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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NGUYEN LUONG LONG ENHANCING VIETNAM TEA EXPORT’S COMPETITIVENESS CAPACITY IN THE INTEGRATED PERIOD Major: International Economics Major code: 9.31.01.06 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS HANOI - 2020 The thesis is completed at GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES SUPERVISORS: ASSOC PROF PHD DO DUC DINH PHD TRAN DUC VUI Reviewer 1: ASSOC PROF PHD NGUYEN THUONG LANG Reviewer 2: ASSOC PROF PHD DINH VAN THANH Reviewer 3: ASSOC PROF PHD NGUYEN VAN DAN The thesis shall be defended in front of the Thesis Committee at Academy Level at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences At hour date month year 2020 The thesis can be found at - The National Library - The Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences INTRODUCTION The necessity of the thesis Vietnam is considered the cradle of the world tea tree We have been producing tea since time long long time ago, but our tea still doesn't have many famous brands Each year Vietnam exports around 130,000 tons of tea, ranking fifth in the world for tea production and export Tea is a significant contributor to the total agricultural, forestry and fishery exports of Vietnam's agricultural sector, contributing significantly to the trade balance and curbing trade deficit of the country's economy Vietnam's tea products are now exported to 100 countries around the world Up to now, Vietnam has belonged to the five largest tea exporting countries, after Kenya, China, Sri Lanka and India According to the statistics of the Vietnam Tea Association, in 2017, Vietnam's tea exports reached 139.8 thousand tons, turnover reached 228 million USD, increase 6.8% in volume and 4.8% in value compared to the same period of 2016 In 2018, the country's tea export reached 127.34 tons, valued at US $ 217.83 million, down 8, 9% in volume and 4.4% in value over the same period Although the average price in 2018 reached US $ 1,710.7 / ton, up 4.9% compared to 2017, Vietnam is still one of the countries with low tea export prices in the world The process of international economic integration has and will bring many opportunities, and along with it are enormous challenges for Vietnam's exports in general and for tea exports in particular when more and more competitors become stronger in brand and quality has, they participate in the global market In particular, in the context that Vietnam has participated in the CPTPP Agreement As an agricultural country, the topic of agricultural products always attracts the attention of domestic and foreign scholars The aspects related to the development of the tea industry are researched to find optimal solutions to improve production capacity and product value In general, Vietnamese tea brand is still quite lackluster compared to other tea brands in the world The export market share of tea products is still small, unstable, lacking of big trading partners and mainly exported through intermediaries Although tea exports are among the world's leading commodities, they are still dependent on the fluctuations of prices in the world market, and cannot determine the export prices of the world markets Therefore, the selection of the topic: "Enhancing Vietnam's export tea competitiveness capacity in the integrated period" makes a doctoral thesis which is not only theoretical but also helps solve problems Practical urgent issues are posed for the enhancement of export capacity and development of export tea products of Vietnam Research purpose The study aims to assess the current situation of export competitiveness of tea industry through criteria to assess competitiveness, find and build models of factors affecting competitiveness of the tea industry It provides solutions to enhance the competitiveness of Vietnam's export tea industry in the context of extensive international economic integration Research task: - Overview of theoretical basis related to competitiveness, tea industry competitiveness and enhancing tea industry competitiveness - Study the current situation of tea export, the competitiveness of the export tea industry and the cause of the situation Develop a model to assess factors affecting competitiveness of the tea industry - Proposing solutions to improve the competitiveness of Vietnam's export tea industry in the context of extensive international economic integration Research subject The research subject of the thesis is the