Đặc điểm của tham thể trong câu hành vi tiếng Việt và tiếng Anh

Bài viết này thảo luận các đặc điểm của tham thể trong câu hành vi tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt bằng cách mô tả, lý giải cấu trúc từ vựng-ngữ pháp, nghĩa ý niệm theo khung lý thuyết ngữ pháp chức năng của Halliday và Matthiessen (2004); Martin et al (1997) và so sánh đối chiếu theo 3 nội dung này.

v LÝ LUẬN NGÔN NGỮ ĐẶC ĐIỂM CỦA THAM THỂ TRONG CÂU HÀNH VI TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH NGUYỄN THỊ TÚ TRINH*; PHAN VĂN HÒA**; TRẦN HỮU PHÚC*** Đại học Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Đà Nẵng, ✉ trinhntt@caodanggtvt2.edu.vn ** Đại học Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Đà Nẵng, ✉ hoauni@gmail.com *** Đại học Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Đà Nẵng, ✉ thphuc@ufl.udn.vn * TÓM TẮT Bài viết thảo luận đặc điểm tham thể câu hành vi tiếng Anh tiếng Việt cách mô tả, lý giải cấu trúc từ vựng-ngữ pháp, nghĩa ý niệm theo khung lý thuyết ngữ pháp chức Halliday Matthiessen (2004); Martin et al (1997) so sánh đối chiếu theo nội dung Chúng lưu ý đến vấn đề từ vựng-ngữ pháp, nghĩa chọn lựa ngôn từ thông qua lớp nghĩa tham thể Mỗi loại tham thể phân tích diễn giải theo hai bình diện: (i) cấu trúc – theo cấp bậc (ii) ngữ nghĩa – theo vai Để làm sáng tỏ vấn đề, chúng tơi phân tích đặc điểm tham thể câu hành vi sở liệu gồm mười sáu tiểu thuyết truyện ngắn tiếng Anh tiếng Việt kỷ XIX XX Kết luận nêu bật kết cơng trình nghiên cứu đề xuất giải pháp Từ khóa: câu hành vi, ngữ pháp chức năng, tham thể INTRODUCTION Being one of the three core elements in ideational meaning analysis, participants are key elements and play an important role in meaning contributions We examine the characteristics of participants in terms of lexico-grammatical diversity and their meanings across our selected data We suggest a different interpretation of both types of lexico-grammar and their meanings To investigate the characteristics of participants in English and Vietnamese is believed to create two benefits First, the results can better clarify the meaning frame in the behavioral process in general and the role of participants in this type 18 KHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QUÂN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 of process in particular Second, in language teaching, we frequently face some indeterminate and problematic cases when analyzing and categorizing English and Vietnamese participants in behavioral clauses; so shedding light on this matter enables a different view of ideational meaning to have a better understanding of the extent of these meanings in contexts and to offer a more effective way of teaching these meanings to students LITERATURE REVIEW Halliday and Matthiessen (2000) give an indepth explanation to how human beings construe LÝ LUẬN NGÔN NGỮ v their experience of the world In many cases, functionalists like Bloor and Bloor (1995), Eggins (1994), Fowler (1996), Martin (1997), etc., and cognitive linguists like Langacker (1987), Lakoff and Johnson (1980), amongst others, have a common ground that the construction of experience is usually thought of as knowledge, represented in the form of conceptual taxonomies, schemata, scripts and others For this recognition, analyzing the characteristics of participants in behavioral process from the semantic-functional view is necessary In Vietnamese, Hoàng Văn Vân (2012), considered the first, successfully adopts functional grammar’s framework to describe the experiential grammar of Vietnamese clauses of the system of TRANSITIVITY However, Hoàng Văn Vân does not draw comparisons of the characteristics of participants between English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses So our study differs in that we make a contrastive analysis of participants in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses in terms of lexico-grammar and ideational meaning METHOD 3.1 Data collection Qualitative approach is adopted in this study because our attention is paid to interpreting English and Vietnamese participants in behavioral clauses In other words, we focus on analyzing and making sense of characteristics of participants in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses rather than seeking to count things To determine behavioral clauses within this study, we start with behavioral processes because we look at behavioral clauses from Halliday’s viewpoint Tables