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Nội dung của bài viết trình bày về khái niệm hợp đồng thuê tàu chuyến, phân loại và nguồn luật điều chỉnh của hợp đồng thuê tàu chuyến, chủ thể của hợp đồng thuê tàu chuyến, các điều khoản quan trọng và tiêu chuẩn của hợp đồng thuê tàu chuyến.
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI V£ HOP D N G THUfi TAU CHUY6< TRONG HANG HAI QU6C1^ r s , NGUYiN VU HOANG * ThS Hpp dong thufi tdu chuyen - khdi niem, phan lo^i, nguon luat dieu chinh Hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin (tilng Latinh la "charta partita", nghTa Id vdn bdn chia ddi, mdi bfin gifl mOt mia),'" Id hgp ding 1dm vdn bdn hodc mgt phin 1dm thdnh vdn bdn vd mgt phdn dupc in an, giiia chu tdu va ngudi thue tau, Iheo dd tdu dupe thue dfi van chuyen hdng hod theo tuyfin dudng xdc dinh, hodc khoang thdi gian xdc dinh Theo "Tir difin ludt hpc" ciia Black: "Hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin Id hgp ddng theo dd mdt eon tdu hodc phdn chinh cda tdu, duac su ddng y cua chu tdu se dugc thuang nhdn sic dung di chuyen ch& hdng hod tren mdt tuyen duang da dinh tru&c t&i mdt hogc mgt vdi dia diim; la hgp ddng dgc biet giita chu Idu vd nguai thui tdu de chuyen cha hdng hod ' HAVI$THUNG** - Trong phuong thirc thufi tdu chuyfin dilu ki^n chuyfin chd, cudc phi, chi phi d& hang hod Ifin xulng dugc quy djnh cu thfi hgp ding thufi tdu Thj trudng Idu chuyen thudng dupe ngudi ta chia 1dm cdc thj trudng khu vuc cdn cii vdo phgm vi hogt dgng cua tdu - Vdn bdn difiu chinh giflB cdc bfin gIm cd hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyen vd van don dudng bifin Trong dd, mdi quan h? giOa ngudi di thue tau (chii hdng) va ngudi cho thufi tdu (chii lau) dugc dieu chinh bdng hpp ddng thufi tdu chuyen M^c dii da cd hop ddng nhung nhan hang dfi chd, ngudi chuyfin chd van phat hdnh van don (van don theo hgp ding thufi tdu chuyfin) Hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyin cd the dupe phan logi thdnh: Hgp ddng chuyfin (voyage charter So vdi cac phuang thiic thufi tdu khdc, parly) la hgp ddng thufi tdu va dgi thuy thii phuang thirc thufi tau chuyfin cd nhirng d$c cho m$l chuyen hanh trinh giiia cdng boc difim ddc trung rat khdc bipt sau ddy: hdng va cdng dd hang Ngudi thue tau - Tau chuyen khdng chgy theo hdnh trinh lodn lien cho chu tdu trfin co sd tdn ho?ic trd ggn Chii sd hfln tau bifin hodc lich trinh dinh sdn - Tau chuyfin thudng chuyen chd nhthig loan tiln cdng bifin, phf nhifin lieu vd chi logi hdng cd khdi lugng ldn, tinh chat ciia phf thuy thii Tiln toan cho vi§c thue hdng hod chuyfin chd tuang doi thudn nhdt tdu gpi Id cudc phf Hgp ddng chuyin xac djnh thdi gian (dugc bilt nhu Id thdi gian vd thudng chd day tdu Tdu van chuyen theo phuong thirc vign Khoa lu^t T r u i n g DH Kinh te Qu8c din chuyfin thudng cd cdu tao mdt boong, mifing ***Giing Giang vifin Khoa phip ]u§t qu6c t^ Tnrimg DH Lu|t ham Idn dfi thudn lien cho vlfic bdc hdng HiN6i TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 3/2012 NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI 1dm hdng) cho vipc hdng Nfiu thdi gian 1dm hdng bi vugt qua, ngudi thufi tau phai trd phi bdc dd cham, cdn nfiu thdi gian 1dm hdng ngdn han ban dinh, hgp ddng thufi tau cd thfi yfiu cdu chii sd hflru tdu tra tifin thudng bdc dd nhanh.'