Bài viết trình bày cuộc đấu tranh cũng cố độc lập dân tộc của Liên bang Malaya sau độc lập vẫn phải tiếp tục với những nhiệm vụ vô cùng phức tạp trong đó có vấn đề toàn vẹn lãnh thổ nhằm đảm bảo tính thống nhất trong toàn bộ Liên bang.
VAN OE "TOAN YEN LANH THO" CLIA LIEN BANC MALAYSIA CIAIOOAN SAU DOC LAP (19571965) PHAN VAN RAN* TRINH THI HOA" T rai qua qufi trinh dfiu tranh chdng fich thd'ng tri ciia thflc dfin Anh, ngfiy 31-8-1957, Lidn bang Malaya (1) tuydn bd' thfinh lfip qudc gia ddc lfip Nhfi nridc doc lfip mdi vfin gifl nguyen ten cu lfi Lien bang Malaya vdi 11 bang (2) Cac thfinh vien ciia Lien bang vfin tri tinh ddc lfip tfldng ddi cua minh Mdt so' bang cdn lai lfi Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah vfi Brunei vfin cdn nfim dridi sri kiem sofit eiia thrie dan Anh Do dd, cuoc dfiu tranh eiing CO ddc lfip dan tde cua Lidn bang Malaya sau ddc lfip vfin phai tiep tuc vdi nhflng nhidm vu vd cflng phfle tap, "vfiii de tofin ven lanh tho" nhfim dam bao tinh thdng nhfit tofin bd Lidn bang lfi mdt ndi dung dflpc chinh quyin Malaya dfic bidt quan tam "i tridng lidn kfit cac vung dfit tren thfinh mdt td' ehflc hfinh chinh thdng nhfi't vd'n da tflng dflpc ngridi Anh di cfip nfim 1887 Thdi diem dd, ngridi Anh dfit vfin di hdp nhfit efie bang nfiy 'lfi nham bao ve lpi ich cua ngfldi Anh d vflng Vien Ddng chfl khdng phai dap flng khfit vpng ciia eac chinh quyin tfl tri tai day" (3) Tuy nhien, nhflng can trd tfl mdt so" bang vfi sfl can thiep tfl phfa nhfi nridc Xidm (Thai Lan) liic dd dfin dgh tuyen bd' thfinh lfip Lidn bang Malaya ngfiy 1-7-1896 da khdng bao gom tfit ea "miin dfi't cua ngfldi Melayu" Sau Malaya gianh ddc lfip nfim 1957, vfin d^ nfiy dflpc d i cfip lai trd lai Dridi gde dd vfin hda, nd lfi nhu cfiu tri thfin ciia nhfliig cfl dfin thudc "miin dfit eua ngridi Melayu" Dridi gdc dp chinh tri - xa hdi, day lfi ndi dung ndng bdng cfic chridng trinh nghi sri eiia chinh quyin Malaya Ngflcli khdi xfldng y tfldng nfiy lfi Thu tfldng Tunku Abdul Rahman Ong dfi xfiy dring nen "Ki hoach Dai Malaysia" vdi chridng trtnh sfip nhfip cfic bang edn lai h^ thd'ng thupc dia Anh d qufin dao Ma lai mdt td' chfle hfinh chinh thd'ng nhfit "Lien bang Malaysia" Vi sdp nhgp Sabah Lien bang Malaysia vd Sarawak vdo Ddi vdi Sabah va Sarawak, hpp tfic gi^B chfnh quyin Malaya vdi hai bang nfiy da ' PGS TS Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh Qudc gia Hd Chi Minh •• NCS Hpc vidn Chfnh tri - Hfinh chfnh QuSc gia Hd Chi Minh Von d^ 'loan ven lanh Hid' dflpc thiet lfip sau Malaya tuyen bd* ddc lap nfim 1957 Cfic cupc ti^p xue, dfim phfin thridng mai tri gifla hai phfa da dripc tiin hfinh Tuy nhien, chfnh quyin Malaya nhfin thfiy rfing, "nhflng hidu qua tfch cflc thdi diem nfiy rfit ban ehe bdi Bfic Borneo nhri mdt bi$p hpi khdp kin chiu "anh hfldng" vfi dang cd nguy cd hi cfic nridc lfing giing chinh phuc" (4) Cd sd di Thu tfldng Tunku Abdul Rahman dfla "Ki hoach Dai Malaysia", dd lfi dng dfi rfit tin tfldng vao moi quan he tri nhidn gifla