and illustrate the raw lists of behavioral processes in English and Vietnamese Table 1: A list of English behavioral processes English behavioral processes smile, laugh, twitch, shiver, kiss, embrace, dance, play, hug, stutter, mumble, stammer, chat, mutter, moan, chatter, chat, talk, gossip, whine, whinge, ponder, puzzle, work out, mediate, ruminate, think, cogitate, scowl, shudder, grin, gasp, cry, giggle, mumble, look at, watch, stare, gawk, view, look over, observe, dream, listen, taste, sniff, sing, frown, insult, slander, praise, flatter, yell, scream, tremble, sweat, cough, yawn, sneeze, breathe, sleep, shit, hiccup, burp, faint, grimace, snort, snore, sniff, gasp, sigh, sob, snarl, cry, stare, blush, groan, nod, blink Table 2: A list of Vietnamese behavioral processes Vietnamese behavioral processes thở, cười, gật gù, gật đầu, cau mày, khóc, rên rỉ, than van, nhăn mặt, gầm gừ, nhăn nhó, rùng mình, ngắm, ngắm nghía, ho, ngáp, hắt xì, thở, ngủ, nấc, ợ, ợ hơi, xỉu, mơ, hít vào, quỳ, nằm, khịt mũi, ngáy, co rúm, co, rùng mình, vã mồ hôi, toát mồ hôi, run, ngửi, khụt khịt, nhảy, ôm, chơi, nói lắp, cà lăm, bi bô, tán gẫu, ê a, tâm sự, nói, lo, làu bàu, than vãn, lầm bầm, lẩm bẩm, lăng mạ, sỉ vả, sỉ nhục, vu khống, vu oan, phỉ báng, ca ngợi, tán dương, tâng bốc, xu nịnh, hò hét, hò la, bợ đỡ, dằn vặt, ngắm, xem, nhìn, trố mắt, quan sát, theo dõi, liếc nhìn, liếc xéo, nghe, nếm, sờ, trầm tư, mơ, điều đình, dàn xếp, tư lự, trầm ngâm, ngẫm nghĩ, cân nhắc, băn khoăn, khao khát, quắc mắt, cau có, rùng mình, run, nháy/chớp (mắt) KHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QUÂN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 19 v LÝ LUẬN NGÔN NGỮ After building up our raw English and Vietnamese behavioral lists, we adopt bottomup approach to recognize behavioral clauses in English and Vietnamese novels and short stories “Jane Eyre”, “The Great Gatsby”, “Tender is the night”, “Sons and Lovers”, “Women in love” and “The rainbow” are the five English novels written by Bronte, Fitzgerald and Lawrence In their works, the characters, their personal experience and behaviors are brilliantly described via the lively wording of the talented writers Besides, ten Vietnamese novels and stories such as “Sống mòn”, “Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký”, “Tắt đèn”, “Chí Phèo” and “Số đỏ” are carefully selected due to their popularity and wonderful narrative device of personal experience and behaviors We decide to collect data from stories and novels but not in other genres since stories and novels reflect the reality via the lens and skillful wording of talented writers In this paper, sampling is a crucial step and we decide to adapt random sampling technique Wordsmith 5.0 and Navigation pane in Word documents and PDF are used as powerful tools to select behavioral clauses Concord function in Wordsmith 5.0 is exploited to collect English behavioral clauses while Search engine is used to pick up Vietnamese behavioral clauses since Wordsmith 5.0 is not applicable to Vietnamese texts These are two main reasons for choosing Wordsmith 5.0 and Navigation pane because the above novels and short stories are already available in electronic form so it is advantageous and time-saving for us to process them In addition, we can work on and store a huge amount of collected data effectively 1427 English behavioral clauses are collected and saved from the six novels As for Vietnamese data collection, Navigation pane is used to select Vietnamese behavioral clauses and 1330 Vietnamese behavioral clauses are selected and saved 20 KHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QUÂN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 3.2 Data analysis A framework for data analysis is offered in this section All selected English and Vietnamese participants in behavioral clauses are analyzed and categorized in terms of lexicogrammar and ideational meaning and then a comparison of them in English and Vietnamese is made Theoretically, the relationships between lexico-grammar and function are very close but complex In other words, function (or meaning) is realized or expressed through lexico-grammar or linguistic expressions and according to Fontaine (2013) there is not a one-to one relationship between them TYPES OF PARTICIPANTS ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IN This section is devoted to discussing two main types of participants in English and Vietnamese namely: Behaver