^' Hgp dong thufi tau dinh han phd thdng (time charter) Id hgp ddng thue tdu cho mgt thdi hgn rifing bifit; chii sd hflu lau bien quan If tdu nhung ngudi thufi tau lya chpn cdng bifin va hudng di cua lau Ngudi thufi tau todn chi phf nhien lieu, phf cang bifin va lien thufi hdng ngdy cho chu sd huu tdu bifin.*"" Hgp ddng thufi tdu djnh hgn Iron (bareboat charter) Id sy ddn xfip dfi thufi tdu nhung khdng thue trang thiet bj vd thuyfin bd Ngudi thufi tdu cd quyfin chifim hflu vd kifim sodt ddi vdi tau va ehju trdch nhifim phap Ii, tdi chfnh ddi vdi viec chiem hflu dd Ngudi thufi tdu todn todn bd chi phi van hanh, bao gdm cd nhifin lieu, thuyfin vifin, chi phi cang bifin, chi phi bdo hilm trach nhifim ciia chu lau va bdo hiem thdn tdu Khdc vdi phuong thiic chuyfin chd bang lau chg, ngudn luat difiu chinh hgp ddng thufi tau Id luat qudc gia, khdng phai cdc difiu udc qudc tfi dilu chinh van don Do khdng cd difiu udc qudc tfi difiu chinh nfin cdc bfin thufi tdu chuyfin cd xu hudng sii dung cdc hgp ddng mdu Su dung hgp ddng mau giiip lilt kifim thdi gian, tgo co sd thudn lgi cho dam phan vd dugc cac td chiic hdng hdl qudc gia, qudc tl khuyin cdo sit dyng Hgp ddng mau thue tau chuyin rk phong phu vd da dang nfin ngudi thue lau luy TAP CHl LUAT H O C S O 3/2012 theo mdt hdng cy thfi md lya chgn mlu hgp ding cho phil hgp Trfin thfi gidi hi?n cd trfin 60 logi mau hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyfin va dugc phdn chia thdnh nhdm: - Mau hpp ding thufi tau chuyen mang tinh chdt ting hgp: Mau hop dong thudng dugc dimg cho viec thufi tdu chuyen chuyfin chd cdc loai hdng bdch hod Phd bien la cdc Ioai mau hgp ddng sau: + Mau GENCON: Hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyen GENCON la hgp ddng mau dp dung cho nhiing tdu chuyfin chd hang bach hod Hgi ddng hdng hai qudc te Baltic (BIMCO) soan thdo ndm 1922 va da qua nhifiu Idn siia ddi vao cdc ndm 1974, 1976, 1994 ->- Mau NUVOY: Hgp ddng thufi tau chuyen NUVOY la hop ddng mau Hgi nghi dgi dien cdc ca quan thue tdu vd chu tau cac nudc Hdi ddng tuong trg kinh tfi phdt hanh nam 1964 + Mdu SCANCON: Hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyin SCANCON la hgp ddng mau cung Hifip hgi hdng hdi qudc tfi Baltic phdt hanh nam 1956 - Mau hgp ddng thufi lau chuyfin mang tinh chat chuyfin dyng: Mau hgp ddng ndy dugc sii dung thufi hang hod cd khdi lugng Idn nhu: than, quang, xi mdng, ngu cdc, gd trfin ludng hang nhat dinh, vi du: + Mau SOVCOAL ciia Lifin Xd (cfl) phat hdnh ndm 1962, mdu POLCOAL cua Ba Lan phat hanh nam 1971 dimg dl thufi tdu chd than vd mau AMWELSH phdt hdnh ndm 1993 diing de chd than + Mdu SOVORECON ciia Lifin Xd (cu) phdt hdnh nam 1950 dung dl thue lau chd qudng NGHIEN CUU - TRAO OOI + Mau RUSSWOOD cua Lifin Xd (cu) phdt hanh ndm 1933 diing dl thufi tdu chd gS tir Lifin Xd di cdc nudc + Mau EXONVOY MOBIVOY 96, SHELLVOY My phdt