The objectives of this chapter are to introduce labor unions. The following will be discussed in this chapter: A short history of the labor movement, labor legislation, the economic power of unions and employers, the economic power of monopsonies, collective bargaining, the strike.
Chapter 28 Labor Unions Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 281 Chapter Objectives • A short history of the labor movement • Labor legislation • The economic power of unions and employers • The economic power of monopsonies • Collective bargaining • The strike Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 282 A Short History of the Labor Movement • Labor unions are a traditional American institution • Until the 1940s most Americans had unfavorable opinions of unions • The AF of L rang in the modern era of unions in 1886 • With the emergence of the large corporation, individual workers had little bargaining power – Thousands of workers banded together did have some leverage Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 283 A Short History of the Labor Movement • Employers fought labor unions tooth and nail – Union members were blacklisted – Those who were suspected of union sympathies were fired – Court orders were obtained to prevent strikes – Some times private detectives , labor goons, and sympathetic local police were used to put down strikes violently Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 284 Key Labor Legislation • The National Labor Relations Act (The Wagner Act, 1935) – The Wagner Act put the force of government behind collective bargaining • The TaftHartley Act (1945) was put forth as a measure to protect “employers” rights Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 285 Key Labor Legislation • The LandrumGriffin act (1959) – This act protected union members from abuses by their own union leadership – This act also attempted to cut down on embezzlement of union funds by union leaders Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 286 Union Membership, 19002000 24 A Number of union members 21 18 15 12 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Union membership reached its peak in the late 1970s Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 287 Union Membership, 19002000 40 B Union membership as a percentage of the civilian labor force 30 20 10 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Union membership as a percentage of the labor force reached its peak in the late 1950s Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 288 Union Membership As a Percentage of Employed Labor Force, Selected Nations, 1999 20 Percentage Unionized 40 60 80 100 Sweden Australia Britain Italy Germany Japan United States France America is one of the least unionized industrial nations in the world 289 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Economic Power of Labor Unions • Are unions a monopoly? – We define a monopoly as the seller of a good or service for which there are no close substitutes – Technically, labor is not really a good or service, but rather a factor that helps produce a good or service – If we brush aside that technicality, then for all intents and purposes unions are sometimes monopolies Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2810 The Collective Bargaining Process • Collective bargaining is the main arena of the power struggle between labor and management – Labor generally tries to secure substantial increases in wages, fringe benefits, and perhaps better working conditions – Management, of course, offers considerably less than labor wants – And so they bargain Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2817 The Collective Bargaining Process • Labor’s ultimate weapon is the strike • Management’s ultimate weapon is its ability to take a strike – Sometimes management has been know to “lock out” their workers • But, does it really make any sense to lock out workers who are about to leave anyway? • It might if you lock them out right before payday • Conversely, the best time to begin a strike is right after payday Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2818 The Collective Bargaining Process • The ability to take a strike varies from firm to firm • Manufacturing fares better than services because inventories can be built up in anticipation of a strike • Service industries cannot make up for lost sales because their competitors will have picked up the slack • A diversified firm can ride out a strike more easily than can a firm that produces a single good or service • A multinational corporation might simply shift operations to another country Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2819 The Collective Bargaining Process • A union might be hesitant to strike a company that was about to go under – You might win the strike and lose your job • If a company is financially weak union demands will likely be moderate – During the 198182 recession, some unions actually negotiated not only no wage increases but even wage reductions – Saving jobs can sometimes take precedence over anything else Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2820 Pressure to Reach a Settlement • The cost of a strike can be extremely high – General Motors lost $90 million a day during a 67day strike in 1970 • This was approximately $5.7 billion total – The United Auto workers lost $50$60 million a day (almost $4 billion total) • Real issues are presented and discussed – COLAs, productivity, wages are always key • Pattern setting is always a major consideration on both sides Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2821 The Strike • In fact, very few strikes have disrupted the U.S. economy – Only two have caused major economic disruptions • The 1959 steel strike and the UAW strike against General Motors in 1970 • With the exception of 1946, in no year did strikes result in as much as a 1% loss in total labor hours worked – 1946 was an aberration because unions had been restricted from striking during the war Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2822 Work Time Lost Because of Strikes, 19452000 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1995 2000 2823 Why People Strike • Most union members do not make any kind of costbenefit analysis • Sometimes the opposing sides are further apart than is realized • Workers think the strike will be settled quickly • Workers exhibit a combination of machismo and credibility Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2824 Averting Strikes • Collective bargaining is the basic way of averting strikes – The two sides sit down together – After some tough bargaining, they hammer out an agreement both can live with • What if they can’t reach agreement, or even agree to sit down together in the same room? – This is where mediation and arbitration come in Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2825 Mediation • A mediator is literally a gobetween • A mediator tries to speed up the process of negotiation, getting each side to give a little more and take a little less • A mediator does not have the power to impose a settlement but can play a valuable role as an expediter Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2826 Arbitration • The job of an arbitrator is to impose a settlement – Under compulsory arbitration, a labor contract or law actually stipulates that if the two parties cannot reach an agreement, an arbitrator will make the decision – This takes the decision out of the hands of labor and management – This makes arbitration a situation both sides want to avoid Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2827 Have Unions Raised Wages? • The answer is yes, but the real question is by how much? • Various studies indicate that unions have raised the wages of their members by 10 to 45% • In 2000, total compensation for unionized workers averaged $24.75, compared to $18.20 for nonunion workers [but unions have effects on nonunion work pay/conditions] Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2828 Have Unions Raised Wages? • Unions have tended to spring up in relatively productive occupations, often in very profitable industries – There is evidence that even without unions the pay would be better than in the other non unionized sectors • The decline in the nation’s industrial sector may contribute to a decline in the differentials between unionized and non unionized workers Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2829 The American Medical Association (AMA) • The AMA has been amazingly successful in raising the median wage rate of doctors – which is well in excess of $200,000 a year – by restricting their numbers – This process work the same with sheet metal workers, bricklayers, and electricians, but the AMA does it better Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2830 Comments • Unions do raise wages • Unions provide a badly needed measure of job security • Until unions were organized, workers were powerless to bargain with huge corporations • Now many fear the power has shifted too far the other way Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2831 ... on nonunion work pay/conditions] Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28 28 Have Unions Raised Wages? • Unions have tended to spring up in relatively productive occupations, often in very profitable ... Collective bargaining • The strike Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28 2 A Short History of the Labor Movement • Labor unions are a traditional American institution... Thousands of workers banded together did have some leverage Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28 3 A Short History of the Labor Movement • Employers fought labor unions tooth and nail – Union members were blacklisted