cfic viing lanh tho Borneo vfi Malaya tfl trflde din Ong hy vpng day se lfi diiu kien thufin lpi v i mfit dia ly, nhfin chiing dl vi$c sap nhfip thfinh cdng Hdn nfla, vi^c sfip n h | p se khae phue dflpc tinh trang mfit cfin ddi v i nhfin ehiing Lien bang ngfldi Hoa dang chiim sd' ddng d Singapore 6ng tin rfing, thdng nhfi't dflpc cd cfiu to chfle Lien bang, thi "Lidn bang Malaysia se dem de'n mdt tfldng lai tSt nhfit cho cfic vflng lanh thd' Borneo" (5) Thang 5-1961, Thu tfldng Tunku Abdul Rahman cdng bo k i hoaeh "Dai Malaysia" Tuydn bd cua dng dfi lfim khufiy ddng khdng chinh tri cfic vflng lanh th^ Bfic Borneo Cac dang, nhdm chfnh tri tai dfiy da bfin thao rfit sdi noi cd nen sfip nhfip vfio Lien bang Malaysia bay khdng Hp rfit quan tfim de'n tfldng lai ciia Bfic Borneo gia nhfip Lien bang Thfing nfim 1961, dai di^n eua bang Sarawak, Sabah (thude Bfic Borneo) da tham dfl hdi nghi cflng dgi didn eiia ehinh quyen Malaya vfi Singapore, d i bfin v i vfin d i thfinh lfip Lidn bang mdi Trdn thflc ti, hai vflng dfi't Sabah vfi Sarawak vdn dfi hi Nhfit tfin phfi nfing n i Chien tranb t h i gidi thfl Hai Do dd, nhu cfiu bfle thiit ciia ca hai bang lfi khdi phuc phfit triin n i n kinh t i Vfio thdi diim nfiy, Sabah vfi Sarawak khdng ed nhieu dang phfii chfnh tri hay ed sri hien dien mdt hd thdng nhfi nfldc dfin bfiu cii Trfii lai, ndi day vfin nfim dfldi m^t bd may eai tri gia trfldng vfi ddc tfii eiia Cdng ty Bfic Borneo Viec bfiu c^ d dfiy mdi chi dijfng lai d mflc dp hinh thflc Gidi cfim quyin d efie bang nfiy dfiy vfin cdn nghi ngai v i vfin de sfip nhfip Nd'u nhri Thing ddc Bfic Borneo nghi ngai v i mdt vien canh cfic bang nfiy sfip nhfip vfio Lien bang Malaysia: lfi sri tut h^u so vdi Singapore vfi nin chfnh tri Lidn bang, thi d Sabah, nhiiu ngridi lai lo ngai v i "Dai Malaysia thdng nhfit dang che gifiu mdt k i hoach tiep quan cua ngridi Melayu" Hp cho rfing, "de tham gia Malaya, chflng ta vfin cdn lfi thuoc dia, diiu chi cd nghia lfi chflng ta khdng lfi thupc dia eua Anh vfi trd thfinh thude dia cua Ma Lai " (6) vfi nhri v^y hp se bi mfi't di nhflng quyin lpi vd'n cd eua minh gia nhfip Lien bang; "hp se phai ehfip nhfin chju thidt thdi v i lpi fch vfi hi nam dridi quyen kiem sofit eua Kuala Lumpur" (7) Do dd, "hp chua thuc sri sfin sang cho mdt sfing kien chfnh tri ldn" (8) la thay the e h i dp cai tri thude dia eiia ngridi Anh bfing c h i dd ciia Nhfi nridc Malaysia Ben canh sd phan dra eiia ngfldi dfin d Sabah vfi Sarawak, chfnh quyin Malaya cung khdng phai dl dfing thoa thu^n dripc vdi ngridi Anh v i vfin d i nfiy Ngridi Anh coi day la muc tieu dfii han ciia chfnh quyin Malaya Hp chfla muon rdi bd cfic lpi fch thupc dia von da dflpc thiet lfip tfl trridc Cfic Thong dd'c ngridi Anh d dfiy diu cho rfing, efie vung Ifinh t h i Borneo cfin thiit l|lp quan he chfit che vdi ngridi Anh hdn, trfldc hp gia nhfip Lien bang Chfnh quyin Anh lo ngai vi$c bude phai trao tra ddc lfip cho hai bang nfiy ddng nghta vdi vide hp phai di khdi dfiy, dd "ea hai viing