competitiveness and factors affecting the competitiveness of the tea industry in Vietnam in the context of current international economic integration Research scope The study was conducted on tea export enterprises nationwide Time for research: Secondary data used in the thesis was collected in the period 2010-2018 Primary survey data was collected in 2018 Data collection methods For secondary data Secondary data was collected from state management agencies on tea industry such as Ministry of Industry and Trade, General Statistics Office, General Department of Customs, Tea Industry Association , foreign organizations such as: FAO, IMF For primary data Questionnaire of factors affecting competitiveness of tea export industry will be sent to tea exporting enterprises in the North, Central and South of Vietnam through the address listed in the Statistical Yearbook 2018 - General Statistics Office Method of sending questionnaires by E-Mail (email) or in person Research methodology Methods of descriptive statistical analysis: The research uses econometric statistics method, comparative synthesis method; in addition, the method of data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to estimate the competitive efficiency of the industry to analyzing the effectiveness of Vietnam's export tea industry in the context of integration The econometric model for analyzing the survey results collected includes: - Analysis of reliability scale The reliability of the scale is assessed by the method of intrinsic consistency through Cronbach's Alpha coefficient Use the Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient method before analyzing the EFA factor to eliminate inappropriate variables because these garbage variables can create fake factors (Nguyen Dinh Tho & Nguyen Thi Mai Trang, 2009) - Factor analysis Before testing scientific theory, it is necessary to assess the reliability and value of the scale Cronbach Alpha method used to assess the reliability of the scale The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) method helps us to evaluate two important value types of the scale: convergent and discriminant values - Multivariate regression analysis by the method of linear structure (Structural Equation Modeling, SEM) PLS-SEM; also known as the PLS path model used in case studies for the main purpose of applying structural modeling is to predict and explain target structures (Rigdon, 2012) In case of research situations where finding theoretical basis is difficult, with the intention of researching this issue in the past, researchers should consider using PLS-SEM as an alternative method for CB- SEM This is especially true if the main goal of applying structural modeling is to predict and explain target structures (Rigdon, 2012) New scientific contributions of the thesis Theoretical contribution of the thesis Through systematizing the basic theories of competition and competitiveness of goods, especially, for the tea industry in terms of international economic integration The thesis will provide theoretical framework and research model, hypotheses about the set of criteria to improve the competitiveness of the tea industry and the factors affecting the competitiveness of the tea industry Define a set of basic criteria to improve the competitiveness of exported tea products including: Market share of tea products, Quality of raw materials, Technology capacity of tea enterprises, Access to capital of enterprises in the tea industry, Linkage capacity, and Product brands Contribute to the development of a competitive model based on diamond model of M.Porter (1958) in specific conditions of Vietnam's export tea industry Specifically, the author proposes a research framework comprising factors affecting tea industry's competitiveness, including: Factors of production conditions, Demand for products, Management, Roles of the government, Indigenous Culture Thereby it will be a valuable study for the reference of scholars in research and teaching Practical contribution of the thesis The results of the competitiveness assessment criteria have pointed out the needs, favorable prerequisites and difficulties that hinder the competition of Vietnamese tea products The dissertation also clarified the scientific foundation for forming and improving the competitiveness of Vietnamese exported tea products Based on the results of testing the research hypothesis, the author proposes factors affecting the competitiveness of Vietnam's export tea industry including: (1) production