and Range (Behavior, Phenomenon, Scope and Verbiage/Target) 4.1 Behaver in English and Vietnamese Semantic roles are associated with partially specified grammatical functions Behaver is often realized by (i) nouns subdividing into proper nouns, common nouns and pronouns and (ii) noun phrases in English (1) All the men laughed (Lawrence, 1919) (2) The Hindu grinned, and murmured shyly (Lawrence, 1920) (3) He groaned inwardly, under its bondage (Lawrence, 1920) In (1), “All the men” is a noun phrase (NP) while “The Hindu” in (2) falls into a subclass of nouns labeled as proper nouns which are often capitalized and tell us about the individual name of a person, a place or a thing and “He” in (3) belongs to proper nouns LÝ LUẬN NGÔN NGỮ v In Vietnamese behavioral clauses, Behavers are also realized by both nouns and nouns phrases as following: (4) Thất vọng, chị Dậu rũ người ngồi im (Ngô Tất Tố, 1937) (5) Chúng tơi nằm co quắp vào (Tơ Hồi, 1941) (6) Những kẻ khác ngồi than vãn, khóc lóc cãi vã cho qua ngày (Tơ Hồi, 1941) “Chị Dậu” and “Chúng tôi” in (4) and (5) fall into subclass of nouns namely: proper nouns and pronouns whilst “Những kẻ khác” is interpreted as noun phrases It can be seen that there is some similarity in lexico-grammar Both English and Vietnamese Behavers are realized by nouns or noun phrases Behaver is often fucntioned as an agent Theoretically, a person or animal having behaviors, usually endowed with consciousness is labeled as Behaver as follows: (7) Helen sighed as her reverie fed (Bronte, 1847) (8) Gerald watched them with the steady twinkle in his eyes (Lawrence, 1920) However, in our selected data, the Behaver, the participant involved with the behavioral process, does not have to be a conscious participant as in: (9) The wind sighed low in the firs (Bronte, 1847) (10) The stars shuddered and broke upon the water (Lawrence, 1919) (11) The ash tree moaned outside in a cold, raw wind (Lawrence, 1919) (12) The cigarette trembled between his lips with laughter as he spoke (Lawrence, 1919) Obviously, on semantic grounds of these participants, “the wind”, “the stars”, “the ash tree” and “the cigarette” are non-human entities without our common senses and behaviors like tremble, sigh, moan or shudder Traditionally, these cases are treated as personification - a form of figurative language that is used as a literary technique Personification means attributing human characteristics to something that is not human By using human characteristics to describe an object, animal, or even a place, personification can make descriptions more unique and figurative Within experimental analysis framework, these non-conscious beings are treated as conscious and these cases are also considered as figurative expression strategy (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004, p 203) Consider Vietnamese: the following examples in (13) Dọc sông, chòm cổ thụ dáng mãnh liệt đứng trầm ngâm lặng nhìn xuống nước (Võ Quảng, 1974) (14) Biển đêm sóng vỗ thật dội, gào thét từ phía mạn Bắc loa (Trang Trang, 2012) In (13) and (14), “những chòm cổ thụ” and “sóng” are conventionally examples of nonhuman entities – but they can be construed as Behaver (so endowed with consciousness in process of behaving) Last but not least, “conscious beings” typically means a person or people but they may also be represented by a part of the body For examples: (15) His eyes glanced momentarily at me and his lips parted with an abortive attempt at a laugh (Fitzgerald, 1925) (16) Her lip trembled, her face broke, and, snatching up the child (Lawrence, 1919) (17) Her eyes, shuddering, appealing, gone, almost distracted, pleaded to him suddenly (Lawrence, 1919) KHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QUÂN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 21 v LÝ LUẬN NGÔN NGỮ As in above three examples, “eyes” and “lip” represent the action of behavior as involving a human’s organ rather than the whole person Halliday (2000, p 93) argues that “this is a departure from the norm of language; it owes its effect, that of deconstructing the whole person as a potentially independent agent” Parts of our body can be construed as Behaver in Vietnamese clauses It is reflective of that our organisms behave in our everyday physical actions and observable emotion associated with individuals For examples: (18) Mặt lão co rúm lại (Nam Cao, 1957) (19) Hắn vừa vừa tủm tỉm cười, hai mắt nhỏ tí, gà gà đắm vào bóng chiều (Kim Lân, 1962) (20) Hai mắt tư lự nhìn phía trước (Kim Lân, 1962) Lexico-grammar and the semantic roles of Behaver are briefly illustrated in figure The next section provides a discussion of Range in English and Behavioral clauses (see Figure 1) 4.2 Range in English and Vietnamese According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), there are six subtypes of Range namely: Scope, Behavior, Phenomenon, Verbiage, Attribute and Value Generally speaking, Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) suggest that Range specifies the domain of the process and defines one of the two things: Either it is a restatement or continuation of the process itself or It expresses the extent or “range” of the process In behavioral clauses, Range is subdivided into four categories namely, ‘Behavior’, ‘Phenomenon’, ‘Scope’ and ‘Verbiage/Target’ Range is often realized by nouns or noun phrases in grammatical terms in English The detailed discussion on Range in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses is made in the next section 22 KHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QUÂN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 LÝ LUẬN NGÔN NGỮ v 4.2.1 Behavior in English and Vietnamese BEHAVER + BEHAVIORAL PROCESS+ RANGE-BEHAVIOR Behavior is always realized by noun phrases in both English and Vietnamese as in: (21) Still she dreamed her young dream (Lawrence 1919) (22) Nụ cười đong đưa, tung tẩy khóe mắt (Nguyễn Ngọc Tư 2011) Behavioral clauses can contain a second participant in Behaver^Behavioral process^Range model That is a Range: a restatement of the process (Eggins, 2004, tr 218) This participant is labeled as the Behavior elaborating the process Halliday and Matthiessen (2004, p 204) argue that Behavior in behavioral clauses are analogous to the Scope of material clauses For examples: (23) She sighed a sigh of ineffable satisfaction (Bronte, 1847) (24) Yet her mouth gave a little grimace at the words (Lawrence, 1920) (25) He caught (Lawrence, 1920) little, short breaths These three clauses involve two participants “She”, “her mouth” and “he” are interpreted as Behaver while “a sigh of ineffable satisfaction”, “a little grimace” and “little, short breaths” are labeled as Range-Behavior It is noticeable that (23), (24) and (25) are conventional examples of “dummy processes” which can be semantically “mixed” into Range These processes are called “dumb” since the meanings of these processes don’t make any contributions to the meaning of the clause In other words, they are significant at syntactical ground but useless at semantic ground The meaning of the whole clause can be understood with these processes and they become “dumb” in meanings (Trinh et al, 2017) For examples: Sigh a sigh – sigh (v) Give a grimace – grimace (v) Catch breaths – breathe (v) Smile a smile – smile (v) Consider Vietnamese: the following examples in (26) Một nụ cười khô đét nở cặp môi héo hắt Lan (Nguyễn Công Hoan, 1933) (27) Bà lão thở nhẹ dài (Kim Lân, 1962) In these two above cases, “Một nụ cười khô đét”, “một dài” are represented in the role of behavior which can be either physiology or psychology like breathing, coughing, smiling, staring and others in situational context “Dummy processes” are still available in Vietnamese asin: Thở – thở (v) Nở nụ cười – cười (v) Ném nhìn – nhìn (v) Trao nụ – (v) Trao ôm – ôm (v) Nhảy điệu nhảy – nhảy (v) Mơ giấc mơ – mơ (v) It is worth noting that Behavior is a subcategory of range Behavior is either an agent or an object in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses (28) His shuddering became less (Lawrence, 1919) (29) His mouth closed, and a frown came on his face (Lawrence, 1919) (30) Chị Tiên nở nụ cười môi thắm (Thạch Lam, 2004) We have discussed the characteristics of Range – behavior in terms of lexico-grammar and participant role, the next section will cover the second role of Range – Phenomenon KHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QUÂN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 23 v LÝ LUẬN NGÔN NGỮ 4.2.2 Phenomenon in English and Vietnamese BEHAVER + MENTAL-BEHAVIORAL PROCESS+ RANGE-PHENOMENON Like Behavior, phenomenon is also realized by noun phrases as in: (31) She sat down on the ground near me, embraced her knees with her arms (Bronte, 1847) (32) Bà lão khẽ thở dài đứng lên, đăm đăm nhìn người đàn bà (Kim Lân, 1962) (33) Xuân rơm rớm nước mắt (Nguyễn Công Hoan, 1933) There is another participant