hỏi 1– (general questions) làm sau: * Câu hỏi 1: Câu hỏi chủ đề - Tổng hợp