hdnh diing dl thufi tdu chd ddu - Mau CEMENCO ciia My phdt hdnh nam 1922 dfi thufi tau chd xi mdng + Mau NOGRAIN 89 ciia Hipp hgi mdi gidi vd dgi li My dung thufi chd ngu coc + Mau CUBASUGAR cua Cuba phdt hdnh diing dfi chd dudng Chii the cua hgp ding thuc tdu chuyen Xdc dinh dugc chii the ciia hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyfin cd vai trd ddc bifit quan trpng dli vdi khd ndng thyc hifin hop ddng thufi lau chuyfin Hgp ddng dugc thyc hipfi hay khdng phu thudc rat nhieu vao cdc chii thfi tham gia ki kfit Trudc ki kfit hgp ddng thufi lau, ngudi thufi lau can phdi tim hifiu cgn ke ve ddi lac kfi cd dia chi, sd dien thoai, sd fax vi nhifiu dau hieu ciia sy lira ddo bdt ddu tir nhiing chi tifit nhd nh^t Ngudi thufi tdu cung cdn cd dugc nhung chi tifit ddng ki rd rdng va vj tri thyc sy cua cdng ti, linh trang tdi chfnh ciia ddi tac Cac ngudn sau cd thfi sir dyng de kifim tra thdng tin ve ddi Idc:'^' - Cdc bdn chi dan cua Lloyd; - Cac chi ddn cua Hgi bdo hiem P&l; Nhung tham khao thuang mgi dupc cung cap bdi cac nha khai thdc, cac Id chiic thuang mgi; - Phdng thuong mai, dai If lin dung; - Cdc hifip hpi hang hai; - Cdc td chiic, ca nhan cd tham gia 30 ITnh vyc thuong mgi hdng hdi Chu thi ciia hgp ddng gdm ngudi chuyen chd vd ngudi thue chuyen chd Thugt ngfl' "ngudi chuyfin chd" ludt hdng hdi ciia cdc nudc cung khdng gilng vl djnh nghTa hay cd the ndi Id chua co sy phdn djnh rS rdng Theo muc a Difiu I Cfing udc Brussels ndm 1924: "Ngudi chuyen ch& cd the Id chu tdu hay Id ngudi thui tdu djnh hgn, hg Id mgt ben ki hgp dSng vgn tdi v&i chu hdng " Khdi nipm trfin cd vfi don gidn nhung thyc tfi iai ndy sinh nhifiu van de phuc tgp vi du: Tdu chd hang tir Ba I^n theo difiu kipn ciia hgp ddng Nuvoy, Khi dd hdng, mpt so hdng bj mdt Cdng ti bdo hifim sau bdi thudng thifit hai cho ngudi nhan hdng dd g^p khd khan vipc xac dinh ddi lugng khifiu nai, kifin tyng (kipn ai) trudc tod dn Difiu ciia hpp ddng quy dinh ngudi ki hgp ddng la chii tau - cdng li WB (cdng ly mdi gidi C la dai difin) Sau thdi gian difiu tra, cdng ti bdo hifim Balan dS tim thay "LLoyd's Register of Ships" ngudi chii lau chfnh thiic ciia tau ndi trfin la dng A.L.H vd da kifin dng ndy toa A.L.H nggc nhifin vi dng ta dung Id chu tau nhung khdng khai thdc nd Tod dn Balan da di dfin ket lu^n: Chu tdu - dng A.L.H khdng ehju trdch nhifim vl viec mat hang hod, yfiu cau ben nguyfin kifin nguoi chuyen chd Da hon mdl nam kfi tir dd hdng, thai hieu Id tyng da hit vd khilu nai khdng dugc xet xir nfl-a.'*' Quyfit djnh ciia tod an Irudng hpp Id hoan todn phii hgp, bdi le diing cdng ti bdo hifim phai kien ngudi diing ten TAP CHi LUAT HQC s 3/2012 NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO OOI ki hgp ddng thue tdu Difiu phii hgp vdi quy djnh cua Cdng udc Brussels ndm 1924, theo dd ngudi chuyen chd cd thi la chii lau hay la ngudi thue tdu dinh hgn, hp Id mpt bfin ki hgp ddng van ldi vdi chii hdng Vfi phia ngudi thufi, mac dii da hinh nhieu loai hgp ddng mdu nhung nhifiu mdu hop ddng eiia cac hang tau khdng quy djnh rd ngudi chu thyc tfi ciia tdu md chi nfiu tfin