Bfic Borneo vfi Sarawak se khd tri trang thai yen d'n eiia rieng minh mfi Rghien curu Lich si s6 6.2013 thay vfio dd lfi mdt khdng khf chinh tri mdi se tao cd hdi cho cfic thi^ Iflc mdi can thi$p" (9) Do dd, qua trinh dfim phfin vdi phia chfnh quyin Malaya, cac thfinh vidn Anh d i nghi: "giai doan chuyen tiip t£S thiiu la nfim hofie tdi da lfi nfim k i tfl ngfiy thfinh lfip Lidn bang mdi Giai doan chuyen tiip nfiy dripc khuyin cao nhfl lfi each di dgt dfldc mdt thda thufin chung ddi vdi dai di$n giiia chinh phii lidn bang vfi chinh phii tiiu bang" (10) Ddi vdi ehinh quyin Malaya, Thii tridng Tunku Abdul Rahman nhfin thfiy dfiy lfi thdi diem cfin cd sri quyit tfim ddi vdi muc tieu "tofin vpn lanh th^' Bdi le, viec sap nhfip cac viing nfiy se lfi cd sd dam bao cho chridng trinh sap nhfip Singapore sau dd dripc thfinh edng: "khdng cd viing lanh t h i Borneo, tdi sd khd thfiy cd the hinh dung dflpc sfl hdi nhfip ciia Singapore vfi Lidn bang, hofie thuyet phue cfic ddng nghiep chfnh tri eiia tdi vfi dfit nridc chfip nhfin diiu nfiy" (11) Hdn nfla, vdi Ong, nguy cd mot "Singapore cpng san" cung nhri fip Iric tfl vfin d i nhan chung Lidn bang se de dpa din quyin Iflc eua chfnh quyin Malaya Vi vfiy, qufi trinh dfim phfin vdi ngridi Anh, dng da eridng quyit "khdng dong tinh vdi thdi gian qua dfii cua qufi trinh chuyin doi vfi tri hi$n trang cua cac bang"; "Sarawak vfi B^c Borneo nen thfla nhfin lfi quSc gia Lien bang cfing sdm cfing td't vong 12 thfing tdi" (12) Trude quan dilm cutng rfin vfi quye't tam ciia Thii tridng Tunku Abdul Rahman, ngudi Anh cung nhfin thfi'y rang: "nd'u khdng the sfip nhfip eac vflng lanh tho vfio Lidn bang, thi vide sap nhfip Singapore coi nhri khong thfinh Khdng sfip nhfip, chfnh quyin Singapore se khdng tru vflng, diiu nfiy dfin^den hfiu qua ngridi Anh mfit se mfi't quyen sii dung cac cd sd vdn da dflpc thiit lfip tfl trfldc Dfiy se la mdt kich ban tdi td ddi vdi ngfldi Anh" (13) Diing trfldc hai lfla chpn, hofie ung hO chinh quyin cfic bang Sabah vfi Sarawak vfi kdo dfii thdi gian trao tra ddc lfip, tri hoan vi$c thfinh lfip Lidn bang Malaysia; hofie di mfit Singapore, thi ngridi Anh da Iria chpn giai phfip thfl nhfit cd lpi nhfit cho hp Ngfiy 247-1961, Hpi nghi "KhSi Thinh vflpng chung" dflpc tri$u tfip d Singapore cung cfic dai dien eiia Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei vfi Malaya "Khoi Thinh vfldng chung" da bfiy to sri ung hd kd' hoach "Dai Malaysia" vfi Thdng cfio nhfin dinh: "sri cfin thiit vfi khdng the trfinh khdi cua cfic tiiu bang sri thdng nhfi't cda Lien bang Malaysia" (14) Ngridi dflng dfiu Bic Borneo da ddng tinh rfing; "Malaysia cfin dripc tao nen bdi tfit ca cac vidn, diu cd lien quan nhri lfi mdt hiep hdi ciia cac ddi tac, k i t hpp vi lpi ich chung d i tao mdt qudc gia mdi, nhring phai gifl lai nhiing quyin lpi rieng cua hp" (15) Ban than chfnh quyin Bfic Borneo cung da k^ ke't vdi chfnh quyin Malaya mot vfin ban c6 tdn la "Sabah - Bidn ban ghi nhd 20 diem" (16), dd de cfip tdi nhflng v & di