factors that have a positive relationship to capacity of export tea industry competitiveness; (2) demand for products have a positive impact on the competitiveness of the tea industry; (3) management factors have a positive impact on the competitiveness of the export tea industry; (4) government policies affecting competitiveness of the export tea industry; (5) marketing activities have a strong impact on the competitiveness of the tea industry; (6) indigenous culture has no impact on improving the competitiveness of the tea industry Research framework of the thesis - - Study overview - Theories about competitiveness and enhancing competitiveness - - Criteria for evaluating competitiveness of the tea industry - Factors affecting the competitiveness of the tea industry Status of competitiveness of Vietnam's tea industry - - Main directions and solutions to improve the competitiveness of the tea industry Lessons learned about improving the competitiveness of the tea industry from other countries Structure of the thesis In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion and Appendix, the thesis consists of chapters: Chapter I: Literature reviews of Vietnam's export tea competitiveness in the integrated period Chapter II: Theory of tea export competitiveness in the integrated period Chapter III: Current situation of Vietnam's export tea industry competitiveness in the integrated period Chapter IV: Solutions to enhancing the competitiveness of Vietnam's export tea industry in the integrated period CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEWS OF VIETNAM’S EXPORT TEA COMPETITIVENESS IN THE INTEGRATED PERIOD 1.1 Overview of reseach in tea export industry competitiveness Many Vietnamese and foreign researchers have many research works on Vietnamese tea industry and also world tea industry These studies have pointed out many aspects related to the competitiveness of the tea industry such as planning, production, processing, brand development, value chains Or about improving the competitiveness of the Vietnamese agricultural sector both before and after Vietnam's accession to the WTO Typical as: - Wenner, Robert (2011), in the study "The long history of Vietnamese tea: Culture, production and development prospects." Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection Paper 1159 - Ha Tuan Minh (2014), "Establishing a Transformative Learning Framework for Promoting Organic Farming in Northern Vietnam: A Case Study on Organic Tea Production in Thai Nguyen Province." Asian Journal of Business and Management - Nguyen Viet Khoi, Chu Huong Lan, To Linh Huong (2015), "Vietnam tea industry: an analysis from value chain approach" - ICARD-MISPA Research Fund (2005) "Vietnam's agricultural competitiveness in AFTA integration" TOR MISPA A / 2003/06 - Le Thi Binh (2010), "Competitiveness of some major agricultural export products of Vietnam in the context of international economic integration" University of Economics and Business - Vietnam National University, Hanoi - Nguyen Thu Ha (2011), "Building and developing Vietnamese tea brand in the context of international economic integration", University of Economics - Vietnam National University, Hanoi The published researches on the topic of competitiveness in general and in the export tea industry in particular are very rich and are a useful source of references and inheritance However, each project has its own goals, approaches, and scope of research, so it may not always satisfy the diverse needs of readers At the same time, with time, new issues always arise and require new research and research, especially solutions to develop and improve competitiveness 1.2 Some remarks about the research gap and research directions of the thesis t this study, new issues of competitiveness enhancement need to be studied, such as: - Criteria for evaluating the competitiveness of Vietnam's export tea industry - Factors affecting the competitiveness of Vietnam's export tea industry - It is necessary to review all policies, the legal system, research and analyze new issues in the context of the deepening international economic integration with new FTAs such as CPTPP, EVFTA opening up prospects enormous for trade and investment, popularizing standards for intellectual property rights (IPR) protection, environment and labor standards All the above issues show that it is necessary to make theoretical and practical sense to continue the topic of improving the competitiveness of Vietnam's export tea products in a