ngudi dai dien nen ngudi thufi tau cdn yeu cdu ghi ro chii thyc le cung nhu ngudi dai dien Nhin chung, theo phdp luat cdc nudc, ngudi chuyfin chd cd quyfin dugc thu tifin cudc; quyfin tir chdi xep Ifin tdu nhung hang hod khdng du lieu chudn an loan vdn chuyfin Bfin cgnh dd, ngudi chuyfin chd cflng phdi thyc hifin nhifiu nghia vu Mdt nhu-ng nghia vu quan trpng nhat ciia ngudi chuyen chd la cung cap tau cd kha nang di bifin: Trudc hodc vdo liic bat dau hanh trinh, ngudi chuyen chd phdi "can man hpp If" dl cung cap lau cd dii khd ndng di bifin Cdc nghTa vu khac cung cdn kfi dfin nhu cung cdp tdu diing theo hgp ddng quy djnh Nfiu tdu theo hgp ddng bi sy cd, ngudi chuyfin chd yeu cau difiu mdl lau tuong duong vdi difiu kipn ngudi thufi ddng y; difiu lau dfin cang bdc hdng diing thdi gian va dja difim; bdc hang d cdng di, san xip hang, dd hang d cdng din hgp ddng cd quy djnh; chi huy, hudng ddn vd gidm sat viec bdc hdng va san xip hdng hdm tdu; chdm sdc, bdo qudn cho hang hod suit hdnh trinh vd xir li hdng sap cho cd lgi nhdt cho chii hang; sau hdng dugc bdc Ifin tdu, ngudi chuyen TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 3/2012 chd phai cdp bd van dan cho ngudi giri hdng; vgn chuyen hang theo tuyen dudng thudng lp tu cang bdc hang dfin cdng dd hdng vd thdi gian hpp li; tra hdng cho ngudi nhdn hdng hgp phdp tgi cdng dich Ngudi chuyfin chd cung phdi gdnh ehju nhflng trdch nhifim nhdt djnh nhu phdi bdi thudng nhung thifit hgi phdt sinh nfiu khdng cung cdp tdu, cung cdp tdu khdng dii trpng ldi hodc cung cdp chdm vd phdi bdi thudng thifit hai ddi vdi thilu hut, dd vo, hu hdng ciia hang hod nfiu cd ldi Ddi vdi ngudi thufi tdu, cdc quyen quan trpng can ke dfin la quyfin huy hgp ddng vd ddi bdi thudng thifit hgi timg trudng hgp nfiu ngudi chuyen chd vi pham hgp ddng md dd Id Idi cua ngudi chuyfin chd Ngudi thufi tau phai tuan thii nghTa vu cung cap diing chiing logi hang hoa nhu hgp ddng quy djnh; dua hdng dfin cdng xep hang diing thdi gian, dia difim, dii sd lugng, trpng lupng; nghTa vu xfip dd, san xfip hang nfiu hgp ddng quy djnh; nghTa vu trd tifin cudc day du va diing theo quy djnh ciia hgp ddng va trd cac khodn tifin phat Idi ciia ngudi thufi tdu.' Cac dilu khoan quan va tieu chuan cua hpp dong thufi tau chuyen Hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyen gdm nhieu logi Id hgp ddng phiic tap cd nhifiu difiu khodn khdc dfi xdc djnh rd trdch nhiem vd quyen lgi cac bfin Hifin nhin chung cdc hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyfin lieu chuan thudng chiia dyng cdc difiu khodn sau: - Difiu khodn xac djnh chti thfi, tdu, vd tuyen dudng van chuyfin; - Difiu khodn hang hoa; - Dieu khodn cuc«; phi; 31 NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI - Dilu khodn 1dm hdng xdc djnh thdi gian de hoc dd hdng hod; - Difiu khodn vfi chi phf bdc dd; - Difiu khodn thdi gian den dy kiln vd difiu khodn thdng bdo sdn sdng xfip dd; - Dieu khoan vl trdch nhipm vd mien trdch Clia ngudi chuyfin chd; - Difiu khodn lugt dp dyng va trpng tdi * Chu thi ctia hgp ddng Chil the ciia hgp dong thufi tdu chuyin bao gdm: Chii tdu (ho$c ngudi chuyen chd) vd ngudi thufi tdu (ngudi xuat khau ho^c ngudi nhdp khdu) Trong hgp ddng thufi tau can ghi rd ten, dja chi ciia cdc ben NhQng dai If hodc ngudi mdi gidi Id ngudi duge uy thae dfi kf hgp ddng thufi tdu thi phdi ghi ro d cudi hgp ddng chfl "chi Id dai If" myc dfch de xdc djnh tu cdch ciia ngudi kf hpp ddng.