cd ban lidn quan din sri ^n dinh chfnh tri lfiu dai cua Lidn bang Malaysia dd lfi: ngridi dftng dfiu nhfi nridc, tinh trang cua ii6i giao, ngdn ngfl, quyen cdng dfin vfi di cfl, dich vu dfin sri vfi tfii chfnh, kinh ti vdi mong mud'n dam bao d'n dinh mdi quan h^ gifla Lidn bang vfi tieu bang Vi phfa Malaya, chfnh phii Lien bang cam kit sau sap nh$p se thflc hi$n eac diiu ki§n tren, ddng thdi chfnh quyin Lien bang phai cd trfich nhidm trp cfip cho si^ phfit triln kinh t i cua Sabah va Sarawak cung nhfl phai cd bidn phfip kilm sofit vipc nhfip cfl, dfic biet Ifi ngridi Hoa vfio cfic vflng dfit trdn Thfing nfim 1962, IJy ban thfim dd dfl lufin d Bfic Borneo (g6m dgi dien chinh V6n de toan vgn lanh ttid' quyin Anh vfi Malaya) da dria kit qua: "khoang 1/3 dan sS" ea hai vflng lanh tho Bfic Borneo vfi Sarawak da nhanh chdng iing hd vide sfip nhfip Lien bang Malaysia mfi khdng quan tfim qufi nhiiu v i cfic diiu khoan vfi diiu kidn 1/3 s i dfin khfie eung ting hp dfl fin Malaysia vfi yen cfiu efie diiu kidn vfi bidn phfip bao vd ldi leb vin cd ciia hp vdi mflc dd khfic S i cdn lai bi phan tan gifla nhiing ngfldi ddi quyin ddc lfip trflde sfip nhfip vfio Malaysia vfi nhflng ngridi iing hd vide tid'p tuc thi^c hidn cfic lufit Id eua chfnh quyin Anh mdt so nam tdi Vfin edn mdt so nhfi hoat dong chfnh tri phan dm viec gia nhfip vfio Malaysia vdi bfit k^ diiu kidn nfio, trfl dripc ddc lfip vfi thfinh lfip dflpc chfnh quyen tri tri Sd'ngridi cd quan dilm nfiy len den gfin 20% dfin sd' cua Sarawak vfi mpt phfin d Bfic Borneo" (17) Nhri vfiy c6 khoang 80% cii tri d dfiy da sfin sfing gia nhip Lien bang vdi diiu kidn: hp vfin dflde quyin sii dung ngdn ngfl vfi tdn giao eiia minh, cd ngridi dflng dfiu Nhfi nflde rieng vfi cd quyin thflc hidn chfnh sfich nhfip cfl; Sabah se cd 16 ghe vfi Sarawak cd 24 g h i Qudc Hdi Lien bang; Dan ban dia dflpc hfldng dfic quyen nhfl ngfldi Melayu theo Hiin phap 1957 Sau efie ben da dat dfldc thda thufin chung, ca Malaya vfi Sabah, Sarawak diu tfch efle chufin hi cho vi$e thfinh lfip Lidn bang Malaysia, dri dinh vfio ngfiy 31-81963 Vide sfip nhfip nfiy nhri lfi bride cfin thid't de tang eridng vi thd' chinh tri cua chlnb phii Lidn bang trridc tiin hfinh sfip nhfip ca Singaopre vfio Lidn bang Vi sdp nhdp bang Singapore vdo Liin bang Malaysia Vfio thdi diem sau dpe lfip, chfnh quyin Malaya nhfin thfiy rfing, nhiing diin biin an ninh - chfnh trj phfle tap d Singapore dang trflc tiep de doa tdi vi tri Ifinh dao eiia chfnh quyin Malaya Ngofii vide cd lfip vfi tridt tidu Dang Cpng san d Malaya, chinh quyin Malaya cdn phai ddi di^n vdi kha nfing Iflc Iflpng cdng san dang gianh quyin kilm sofit d Singapore Lric Iripng cdng san d Singapore se lfi "nguy cd" d ^ vdi chinh quyin Malaya Do dd, vdi Thu tridng Tunku Abdul Rahman, "cfich nhfit dl ong ed the kiem sofit dripc tinh hinh lfi dl Singapore sap nh^p vao Lidn bang vfi dd v i ^ ddi phd vdi lric Iripng cdng san lfi chi cdn lfi vfi'n d i an ninh ndi bd cua Kuala Lumpur" (18); ngripc lai, niu "gifl