which is not a restatement of process, but is interpreted as Phenomenon enhancing the process Phenomenon of our experince includes some entities such as person, creature, object, substance or abstraction Halliday and Matthiessen (2004, p 204) identify two types of phenomenon in mental clauses: Macrophenomenon which is an act and Metaphenomenon which is a fact But they argue that in: I am watching you (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004, p 251), “you” labelled is a participant, like the phenomenon of mental clauses Since this is restricted to “watch”, it can be interpreted as “phenomenon” In our study, it is suggested that Range-phenomenon are in existence in Behaver^Behavioral process^ range – phenomenon modal as in: (34) I laughed at him as he said this ‘I am not an angel’ (Bronte, 1847) (35) We all looked at the subject again (Fitzgerald, 1925) (36) He turned around and stared at the scene – his wife and Catherine scolding and consoling (Fitzgerald, 1925) (37) Vợ thấy Chí Phèo thở mùi rượu (Nam Cao, 1957) It can be seen that Range can often be preceded by a preposition in English and this causes some difficulties in analyzing clauses in a functional framework It remains to figure out whether an element of the clause is functioning as a participant or a circumstance Especially in English, there are a considerable numbers of phrasal verbs It definitely causes some trouble to decide whether to interpret a structure as process + circumstance or process + participant-range What is more comprehensive analysis of the following? (38) sniffed, and sniffed She Behaver Process behavioral at the bottle Or She Cir: location sniffed, and sniffed at the bottle Behaver Process behavioral Range (Lawrence, 1919) (38) He glanced at me and frowned slightly Behaver Process behavioral Cir: location Process behavioral Cir: manner 24 KHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QUÂN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 LÝ LUẬN NGÔN NGỮ v Or He glanced at me and frowned slightly Behaver Process behavioral Range Process behavioral Cir: manner (Fitzgerald, 1925) (39) He is putting on a cheerful smile Behaver Process behavioral Cir: location He is putting on a cheerful smile Behaver Process behavioral Range Or (Lawrence, 1920) The stance we take is that preposition is jointly bonded with a verb Therefore, it performs a function as part of the process, as with sniff at the bottle consisting of process sniff at + Range bottle, glanced at me with process glanced at + Range me and is putting on a cheerful smile with process is putting on + Range a cheerful smile There is no simple analysis criterion for deciding every example But in behavioral clauses, these cases are firmly considered Participant – Range We look at these indeterminate cases from the same viewpoint with Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) and Martin el al (1997) Martin et al (1997) argue that “often it will be obvious that the preposition must count as part of the process realization” (Martin et al, 1997, p 128) In Vietnamese, the ambiguity of phrasal verbs in analyzing behavioral clauses is far less complex It is definitely not a case of Verb + Preposition For example, Vietnamese verb “nhìn” is one word and it is often accompanied by Vietnamese prepositions such as “vào”, “lên”, “xuống” and “ra” But these prepositions aren’t firmly fixed with verbs to form phrasal verbs as in English They can, however, be used compositionally to add more meaning In this light, these examples are interpreted as follows (40) Chí Phèo đứng lại nhìn Behaver Process Behavioral Conjunctive adjunct Process Behavioral Range-phenomenon (Nam Cao, 1957) KHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QUÂN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 25 v LÝ LUẬN NGƠN NGỮ (41) Tơi đưa mắt nhìn Behaver Process Material Range Process Behavioral lần cuối Cir: Time phong cảnh nơi Range-phenomenon Cir: Location (Tô Hồi, 1941) (42) Y nhìn vào gương Behaver Process Behavioral vừa Cir: Location xoa nắn mặt vừa càu nhàu ConjuncRangeConjunctive Process Process tive phenomenon adjunct Behavioral Behavioral adjunct (Nam Cao, 1956) (43) Lão lừ mắt nhìn trừng trừng vào mắt Behaver Process Behavioral Rangephenomenon Process Behavioral Cir: Manner Cir: Location (Nam Cao, 1956) (44) Tơi ngoảnh nhìn lên Behaver Process Behavioral Cir: Location (Tơ Hồi, 1941) (45) Đơi mắt nhìn xuống sợ nguời ta nhìn vào tâm hồn Behaver