*^' * Diiu khodn vi tdu Ddy la dffiu khodn hfit siic quan trpng Khi thod thugn de thue vd cho thufi mpt ehific tdu, ngudi ta phdi chi djnh tdu cu the iGii do, ngudi la phai ghi cy thfi vao hpp ddng: Tfin tdu, hd hipu (call sign),*'^ qudc tjch tdu, ten co quan ddng kiem, hgng tau, nam ddng, noi ddng, mdy chinh (tfin, cdng sudt), mdy phdt difin (sd mdy, tfin may, cdng suat), cd tau, trpng tdi todn phdn, trgng tdi tjnh, dung tich loan phan, dung tich tjnh, dung tfch chiia hdng rdi, bao kifin, mdn nudc, cac sd dai, rgng tdu, van tdc hdnh trinh, cdu tnic boong, sd lupng cdn cdu, sire nang, vj trf lau liic kf hgp ddng.''°' Thyc Ifi hdng hai da phdt sinh nhifiu tranh chdp tir hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin lien quan den difiu khodn ve tdu vd chii yfiu Id tranh chap kha ndng di bifin cua lau Vl m^t phdp If, ngudi ta coi khd ndng di bifin Id mgt nhflng dilu ki$n ciia hpp ddng, nlu chit tdu vi pham ngudi thufi eo quyln huy hgp ding Theo Dilu Cdng udc Brussels nSm 1924 vd Dieu 75 Bp ludt hdng hdi Viet Nam ndm 2005 thi trudc vd liic bdt ddu chuyfin di, ngudi chuyfin chd phdi cdn dl: - Ldm cho tdu cd dd khd ndng di bifin; Trang bj vd cung cap nhan lyc, nhifin Ii$u, thyc pham cho tdu mpt each thfch dang vd day du; - Chuan bj tit vd thfch hgp cdc hdm, phdng Ignh va tat ca cdc bg phgn khac cua tdu diing vdo vi$c chira hdng dl tifip nhgn chuyfin chd va bao quan hang hod an toan Cd ba muc trfin tao thdnh difiu khoan ve khd ndng di bien cua lau Khi xdy ldn that ddi vdi hang hoa, nfiu dung Id tdu khong dii khd ndng di bien thi ngudi di kifin phai chiing minh rang lau khdng du kha ndng di bifin va khdng dii kha ndng di bifin la nguyen nhdn gdy tdn that Nfiu nguyfin dan quy kit nguyen nhan khdng diing vd chiing tir khdng thuyfit phuc se khdng bu§c dugc chu tau ehju trach nhipm ddi vdi tdn thdt, vf dy: Tau Vortigem khdi hanh lii Philippines di Liverpool (Anh) Hgp ddng thufi tau quy djnh mien trdch nhipm cho chii lau ddi vdi so sudt ciia thuyfin trudng vd cdc sT quan may Hdnh h-inh dugc chia lam nhifiu chgng Trong hanh trinh, tdu ghfi vdo Colombo nhung khdng ldy them than cho chdng tifip theo dfin kenh Suez Khi din gdn bin ldy than, thuyin trudng cung khdng cho tdu ldy thfim nhifin lieu vi khdng dugc sT quan mdy bao TAP CHi LUAT HOC s 3/2012 NGHIEN CLJU-TRAO OOI nhien lieu sdp hit Do dd dfi ddm bao cho hdnh trinh dugc tilp tuc din Suez, thuyfin trudng da cho ddt mgt sd hang tren tdu cang dfin, ngudi thufi tdu ddi hdi chii tdu bdi thudng thifit hai ddi vdi hdng hod bi tdu ddt thay nhien Iifiu Chii tdu tir chii bdi thudng vi li dd Id thifiu sdt ciia thuyfin trudng vd cdc sT quan mdy viec difiu khifin vd quan tri tdu Chii tau vifin dan mien trdch vi hgp ddng dan chifiu tdi Visby Sau xem xet sy viec, loa