Singapore bfing cfich ngfin chfin vfi de Igi long thfldng xdt doi vdi nhflng ngridi cdng san se la mdt ehinh sach nguy hilm" (19) d& vdi chfnh quyin Lidn bang Tfit nhidn, Thii tudng Tunku Abdul Rahman eung nhfin thflc mdt thflc te cd the xay ra, dd lfi sfip nhfip Singapre vfio Lidn bang ddng nghia vdi vide bo sung 1,3 tridu ngridi Hoa tren bfin dao Ddi vdi dng, sri hidn didn eiia ngridi Hoa ciing se lfi nguy cd "phfi vd si^ can bfing ?hiing tde d Lidn bang" vfi "buy hoai bfiu khong khf chfnh tri on dinh" (20) tai dfiy Dl cd t h i thric hidn dflpc "Ki hogch Dgi Malaysia", Thu tridng Tunku Abdul Rahman cho rfing: cfin phai fip dung quy dinh ti le bfit budc d ^ vdi dai didn cua Singapore Quoc h^i Lidn bang it hdn so vdi eac bang khfic, chfl khdng phai cfin cfl vfio ti Id dfin cfl dl bfiu dai didn nhfl cfic bang khfic: "Singapore sd phai chfip nh^n mdt dai di$n vdi ty Id tridng flng ft hdn d Qud'c hdi Lidn bang chfl khdng phai dfla tren cd cfiu ty le dan s&' (21) Diiu nfiy "nhfim t n quyin lfle cua chinh phu Lien bang- rdng ldn hdn nhiiu so vdi cfic thfinh vien khac he thd'ng Lidn bang Dfing sau cfic diiu ki$n cu t h i vdi Rghian ciJru Lich SIS', stf 6.2013 Singapore la nhfim bao ve tofin bd Lidn bang khdng bi anh hridng bdi kha nfing thd'ng tri eua ngridi Hoa - Dieu mfi cfic chinh tri gia Umno va ngridi Melayu rfit quan tam" (22) Trong mdt bfii phfit bilu trridc Qudc Hdi Lien bang (16-10-1961) v i chu de sfip nhfip, Thu tridng Tunku Abdul Rahman giai thfch rang: "Chung ta khdng the khdng thfla nhfin vide hofin tfit sfip nhfip Singapore la ke hoach tuyet vdi cd the ddi phd dflpc vdi nhflng khd khfin eua ehung ta"; "Chfnh phu Lien bang vfi Singapore da ciing thid't lfip cd c h i lfim vide nhfim nghidn cflu vfin de nfiy Dieu khoan tham chiiu cua nd lfi di nhin vfio tfi't ca cfic khia canh cua viec sfip nhfip bao gdm ea qudc phdng, hfinh hfinh chfnh, tai chfnh va kinh td'vdi quyin ban rdng cho Singapore mfi khdng anh hridng de'n nguydn tfic cua chfnh phu trung fldng manh me " (23) Ong khfing dinh, Singapore lfi mdt phan cua Lien bang vfi tri tri Lien bang, nhfl "doi tfic mdt ban sfic" (24), "Singapore cd t h i phfit triln thinh vridng nhri New York eua Malaysia" (25) Singapore se dripc coi "nhri la mot nhfi nfldc tfl tri ed quyin tuydt dra eac cdng viec npi bd cua minh, ngoai trfl cac vfi'n de qudc phong, ddi ngoai, an ninh ndi bd" (26); "Cd cfiu hfinh chinh tai Singapore se dflpc gifl nguyen vfi nhfi nflde se tri dieh vu dfin sfl cua nd" (27) V i vfin de sfl dung can cfl qufin sri d Singapore, Tunku Abdul Rahman d i nghi rang, "cfic can cfl ciia Anh tgi Singapore khdng nen sfl dung cho muc dich cua SEATO, nhring cd the tri cho Khdi thinh vfldng chung" (28) Vi phfa Singapore, Thii tridng L:y Quang Didu cung nhfin thflc dripc nguyen nhan sau xa sfl thieu tin cfiy eua phia chinh quyen Malaya ddi vdi viec sfip nhfip Singapore chinh lfi vfin d i ngridi Hoa d Singapore: "Hp lfi nhiing ngfldi mdi nhfip cri vfi diu cd trinh dp"; "Trong cfic bfio cfio eua chinh phii