Process Behavioral Cir: Location Cir: Manner 4.2.3 Scope in English and Vietnamese (Nam Cao, 1956) BEHAVER + MATERIAL-BEHAVIORAL PROCESS + RANGE-SCOPE Scope is a unique participant role in material clauses However, behavioral clauses are partly like the material in terms of “doing” processes It is suggested that Scope is still available in behavioral clauses and is always realized by nouns or noun phrases in both English and Vietnamese as in: (46) They shake the hearthrug against the fence (Lawrence, 1919) (47) Chị Nhà Trò ơm vai tơi cảm động (Tơ Hồi, 1941) 26 KHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 LÝ LUẬN NGÔN NGỮ v Consider the following examples (48) I mentally shake hands with you for your answer (Bronte, 1847) (49) He bent and kissed her heavy, sad, wide mouth (Lawrence, 1915) (50) She sat down on the ground near me, embraced her knees with her arms (Bronte, 1847) Halliday and Matthiessen (2004, p 192) state that “the Scope may construe an entity which exists independently of the process but indicates the domain over which the process takes place” As in (48), (49), (50) where “hands”, “her heavy, sad, wide mouth”, “her knees” are labeled as Scope In our experience, “hands”, “mouth”, “knees” exist independently of the act of “shake”, “kiss”, “embrace” and that explains why these participants – Scopes can enter into different kind of process (compare shake hands with put/clean/clap/fold/stretch/touch hands) (51) Xn nhồm nhồm nhai mía (Vũ Trọng Phụng, 1938) (52) Viên Quản đập bàn (Vũ Trọng Phụng, 1938) The Scope in Vietnamese material-behavioral process may be construed as a separate and independent element In (51), (52) where Process “nhai” + Rang - Scope “mía” and Process “đập” + Range – Scope “bàn” are formed The final subcategory of Range – Verbiage or Target will be presented in the next section 4.2.4.Verbiage or target in English and Vietnamese BEHAVER + VERBAL-BEHAVIORAL PROCESS + RANGE-VERBIAGE/TARGET Like Behavior, Phenomenon and Scope, Verbiage and Target are also realized by nouns or noun phrases in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses as in: (53) She chattered to the elder Marmora (Fitzgerald, 1937) (54) Rồi chửi đời (Nam Cao, 1957) In terms of participant roles, within Verbal-behavioral clauses Range is subdivided into two kinds namely: “Verbiage” and “Target” Halliday and Matthiessen (2004, p 255) state that Verbiage is the function that corresponds to what is said Here are some examples of verbiage in English (55) Colonel Dent and Mr Eshton argue on politics (Bronte, 1847) (56) He wanted to talk about Daisy (Fitzgerald, 1925) There is some trouble to analyze (54) and (55) in terms of Range – “Verbiage” or Circumstance – “Matter” There appear only two possibilities of interpreting them: either Range-Verbiage or Circumstance – Matter (55a) Colonel Dent and Mr Eshton Behaver argue on politics Process: Verbal – behavioral Range-Verbiage Or (55b) Colonel Dent and Mr Eshton argue on politics Behaver Process: Verbal – behavioral Cir - Matter KHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QUÂN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 27 v LÝ LUẬN NGÔN NGỮ (56a) He wanted to talk about Daisy Behaver Process: Verbal – behavioral Range-Verbiage He wanted to talk about Daisy Behaver Process: Verbal – behavioral Cir - Matter Or (56b) To shoot the troubles, we are inclined to Range-Verbiage interpretation It is highly likely that “politics” and “Daisy” in (55) and (56) should be treated as Range-Verbiage since we examine these two examples from a viewpoint that prepositions in English in these two cases are firmly fixed with processes and play roles in processes Nevertheless, the situation is less ambiguous in Vietnamese For examples (57) Người ta bàn tán vào nhiều việc cơng Xn Tóc Ðỏ (Vũ Trọng Phụng, 1938) (58) Bà than thở chiến tranh, sinh khó làm ăn (Nam Cao, 1956) In (57) and (58), “việc cơng Xn Tóc Ðỏ chúng ta”, “chiến tranh” are preceded by preposition “về” The question is whether preposition “về” is bound to verbs to form: Process “bàn tán vào về” + Range – Verbiage “việc cơng Xn Tóc Ðỏ chúng ta” or it is fixed to noun phrases to form: Process “bàn tán vào” + Circumstance – Matter “về việc cơng Xn Tóc Ðỏ chúng ta” Compared to English prepositions, Vietnamese prepositions are independent of process and freely go within the clauses That is to say they not combine with verbs to make phrasal verbs in Vietnamese From this