xii rang chii tau khdng thfi vifin dan dieu khodn mien trir, vi hg da khdng ldm cho tdu cd dii kha nang di bifin vdo luc bat ddu cua mdi chang hdnh trinh ro rang chii lau Vortigem da khdng can mdn mdt cdch hgp li dfi lam cho tau dii khd ndng di biin Hon nfla vipc dot hang thay nhifin lieu chgy tdu khdng thfi lap luan la "viec lam so suat" ciia thuyfin trudng hay ngudl lam cdng ciia chit tau dugc ma hp bill rd rdng dd Id hdng hod chuyfin chd trfin tdu Toa da xu chii tdu phdi bdi thudng cho ngudi thufi tdu nhirng thifit hgi hang hod dd bi su dung lam nhien lieu chgy tdu.'"* * Diiu khodn ve hdng hod Khi thufi tdu chuyfin chd khdi lugng hang hod nhdl dinh, hai bfin phdi quy djnh rd tfin hdng, logi bao bi, cac dac difim cua hang hod Vfi sd lugng hdng hoa, cd thfi thufi chd theo trgng lugng hogc theo thfi tfch, luy ddc dilm cua mat hang Nhin chung, cdc ben thudng ghi kem theo li le hon kfim (dung sai) * Diiu khodn vi cu&cphi thui tdu Cudc phi thufi lau chuyin chii lau vd ngudi thufi tdu ihuong lupng va quy dinh rd hgp ddng thufi tdu Day la difiu khodn quan trpng cua hpp ddng thufi tau chuyin TAP CHl LUAT Hpc S6 3/2012 Cac ben cd thi thod thuan ve miic cudc, don vj tinh cudc, chiu chi phi xep do, sd lugng hdng hod tinh tifin cudc, thdi gian todn tifin cudc, dja dilm todn, ti gid hdi doai Clia ding tiln lodn, phuang thirc todn, cudc phf ung trudc * Diiu khodn vi ehi phi bdc da Chi phf bic dd chifim li trpng khd ldn gia cudc chuyfin chd hang hod Trong hpp ddng thufi tau chuyfin bao gid cung cd difiu khodn ve phan chia chi phf bdc dd giua chil tdu vd ngudi di thue tau, thyc tien di thufi tdu, thudng dp dyng nhifiu cdng thirc mdu vfi phdn chia chi phi bdc dd, nhifin cdc dieu kifin phd bifin nhdt Id theo "difiu kifin mien chi phi bdc dd hang" (Free in = FI); "difiu kipn mien chi phf dd hdng" (Free out = FO); "dieu kien mifin cd chi phi xfip dd hdng" (Free in and out - FIO\ * Dieu khodn vi trdch nhiem vd mien trdch nhiem eua nguai chuye a cha Trong hgp ddng thufi *au dfiu quy dinh ngudi chuyfin chd cd tra^h nhi^m ddi vdi nhiing hu hdng, mat mdt cua hdng hod cac trudng hgp sau: - Do thifiu sy can man hgp li ldm cho tau khdng dil khd ndng di bien; - Do xip d$t hdng hoa khdng tot, bdo qudn hdng hod khdng chu ddo Ngudi chuyfin chd dugc mifin trdch nhipm cdc nguyfin nhdn vd trudng hpp sau: - Do thifin lai, tai ngn bat ngd ngodi bifin, cudp bifin; - Do dn li ciia tdu vd may mdc; - Do bdn chat cua hdng hod; - Do chdy nhung khdng loi ciia st quan thuy thu trfin tdu; NGHIEN ciru - TRAO OOI - Do chiln tranh vd cdc hogt d^ng bj bdt, tjch thu Clia chinh phii."^' Dudi ddy Id trach nhipm cua chii tdu dupc ghi nhan cdc mau hgp dong thdng dyng la mdu GENCON vd m§u AMWELSK Hgp ddng mSu GENCON 94 Trach nhi?m cua chu tdu: Chii tdu phdi ehju trdch nhi§m dli vdi nhiing tdn that hodc thi^t hgi cua hdng hod hay sy c h ^ giao hdng neu ton IhAt, hu hai cua hdng hod hay sy c h ^ tre dd Id sy thilu man cdn hgp If tir phfa chii tdu ho^c ngudi qudn li cita chii tau vipc tri khd nang di bifin ciia tdu tren mpi phuang dien, thifiu man can van dfi ddm bdo djnh bifin, trang