Malaya d i u d i cfip din kha nfing ngfldi Hoa se ludn ludn trung thfinh vdi Trung Qudc vfi it cd tri tridng v i mdt dfin tpc Malay" (29) Tuy vfiy, trridc ldi keu gpi ciia Thu tfldng Tunku Abdul Rahman, Thli tridng Ly Quang Di^u da hoan nghdnh gpi y nfiy vfi cho rfing, "Logic nghidm ngfit v i dia ly vfi sfic manh cua cfic lric Iripng lich svi, dfin tde vfi kinh t i fit phai thfing the^ (3D) Ong phe phfin hfiu qua cua chinh sach thric dfin Anh quan h^ Singapore Malaya; "ranh gidi gifla Singapore vfi Lien bang lfi "mpt quai vfit" dripc tao bdi cfic nhfi quy hogch vfi san xufit ban b Lufin Ddn" (31) Trdn thric t i , ly dia 1^ lfi diiu ngridi ta de cam nhfin dripc, song quan hdn lfi quan diem chfnh tri eiia cfic dang vi§n "Dang Nhfin dfin hfinh ddng" - PAP Da sd" thfinh vidn Dang PAP diu eho rfing: "thd'ng nhfil vdi bfin dao lfi tuy$t ddi quan trpng dd'i vdi sri sd'ng edn cua mdt qudc gia thinh vflpng, khdng cdng san" Dfiy von lfi mdt chii d i thridng xuyen dripc trao dd'i cac chfldng trtnh nghi Sri ciia Dang PAP ke tfl Singapore tuydn bd' tach khdi lien bang Malaya nfim 1946: sfip nhfip trd lai hay lfi tdn tai ddc lfip vdi Malaya? Trong Dang PAP, khuynh hfldng cua nhflng ngridi edng san Singapore thi mud'n tiep tue thric hi$n quy che ridng bidt eua Singapore, hridng tdi xay dring mdt "phao dfii cdng san d Ddng Nam A" Trong dd, da so'cdn lai thi ding tinh vdi vide gia nhfip trd lai vao hen bang Malaya Nfim 1959, Bd trridng tfii chfnh Singapore da dria ldi d i nghi thfinh l^p mpt thi trridng chung vdi Lien bang Malaya thdng qua vi$c khdi ddng "Chridng trtnh hda hpp vdi LiCn bang" Tuy nhien, nhflng cudc dfim thogi sd bd diin nfim 1960 dfi bi bd Iflng bdi sri khdng thdng nhfit V&i di loan ven lanh ttid' gifla hai khuynh hridng tren chria thong nhfit npi bd chinh quyin Singapore: "khuynh hridng Malaya" vfi "khuynh hridng Trung Qudc" Trong diiu kidn dd, Singapore khd cd t h i khdi ddng dripc "Chridng trinh hda hpp vdi Lien bang" Thdi dilm dfiu thfip nidn 60 cua t h i 1^ XX, chfnh phii Singapore nhfin thiic dripc nhflng khd khfin mfi hp dang phai dSi mfit Trfldc tidn phai k l din Ifi sfl gfin kit hiiu cd v i mfit dia 1^ gifla Singapore vdi Lidn bang Malaya Tiip dd, v i chfnh tri, Singapore se khd gifinh dflpc ddc lfip thric sri niu lfip tflc hofin tofin d^c Ifhp vdi Lien bang Malaya Niu Singapore khdng sfip nhfip vdi Malaya thi "khd cd kha nfing ngridi Anh cdng nh&n nen ddc lfip ciia Singapore" (32); "ddc lfip cho Singapore lfle nfiy Ifi mdt ao tridng nguy hilm, dao quic nfiy se tri hiiy di^t minh niu nd tfl chdi hpp nhfit Malaysia" (33) V i kinh te', Singapore dang phai ddi mfit vdi thfich thflc ldn, dd lfi tinh hinh thfldng mai - ngfinh kinh te mui nhpn cua Singapore dang sa sut nghiem trpng, nhu cfiu dfiu tfl von nflde ngofii gia tfing Mfit khfic Lien bang Malaya dang lfi thi trfldng tidu thu tfl nhien, cfic du an xfiy dflng khu cdng nghidp Idn tai Penang, Kualalumpur vdi nhiing liu dfii, bao ho t h u i quan lfi thach thflc ddi vdi nin kinh t i eiia Singapore