perspective, (57) and (58) should be interpreted as follows việc cơng Xn Tóc Ðỏ Người ta bàn tán vào nhiều Behaver Circumstance - Cir - Matter Manner Process: Verbal – behavioral Bà than thở chiến tranh, sinh khó làm ăn Behaver Process: Verbal – behavioral Cir - Matter Halliday and Matthiessen (2004, p 265) argue that Target construes the entity that is targeted by the process of saying Now that Verbal-behavioral processes are partly like verbal processes, this function is still available in both English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses For examples, (59) He said the conductor had insulted Rosemary (Fitzgerald, 1937) (60) They insulted me as coarsely as they could in their little way (Bronte, 1847) (61) Sometimes she praised his work (Lawrence, 1919) (62) John Reed hated his school, and abused his master (Bronte, 1847) (63) Nó chửi tất làng Vũ Đại (Nam Cao, 1957) The lexico-grammar and semantic roles of Range are briefly illustrated in figure 28 KHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QUÂN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 LÝ LUẬN NGÔN NGỮ v SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN TERMS OF LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL CHOICES AND FUNCTION OF PARTICIPANTS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE The analysis of collected data revealed some similarities and distinctive differences between English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses At lexico-grammatical level, it is clear that both English and Vietnamese participants are realized by nouns or noun phrases In terms of the function of participants in behavioral clauses, there are different kinds of participant roles within two typical models of behavioral in English and Vietnamese in table and Table 3: English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses with one participant Participant Process Behaver Behavior Behavioral process Table 4: English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses with two participants Participant Process Participant Behaver Behavioral process Range - Behavior Behaver Mental - behavioral process Range - Phenomenon Behaver Material - behavioral process Range - Scope Behaver Verbal- behavioral process Rang - Verbiage/Target However, there are some distinctive features in interpreting participants in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses in terms of ideational meaning Firstly, trouble occurs when analyzing RangeKHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QUÂN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 29 v LÝ LUẬN NGÔN NGỮ Phenomenon or Circumstance-Location in Behaver^Mental-behavioral process^Range – Phenomenon modal This is attributable to the favored grammatical construction – Phrasal verbs in English Functional analysts must make a decision on whether they are Range - Phenomenon or Circumstance – Location The situation is less complex in English since phrasal verbs are not common in Vietnam Last but not least, we face the problem of interpreting process^Range – Verbiage modal because of the tremendous numbers of phrasal verbs in English CONCLUSION In this paper, an attempt has been made to examine participants in English and Vietnamese in terms of lexico-grammatical realization and participant roles A qualitative method is adopted to interpret them It is safe to say that there is a very wide range of participant meanings The analysis of collected data revealed some similarities and distinctive differences between English and Vietnamese participants in behavioral clauses We interpret and identify two typical kinds of English and Vietnamese lexicogrammatical realization of participants: nouns and noun phrases and two participant roles: Behaver and Range (Behavior, Phenomenon, Scope and Verbiage/Target) Behaver often has function of agent of the process in both English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses since it is about a person or an animal having behaviors, usually endowed with consciousness while Range often occurs after the processes and is considered the second participants in behavioral clauses The contrastive analysis between English and Vietnamese circumstances in this study shows that there is a borderline of Range and circumstances in English due to the prevalence of English phrasal verbs whilst there is no trouble in analyzing and labeling Vietnamese Range It is hoped that functional analysts should take