new context CHAPTER THEORY ON COMPETITIVE CAPABILIITY IN THE INTEGRATED PERIOD 2.1 Theory on competitive capability 2.1.1 Concept and category of competitive capability According to the economic dictionary, competition is understood as the process of competing or competing between at least two competitors in order to gain resources or advantages of products or customers on their side, to gain maximum benefits American economist M.Porter thinks that competition is gaining market share The essence of competition is to seek profit, which is higher than the average profit that the business has Competitiveness is divided into levels including: National Competitiveness, Industry Competitiveness, Enterprise Competitiveness, and Product Competitiveness Figure 2.1 System of factors determining competitive advantage 2.1.2 Sector competitiveness So far, there have been many efforts to explain the success in international competition of industries under the view of international trade Although the classical theory of international trade does not mention the concept of competition and competitiveness, but when the product is exported to the world market, the increase in the market share of products is a proof that the product is more competitive 2.1.3 Content of competitiveness research under the "Diamond" model of M Porter In the Competitive Advantage of Nations, Michael Porter, a professor at Harvard University (USA) came up with a model that can be used to analyze why some countries are capable of competing The competition is better than other countries and why some products of some countries are more likely to compete successfully than products in others It includes the following: Conditions of inputs, Demand conditions, Supporting and related industries, Business strategy, organizational structure and competitive environment, Role of opportunity, and the role of the Government 2.1.4 Views on improving the competitiveness of Vietnam's export tea industry Based on the analysis of arguments on competition, competitiveness, and the context of international economic integration, the author offers a viewpoint to improve the competitiveness of Vietnam's export tea industry as " a group of businesses that produce tea-related products that compete directly with each other to achieve the goal of increasing market share, increasing sales through the use of lowcost strategies or creating products with outstanding features compared to other companies in the same industry or similar industries on the market ” 2.2 The criteria for evaluating the competitiveness of the tea industry in the integrated period - Market share of tea products - Quality of raw material sources - Technological capacity of tea business - Access to capital of tea enterprises - Business linkage capacity - Product brands 2.3 Factors affecting the competitiveness of the tea industry According to Michael Porter's diamond model, in the previous section, the national competitive advantage is formed from a group of factors such as: conditions of production factors, conditions of demand, supporting industries In this section, the tea industry, with Vietnamese characteristics, will affect the following factors: - Conditions of production factors - The conditions of the demand - Conditions of management - The role of government - Marketing activities - The indigenous culture 2.4 Research diagram and establishment of factors affecting the competitiveness of the tea industry 2.4.1 Research diagram Production conditions Management conditions Marketing Activities Role of government Competitiveness Capacity Indigenous culture Demand conditions Figure 2.2 Proposed research scheme Research hypotheses From research scheme 2.2, the author proposes research hypotheses as follows: H1: The condition of production factors has a positive impact on the competitiveness of the tea industry H2: Management conditions have a positive impact on the competitiveness of the tea industry H3: Marketing activities have a positive impact on the competitiveness of the tea industry H4: The role of government has a positive impact on the competitiveness of the tea industry H5: Indigenous culture has a positive impact on the competitiveness of the tea industry H6: Demand conditions for products have a positive impact on the competitiveness of the tea industry 2.4.2 Research design Figure 2.3 Process of conducting research 2.4.3 The scale Table 2.4 Encryption and scale origin Factors Production Conditions Management Conditions Indicator Human