Bd trfldng Tai chinh Goh Keng Swee da nhin thfiy diiu nfiy rfit rd rfing vfi nhfin xdt rfing "bfit cfl diiu ^ chflng ta nhfim thay doi n i n kinh t i chi cd thi cd dflpc ne'u Singapore va Lien bang tich hpp nhfl lfi mdt nen kinh ti", "niu khdng cd mdt sd' hinh thflc cua hoi nhfip kinh t i hofie thi trfldng chung, efie nin kinh t i Singapore vfi Malaya se tnie tiip canh tranh vdi nhau, dfic bidt lfi viec thu hut cfic nhfi dfiu tfl nfldc ngofii Singapore vdi Iflc Iripng cdng nhfin it hdn, chi phf san xufit cao hdn da gfiy bfit ldi eho chfnh nd Nhieu cdng ty d dia phridng nhri cfic cdng ty san xufit gifiy ddp cao su dia phridng da ehuyin ngoai vi chi phi d re hdn d Singapore" (34) Ve xfi hdi, nan nhfip cri d at, dfic biet lfi ngridi Hoa dang lfim cho vflng dfit nhd bd nfiy ngfiy cfing ddng dfin hdn; tlnh trgng thfit nghidp gia tfing Niu gia nhfip Lidn bang Malaysia, Singapore se giai quyit dripc khd khfin trdn Dfic bidt, linh vric kinh te, Singapore hy vpng se thie't lfip dflpc mpt thi trudng ehung vdi Lien bang, khdi phue lai nin kinh t i bi dinh trd sau chiin tranh, thu hut cac Iudng vd'n dfiu tri tfl bdn ngofii Nen kinh t i cua Singapore se khdng bi mfi't ehii ddng gia nhfip mdt thi trfldng ehung Lien btuig Thfle te, niu so sanh vdi Lien hang Malaya, thu nh^p cua Lien bang Malaya trridc vfi sau ddc lfip chu yiu lfi phu thudc vfio t h u i hai quan vfi nin kinh t i ndng nghidp lae hfiu, dd thu nhfip cua bang Singapore lai Ifi tfl vide thflc hidn chfnh sfich thfldng mai tfl vfi tu hda eang hien Vi v|y, sap nhfip, Singapore vfin dam bao dflpc sU dpe lfip cae chinh sach kinh t i cua minh ddi vdi Lien bang Vi chinh tri, neu khdng gia nhfip Lidn bang thi khd ed kha nfing Singapore gifinh dflpc doe lfip Nhri vfiy, chridng trinh "hda hpp" din lue nfiy khdng phai lfi "cd the" nfla mfi thi^c sri dfi trd nen can thiit ddi vdi Singapore Trong cudc trflng cfiu dan y td ehflc Singapore vao thang 9-1961, cd tdi 90% cfl tri di bd phieu, 71% sd phiiu dflpc trflng cfiu da tfin chu trridng gia nhfip Lien bang Malaya Ngfiy 16-11-1961, tgi KualaLumpur vfi Singapore, trridc sri chflng kiin ciia chfnh quyin Anh, cfic chinh phu da cdng bo dat dripc cfic thda thufin "hda hpp" nhu sau: Sau sfip nhfip, chinh phii trung Udng se dam nhfin cfic vfi'n de dd'i ngogi, qudc phdng Rghian curu iJch siSr stf 6.2013 vfi an ninh ndi bd Singgapore vfin se dam nh^n cac vfin d i thupc tfii chfnh, nhfin lric vfi giao due Singapore vfin lfi hai cang tri do, cd chfnh phii, ed quan lfip phap vfi ngfldi dflng dfiu nha nfldc ridng Singapore dflpc chi dinh nghi si vfio Thridng vidn va 15 nghi si vao Hg vipn Cdng dfin ciia Singapore vfin gifl nguyen tfi't ca mpi quyin chfnh tri cua minh; cfic quyin lpi v i gifio due, lufit phfip, chfnh sfich cfl tru, t h u i thu eiia Lien bang dflpc ap dung binh dang V i vfiii d i cfin cfl qufin sri, ehinh phii Singapore da dgt dripc thda thufin vdi Malaya: cfic cfin cfl qufin sfl tai day vfin se Anh kilm sofit de "bao ve hda binh d Ddng Nam A" Nhri vfiy, sfl hidn dien