bj, cung iing phii hpp cho tdu hogc bdt ngudn lir hdnh vi, sai sdt cd nhdn ciia chii tau ho^c ngudi qudn li ciia hp Cha tau se dugc mifin trdch nhifim ddi vdi nhung tdn thdt, thiet hgi hay sy cham tre phdt sinh lir bdl ki li ndo khdc (ngodi nguyfin nhdn nfiu trfin), kfi ca tir nguyen nhan bat can hay sai sdt cua thuyfin trudng, thuyfin vifin hodc nhflng ngudi lam thue cho chit tau trfin lau hogc trfin bd ma chu tdu ddng phdi gdnh trdch nhifim vfi nhiing hanh vi ciia ngudi Iam thufi nfiu nhu khdng cd difiu khodn ndy, ddng thdi cung mien trdch nhipm nguyen nhan bdt nguln lir viec tdu thifiu khd ndng di bifin vdo thai difim xfip hang hay vao liic bdt ddu hai trinh hay vdo bdt ki thdi difim ndo khdc chuyfin di Hgp ddng mau AMWELSK Cdc ngogi Ifi: "Ngudi chuyfin chd bu^c phdi trudc vd vdo liic bdt ddu hdnh trinh, lam cho tdu cd du khd ndng di bien, trang thifit bj, bifin chl, cung ling diy dii nhifin li^u cho tdu ",'^ * Diiu khodn trgng tdi vd lu$t dp diing' ' Trong cdc hgp ding thufi tdu chuyin diu cd dieu khodn quy djnh rdng nlu eo nhiing tranh ch4p phdl sinh Ihl sfi tham chilu din ludt hdng hdi cda nudc ndo d6 vh gidi quylt lai h0i dong trgng tdi ndo d6 Thudng cdc hgp dong thue tdu chuyfin dan chifiu din lugt hdng hdi Anh hodc My, tdt nhifin ciing cd Irudng hgp ngogi Ifi, vi du hgp dong dudi ddy Igi lya chgn lugt dp dung Id ludt Italia: Cdc dilu kien hgp d6ng thufi tdu chung cua Italia 12 Ludt difiu chinh vd quy tdc: Mdi quan h | giiia cdc bfin d day chi lifin quan din hpp ddng thufi tdu vd ddi vdi bat ki vdn de nao khdng dugc xdc djnh mgt each rd rang hgp ddng thufi lau hifin tai mdi quan he d3 nfiu dugc difiu chinh bdi cdc quy djnh ciia B6 luat ddn sy Italia va Bg lugt djnh vj lifin quan din vipc thufi dgng sdn 14 Gidi quylt tranh chdp: Bdt ki tranh chap nao phdl sinh tir hgp ddng thufi lau hifin tai se dugc gidi quylt bdi toa an (tribunal) cua Cagliari Trong thyc tifin, cdc bfin cd ihl thoa thudn difiu khodn trgng tdi theo nhifiu each khdc nhau: Vi du, hgp d6ng GENCON nfiu ba phuang an dl cac bfin thod thuan: - Ap dyng lugt Anh vd trpng tai hang hai London - Ap dung luat My va trgng tdi New York - Ap dung Iuat va trpng tai hai bfin thod thudn Nfiu cac ben khdng quy dinh Ihi hpp TAP CHl L U A T H O C S 3/2012 NGHIEN ciru-TRAOOOI ddng GENCON mac nhifin dp dung lugt Anh va trpng tai London Cac trpng ldi phdi la nhung nha kinh doanh nhilu kinh nghifim, hifiu bilt vfi ludt phdp qufic gia vd qudc tfi, ngudi hifiu bilt sdu vfi tau bfi Cd hgp ddng cdn quy dinh trgng lai vifin phdi la ngudi di bifin Trong hgp ddng NORGRAIN 89 va mau AMWELSH 93 chd than dua cdch: "Tat ca mgi tranh chap phdt sinh lir hgp ddng se dugc giai quyfit bdng trpng tdi tgi London vd theo ludt ciia Anh, trir phi cdc bfin thod thugn lap tiic sii dyng trgng tai nhat vd se dugc gidi quyfit theo phan quyfit cudi cimg cua trpng tdi khu vuc kinh doanh tai London la thdnh vifin ciia sd giao dich thufi tau va chuyen chd Baltic" Dieu khodn trpng tdi rdt quan trpng nhung lgi fl dugc cdc bfin dfi y lir Iiic soan thdo, quy dinh qua loa dan den hgu qua la bfi tac khdng cd phuong