Resources Infrastructure and technology Resources Capital Business structure Corporate culture Business strategy Encode NTSX1 NTSX2 NTSX3 NTSX4 QT1 QT2 QT3 Market research Branding Marketing Distribution channel Activities Research products Price strategy Stable macro Role of environment Goverment Building a clear and HDM1 HDM2 HDM3 HDM4 HDM5 VTCP1 VTCP2 Origin of the scale Momaya (2004), Research by Onar & Polat (2010), Phung Thi Trung (2016) and To Linh Huong (2018) Nguyen Thanh Long, 2016; Phung Thi Trung 2016; To Linh Huong, 2018 Thompson, Strickland & Gamble 2007; Onar & Polat 2010; Sauka, 2014 Sauka (2014), Nguyen Thanh Long (2016), To Linh Huong (2018) and (Source: FAO data) 3.1.2 Tea production quantity In the period of 2010-2014, the average output increased by 4.23% / year, from 198,466 tons in 2010 to 228,360 tons in 2014 In the period of 2015-2017, the output continued to increase an average of 4.45% / year, by 236,000 tons in 2015, and 260,000 tons by 2017 (see table 3.1) The relatively high production of the whole tea industry has made Vietnam ranked fifth among the largest tea producing countries in the world, accounting for over 3% of global tea production (see Table 3.2) Table 3.2 Proportion of output of some tea producing countries in 2014-2017 2014 2015 2016 2017 Perc Perc Perc Perc Countr Value enta Value enta Value enta Value enta y (tons) ge (tons) ge (tons) ge (tons) ge (%) (%) (%) (%) India 1.207.31 15,8 1.23.314 15,2 1.250.49 15,1 1.325.05 15,4 China 2.095.57 27,4 2.277.00 28,1 2.313.00 28,0 2.460.00 28,6 0 Sri 338.032 4,43 341.678 4,21 349.580 4,24 349.699 4,07 Lanka Kenya 445.105 5,84 399.100 4,92 473.000 5,74 439.857 5,12 Indones 154.369 2,02 132.615 1,63 144.015 1,74 139.362 1,62 ia Turkey 226.800 2,97 239.028 2,95 243.000 2,94 234.000 2,72 Japan Vietna m Argenti na Banglad esh World 83.600 1,09 79.500 0,98 80.200 0,97 81.119 0,94 228.360 2,99 236.000 2,91 240.000 2,91 260.000 3,03 82.887 1,08 82.492 1,01 85.015 1,03 80.608 0,94 63.780 0,83 66.101 0,81 64.500 0,78 81.850 0,95 7.621.15 100, 00 8.101.50 100, 00 8.239.97 100, 8.574.50 100, 00 00 (Source: FAO data) 3.1.3 Tea yield It is evident that the output of fresh bud tea nationwide increased over the past years compared to the tea growing area (in the period of 2010-2017 the area increased by 8.82%, the production increased by 31%) (see Table 3.1) 11 Table 3.3 Tea productivity of Vietnam and some countries in the world (Unit: tons / ha) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Argentina 24,82 25,11 21,06 21,31 21,27 20,83 21,46 20,35 Bangladesh 11,46 10,67 10,79 11,36 10,64 10,94 10,73 15,19 China 10,16 9,86 10,31 10,36 10,56 10,76 10,89 11,11 India 17,11 18,25 18,76 21,43 19,98 21,76 21,65 21,31 Indonesia 12,06 11,97 11,79 11,90 12,98 11,54 12,28 12,25 Japan 18,16 17,77 18,71 18,67 18,66 18,06 18,60 18,75 Kenya 23,20 20,11 19,38 21,77 21,92 19,05 21,64 20,12 Sri Lanka 14,93 14,75 14,86 15,32 15,22 15,16 15,04 14,95 Turkey 30,97 29,20 29,66 27,79 29,82 31,36 31,82 28,49 Vietnam 7,0 7,50 7,68 8,02 8,34 8,56 8,69 8,88 Average 18,04 17,57 17,38 17,89 18,08 17,95 18,43 18,36 (Source: FAO data) 3.1.4 Tea export value Currently, Vietnamese tea products are exported to more than 100 countries in the world, with a variety of rich and diverse teas However, the value of our country's tea industry is still low, only reaching an export turnover of over 217.834 million USD / year in 2018) - a modest figure compared to other agricultural products such as coffee, pepper Table 3.4 Vietnam's export and export value of tea Export Quantity Export Value Year Quantity Percentage Value (USD Percentage (tons) (%) millions) (%) 2012 146.708 224,589 2013 141.434 -3.59% 229,719 2.28% 2014 130.000 -8.08% 230,000 0.12% 2015 124.780 -4.02% 213,130 -7.33% 2016 130.900 4.90% 217,200 1.91% 2017 139.785 6.79% 227,929 4.94% 2018 127.338 -8.90% 217,834 -4.43% (Source: Statistics of General Department of Customs) 3.2 Assessing the current situation of Vietnam's export tea industry competitiveness 3.2.1 Situation of teamarket share - Market share compared to the world market The export value shown by turnover did not change much between 2012 and 2017, the percentage of market share in the total amount of exported tea in the world 12 decreased from 3.56% to 2.82% However, Vietnam still maintains as one of the top 10 exporting countries in the world Table 3.6 Tea export turnover of some leading countries Year 2012 Export Value (USD thousand) 1.042.116 2013 Export World Value percenta (USD ge (%) thousand) 