cua ngridi Anh tai Singapore vfin dripc dam bao cho Singapore khai thac dich vu kinh t i , giai quyet nan thfit nghidp vfi cung lfi dl dam bao an ninh cho Singapore Ngfiy 9-7-1963, dai didn lidn bang Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak vfi ehinh phii Anh da ky kit dripc thda thufin v i viec thfinh Ifip mdt qudc gia mdi lfi lidn bang Malaysia, theo thda thufin, viec tuyen b i thfinh lfip nha nridc mdi di? dinh se dripc tiin hfinh ngfiy 31-8-1963 Tuy nhien, bfit ddng vdi cfic qudc gia lfing giing vi vSh d i tranh ch£p lanh \h6 vflng B^c Borneo da lfim chflm dri dinh tuydn bo ddc lfip ciia lidn bang Malaysia Ngdy 16-91963, trUdc sii chOng kiin cua Liin Hdp Qudc vd dgi diin chinh quyin Anh, chinh phu Malaysia tuyen bd chinh thitc thdnh lap "Liin bang Malaysia" Nhri vfiy, miic tieu "tofin ven lanh tho" cua chfnh quyin Malaya v i cd ban da thfinh cdng (ngogi trfl sri va vfip quan he vdi cfic nridc lang giing hen quan din vi$c sfip nhfip vung lanh tho Bfic Borneo) Lien bang Malaysia dripc Ifip vdi cd cfiu to chfle hfinh ehinh 14 bang thong nhfit Cfic bang nfiy da dang v i cfic dfin tpc, sfic tde, khdng thufin nhfit v i the c h i chinh tri vfi khfic biet sau sfic ve trinh dd kinh t i - xa hdi Dfiy vfla lfi thufin lpi vfi eiing vfla lfi thfich thfle ddi vdi chinh quyin Lien bang Malaysia sfl nghidp cung co nin ddc lfip dan tpc sau nfiy CHU THICH (1) T§n ciia lign bang Malaysia tnidc n i m 1963 (2) Bao Sembilan, gom: Perak, Johor, Selangor, Negeri- PerUs, Kedah, Pahang, Terengganu vk Kelautan, Penang, Malacca (3) Regina l i m Federal • State Relations Sabah, Malaysia, (4) Tan in Institute of SouthEast Asian Tai Yong Decolonization "Greater the Politics of Merger, Singapore: ISEAS, 2008, p.l52 (5), (8), (9), (11), (13), (14), (18) (19), (20) (21), (22) Tan Tai Yong, sdd, tr 158, 154, 152, 68, 151152, 71, 67, 31, 68-69, 68, 68 (24), (25), (26), (27), (28) Tan Tai Yong, sdd, p 70, 193, 68, 68, 68-69 (29) Lee Kuan Yew The Singapore Creating and (23) Tau Tai Yong, sdd, p.69 (Tunku'a Speech in Parliament, 16 October 1961) Studies, Singapore, 2008, p.41 Malaysia": (6), (7), (10), (12), (15), (16), (17) Regina Lim, sdd, p 41, 5, 44, 45, 44, 45, 43 Memoirs of Lee Kuan Story: Yew, Singapore: Federal Pubhcations, 2000, p 362 (30) D.G.E Hall Lich sH Bdng Nam A, Nxb Chinh tri Quic gia, Hfi N§i 1997, tr 1255 (31), (32), (33), (34) Tan Tai Yong add, p 37, 40, 37 37-38 ... dinh mdi quan h^ gifla Lidn bang vfi tieu bang Vi phfa Malaya, chfnh phii Lien bang cam kit sau sap nh$p se thflc hi$n eac diiu ki§n tren, ddng thdi chfnh quyin Lien bang phai cd trfich nhidm trp... Lidn bang trridc tiin hfinh sfip nhfip ca Singaopre vfio Lidn bang Vi sdp nhdp bang Singapore vdo Liin bang Malaysia Vfio thdi diem sau dpe lfip, chfnh quyin Malaya nhfin thfiy rfing, nhiing diin... ddc lfip ciia lidn bang Malaysia Ngdy 16-91963, trUdc sii chOng kiin cua Liin Hdp Qudc vd dgi diin chinh quyin Anh, chinh phu Malaysia tuyen bd chinh thitc thdnh lap "Liin bang Malaysia" Nhri vfiy,