thiic ciiu chua cd tranh chap xay ra, vi du: "Nfiu cd tranh chdp bang trgng lai se tifin hdnh d Singapore vd dp dung ludt Anh" "trpng tdi d London, lual Anh dp dung", ' hay "difiu khodn trpng lai phii hgp",*'^* "trpng lai, nfiu cd vd bdi quy tac td tyng ICC lgi London,''^' hodc "bdt ki tranh chap ndo phdt sinh tir vifie xac lap, thyc hien hogc cham diit hgp ddng thue lau chuyfin ndy se dugc gidi quyfit tai New York" ''^' Tdm lai, hop ddng thue tdu chuyen Id dang thiic hgp ddng phd bien thuang mgi va hang hdi qudc tfi nhung cflng Id hgp ddng phiic lgp, lifin quan dfin nhifiu khfa canh khdc cua quan he thuang mai vd hang hdi qudc tfi Hilu bifit va ndm bdt TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 3/2012 dugc cdc dac diem ciia logi hgp ddng se gdp phdn ddng kfi vdo viec ndng cao hifiu bilt Clia ca nhan, td chiic vfi lugt hdng hdi qudc te, lir dd Idm gidm thifiu cdc tranh chap hdng hdi./ (1) Ngu^n; http://www.juridicaldictionary.com/ Charterparty.htm (2) Ngu6n: Maritime laiowhow website: Voyage charter (3) Ngu6n: Maritime knowhow website: Time charter (4) Ngu^n: Maritime Itnowhow; Bareboat charter (5) Ngu6n: http://vnexim.com.vn/forum/bai-viet/10336Nhung-bien-phap-han-che-tranh-chap-phat-sinh-trongqua-trinh-thuc-hien-hd-thue-tau (6) Ngu6n: http://vietforward.com/showthread,php? t=400: "Tranh chap vh chii t h i ciia hgp d6ng thufi tiu chuyen" (7) Nguon: http://vietforward.com/showthread.php? t=399: "Quyfin Igi, trich nhiem v i nghTa vy ciia cic ben thue tiu chuydn" (8).Xem: Dinh Nggc Vifin (chu bien), Giao nhgn van Idi hdng hod quoc ti, Nxb Giao th6ng v^n tii, Hi Ngi, 2002 (9) Ki hieu djnh danh dSc trimf rieng ciia moi tau bien diing lien l£ic hing hii (10) Ngu6n: http://www.vietshipvrAhowthread.php? t=9755: "Cic lo^i hgp dong m^.u thudng g$p nghifip vu thufi tau chuyin" (11) Nguon: http://vietforward.com/showthread.php? t=401; "Tranh chap vk tiu chuyfin chd tiu chuyin" (12) Ngu6n: ht^y/vnexim.com.vn/forum/bai-viet/l0555Phuong-thuc-thue-tau-chuyen (13) Ngu6n: http://luatkhaiphong.com/Luat-su-Kinhdoanh/Tranh-chap-van-de-trong-tai-va-luat-xet-xu3844.html (I4).Xem: Swiss Bank Corporation v Novrissiysk Shipping [1995] Lloyd's Rep 202 (15) Hobbs Padgett & Co v J C Kirkland (1969) 113 SJ 832 (16).Xem: Mangistaumunaigaz Oil Production v United Kingdom World Trade [1995] Lloyd's Rep 617 (17).Xem; Louis Dreyfus Negoce S.A., v BIystad Shipping & Trading Inc., United States Court of Appeals for second circuit August Term, 2000 Decided: June 07,2001 ... gdm: Chii tdu (ho$c ngudi chuyen chd) vd ngudi thufi tdu (ngudi xuat khau ho^c ngudi nhdp khdu) Trong hgp ddng thufi tau can ghi rd ten, dja chi ciia cdc ben NhQng dai If hodc ngudi mdi gidi Id... lau ddi vdi so sudt ciia thuyfin trudng vd cdc sT quan may Hdnh h-inh dugc chia lam nhifiu chgng Trong hanh trinh, tdu ghfi vdo Colombo nhung khdng ldy them than cho chdng tifip theo dfin kenh... Diiu khodn vi ehi phi bdc da Chi phf bic dd chifim li trpng khd ldn gia cudc chuyfin chd hang hod Trong hpp ddng thufi tau chuyfin bao gid cung cd difiu khodn ve phan chia chi phf bdc dd giua chil