16.5 1.246.308 2014 Export World Value percenta (USD ge (%) thousand) 16.22 1.272.663 2015 Export World Value percenta (USD ge (%) thousand) 18.2 1.381.530 2016 Export World Value percenta (USD ge (%) thousand) 21.51 1.485.022 2017 Export World Value percenta (USD ge (%) thousand) 22.58 1.609.960 World percenta ge (%) China Sri Lanka 1.403.154 22.21 1.530.138 19.91 1.609.339 23.01 1.321.899 20.59 1.251.730 19.03 1.513.207 18.82 10 Kenya India Germany Vietnam Poland UAE USA England 1.218.039 819.630 249.052 229.719 202.301 335.635 95.554 185.166 642.436 656.214 248.354 230.000 235.580 312.642 107.799 146.984 724.124 677.933 215.570 213.130 180.630 116.871 110.360 141.141 745.053 661.719 235.441 217.200 194.278 117.565 127.971 130.611 1.424.682 768.194 250.145 226.797 201.196 186.112 135.847 133.673 635.621 685.600 222.923 224.847 174.917 229.095 86.689 196.242 10.06 10.85 3.53 3.56 2.77 3.63 1.37 3.11 15.85 10.67 3.24 2.99 2.63 4.37 1.24 2.41 9.19 9.38 3.55 3.29 3.37 4.47 1.54 2.1 11.27 10.55 3.35 3.32 2.81 1.82 1.72 2.2 11.33 10.06 3.58 3.3 2.95 1.79 1.95 1.99 20.02 17.72 9.55 3.11 2.82 2.5 2.31 1.68 1.66 (Source: FAO data) - Export market structure Table 3.7 Main export markets of Vietnamese tea in 2018 +/- compared to year Year 2018 2017 (%)* Quantity Value Market (tons) (USD) Quantity Value Export 127.338 217.834.138 -8,9 -4,43 Turnover Pakistan 38.213 81.632.660 19,42 18,82 Taiwan 18.573 28.752.190 5,35 Russian 13.897 21.209.765 -19,98 -14,62 Mainland 10.121 19.667.609 -8,86 34,24 China Indonesia 8.995 8.970.471 -6,18 2,75 USA 6.102 7.334.595 -13,15 -8,96 Saudi 2.218 5.719.161 28,88 33,11 Arabia U.A.E 2.712 4.209.844 -59,76 -59,1 Malaysia 3.931 3.035.875 9,29 11,56 Ukraine 1.489 2.456.144 6,59 16,22 Germany 392 1.958.538 4,26 39,07 13 Philippines Poland India Turkey Kuwait 625 1.022 868 381 17 1.603.404 19,96 24,01 1.559.879 -16,98 -24,65 905.674 -49,94 -56,62 784.440 -42,19 -48,1 46.008 -22,73 -23,62 (Source: Statistics of General Department of Customs) 3.2.2 Quality of preprocessing tea In fact, the whole tea area in our country exists some degraded varieties of low quality such as midland (accounting for over 44%), a relatively high proportion of high-yield PH1 cultivars But the product quality is low In addition, the old tea garden over 20 years accounts for 25%, the productivity and quality of buds has decreased This situation requires replanting and completely eliminating low-quality tea varieties within the next years Only growing good tea varieties on a large scale can create products of uniform quality, creating large, uniformly quality batches 3.2.3 Tea enterprisese’ technology capacity Table 3.9 Assessment of tea industry on technology used compared to the world level (%) Tea Average compared to other sectors Higher 61,54 Equal 58,97 38,46 Lower 41,03 100 Total 100 (Source: Survey results of VBCSD) According to the competitiveness report of three sectors: tea, coffee and rubber (2015) of the Vietnam Business Council for Sustainable Development (VBCSD) shows that: in general, the technological level of enterprises Tea industry is at par and lower than the world level This is also a good illustration for Vietnam's production model is only in the early stages, when the value added is not much, not deeply involved in the global value chain 3.2.4 Tea enterprises’ access to capital Table 3.13 Assessment of enterprises on access to capital from official sources (%) Degree evaluation Tea Average of sectors participating in the survey 10,22 Very convenient 11,36 36,36 37,95 Advantage 38,64 37,23 Normal 13,64 14,6 Hard 14 Very difficult Total 100 100 (Source: Survey results of VBCSD) From the survey results conducted by VBCSD, it shows that the level of convenience in accessing formal capital (promotion funds, banks ) of enterprises in industries is at a fairly average level Of which 13.6% of tea enterprises responded that they had difficulty in accessing formal capital, lower than the survey average of all three industries at 14.6% This shows that the results of the easing of credit conditions for businesses have had an impact but not much and not yet thoroughly 3.2.5 Tea enterprises’ lingkage capacity Looking at the table below, it can be seen that the majority of tea enterprises trading in raw materials in the country (up to 88.7% of enterprises) in which: 69% of enterprises said that they purchased raw materials in the area The province and 19.7% of enterprises buy and sell raw materials with businesses in other regions The survey results