these distinctive features into consideration when interpreting behavioral clauses./ 30 KHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QUÂN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 References: Nam Cao (1943), Lão Hạc, NXB Văn học, Hà Nội Nam Cao (1956), Sống mòn, NXB Văn học, Hà Nội Nam Cao (1957), Chí Phèo, NXB Văn học, Hà Nội Tơ Hồi (1941), Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký, NXB Kim Đờng, Hà Nội Thạch Lam (2004), Tuyển tập truyện ngắn Thạch Lam, NXB Giáo dục, Hà Nội Kim Lân (1962), Vợ nhặt, NXB Văn học, Hà Nội Vũ Trọng Phụng (1938), Tuyển tập Vũ Trọng Phụng, Tập 1, NXB Văn học, Hà Nội Võ Quảng (1974), Quê Nội, NXB Kim Đồng, Hà Nội Ngô Tất Tố (1937), Tắt đèn, NXB Văn học, Hà Nội 10 Nguyễn Ngọc Tư (2011), Cánh đồng bất tận, NXB Trẻ, Hà Nội, 11 Trang Trang (2012), Mưa nhỏ hồng trần, truy cập ngày 12/3/2017, 12 Nguyễn Thị Tú Trinh, Phan Văn Hòa, Trần Hữu Phúc (2017), “Some suggestions on how to identify and classify behavioral processes in English and Vietnamese”, VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, Vol.33, No.3, pp 1-13 13 Hoàng Văn Vân (2012), An experiential grammar of the Vietnamese clause, Ha Noi, Vietnam Education Publishing House 13 Bloor, T.& Bloor, M (1995), The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach, Edward Arnold 14 Eggins, S (1994), An introduction into Systemic Functional Linguistics, London and New York: Continuum 15 Fontaine, L (2013), Analyzing English LÝ LUẬN NGÔN NGỮ v Grammar: A Systemic Functional Introduction Cambridge University Press C (1997), Working with Functional Grammar London: Edward Arnold 16 Fowler, R (1996), On critical linguistics Texts and practices: Readings in critical discourse analysis London: Routledge 20 Bronte, C (1847), Jane Eyre, Smith, Elder & Co, of London, England 17 Halliday M.A.K & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M (2000), Construing experience through meaning: a language-based approach to cognition, Open linguistics series, Continuum International 18 Halliday, M.A.K & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M (2004), An introduction to Functional Grammar 3rd ed London, Arnold 19 Martin, J R., Matthiessen, C & Painter, 21 Fitzgerald, F S (1925), The Great Gatsby, Scribner, New York 22 Fitzgerald, F S (1937), Tender is the night, Scribner, New York 23 Lawrence, D.H (1915), The Rainbow, Collector’s Library, China 24 Lawrence, D.H (1919), Sons and Lovers, Dover publications, Inc, New York 25 Lawrence, D.H (1920), Women in love, Dover publications, Inc, NewYork CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPANTS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE BEHAVIORAL CLAUSES NGUYEN THI TU TRINH, PHAN VAN HOA, TRAN HUU PHUC Abstract: This article is devoted to interpreting the characteristics of participants in behavioral clauses in English and Vietnamese in terms of lexicogrammatical structures and ideational meanings within the framework elaborated by Halliday and Matthiessen (2004); Martin et al (1997) as well as making comparisons of them Attention has been paid to interpreting a wide range of lexicogrammatical choices and strands of function of participants Each type of participants is interpreted (i) structurally according to rank, and (ii) semantically according to ideational meaning Analysis of participant’s characteristics is conducted on six English and ten Vietnamese 19th and 20th century novels and short stories The conclusion points out some new results and suggests some practical applications Keywords: participants, behavioral clauses, functional grammar Received: 24/5/2017; Revised: 12/6/2017; Accepted for publication: 28/6/2017 KHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QUÂN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 31 ... and saved from the six novels As for Vietnamese data collection, Navigation pane is used to select Vietnamese behavioral clauses and 1330 Vietnamese behavioral clauses are selected and saved... typical models of behavioral in English and Vietnamese in table and Table 3: English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses with one participant Participant Process Behaver Behavior Behavioral process Table... English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses is made in the next section 22 KHOA HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ QUÂN SỰ Số 08 - 7/2017 LÝ LUẬN NGÔN NGỮ v 4.2.1 Behavior in English and Vietnamese BEHAVER + BEHAVIORAL