recorded a relatively small percentage of enterprises having trading activities with foreign enterprises (11.3%), of which: 8.5% had trading of materials with ASEAN countries and only 2.8% of enterprises have trade relations with non-ASEAN countries Table 3.14 Location of enterprises that buy / sell raw materials (unprocessed raw materials to manufacture products) STT Source of raw material purchasing Average Percentage (%) 69,0 In the province 19,7 Other regions 8,5 ASEAN countries 2,8 Non-ASEAN countries (Source: Survey results of VBCSD) 3.2.6 Brand of products In fact, Vietnam has not been recognized by the world as a leading producer and exporter Vietnamese tea also has no brand in the world The export market share of Vietnamese tea to developed countries like the EU and the US is still quite low, few businesses meet the standards set by the countries Most of Vietnam's tea exports still mainly export to easy-going markets such as Pakistan, Poland, Saudi Arabia, China, etc At the same time, tea products are only exported mainly as raw materials The brand is still limited 3.3 Assessment of factors affecting the competitiveness of Vietnam's export tea industry 3.3.1 Analysis of survey sample A total of 400 questionnaires were issued, the number of questions returned was 336, after eliminating the number of invalid questionnaires, the number of questionnaires included in the analysis was 295 questions, accounting for 65.5% of the total questions raised 15 3.3.2 Test the factor model affecting tea competitiveness Analyze factors and reliability of data Table 3.16 Results of independent factor analysis Nhân tố NTSX1 793 NTSX2 700 NTSX3 787 NTSX4 897 QT1 664 QT2 958 QT3 707 HDM1 631 HDM2 835 HDM3 854 VTCP1 716 VTCP2 741 VTCP3 698 VHBD1 545 VHBD2 555 VHBD3 677 CSP1 559 CSP2 768 CSP3 688 4.772 2.945 1.893 1.649 1.291 1.212 Eigenvalue 23.862 14.725 9.464 8.243 6.455 6.058 Variance (%) 877 823 826 770 704 711 Cronbach α Total variance extracted: 62,178%; KMO= 0,741; P=0,000 (Source: Summary of processing results on SPSS 22 software) Testing correlation coefficient Table 3.18 Correlation coefficients NTSX QT NTSX Pearson Correlation Pearson QT Correlation HDM Pearson Correlation VTCP Pearson Correlation HDM VTCP 047 346** 113* 123* 468** -.034 16 VHB D CSP VHBD Pearson 452** 054 386** -.047 Correlation CSP Pearson 233** 191* 115* 066 297** Correlation ** Correlation at statistical significance level 0.01 (2-tailed) * Correlation at statistical significance level 0.05 (2-tailed) (Source: Summary of processing results on SPSS 22 software) Testing structural models - Assess the reliability of the model The reliability parameters of the model are reviewed in detail before conducting the test of influence level of factors Table 3.19 Coefficients determining reliability of analytical data Cronbach's Độ tin Phương sai Alpha cậy tổng trích (AVE) hợp Production Conditions 0.877 0.915 0.730 Management Conditions 0.824 0.895 0.740 Marketing Activities 0.828 0.897 0.745 Role of Government 0.770 0.866 0.683 Indigenous culture 0.746 0.849 0.738 Demand Conditions 0.788 0.816 0.693 (Source: Summary of processing results on SmartPLS software) - Test the meaning of links in the model Table 3.23 Results of significance level of links (using Bootrapping) Original Sample Standard T Statistics Sample Mean Deviation P Values (|O/STDEV|) (O) (M) (STDEV) Production Conditions > Competitiveness 0.401 0.397 0.038 10.508 0.000 Capacity Management Conditions -> 0.240 0.242 0.038 6.288 0.000 Competitiveness Capacity Marketing Activities -> Competitiveness 0.260 0.260 0.055 4.688 0.000 Capacity Role of Government -> Competitiveness 0.184 0.188 0.036 5.065 0.000 Capacity 17 Indigenous culture -> Competitiveness -0.078 -0.079 0.047 1.665 0.097 Capacity Demand Conditions -> Competitiveness 0.085 0.085 0.041 2.091 0.037 Capacity (Source: Summary of processing results on SmartPLS software) In Table 3.23, links with a value of less than 0.05 are significant links with 95% confidence The results show that not all factors influence the competitiveness of Vietnamese tea exporters, in particular the link between indigenous culture and unsupported competitiveness (t) = 1,665 0.05) In addition, the remaining links show a strong influence on the competitiveness of tea export enterprises (t => 1.96; p competitiveness has the strongest impact (t = 10,508> 1.96; p competitiveness (t = 6,288> 1.96 ; p competitiveness (t = 5.065> 1.96; p competitiveness (t = 4,688> 1.96; p competitiveness (t = 2.091> 1.96; p