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Bài viết trình bày tóm tắt lịch sử Việt nam trong thế kỷ XX đã qua ba lần hội nhập quốc tế với nhưng mốc niên đại 1930, 1950, 1986; đôi nét về quá trình hội nhập trong lịch sử cách mạng Việt Nam và lịch sử ra đời, đấu tranh của Đảng Cộng Sản gắn liền với những biến động của tình hình thế giới.
KY NIEM 50 NAM NGHICN Ciru UCH SIT DflNG TRONG BOI CRNH HOI NHRP QUOC TC' GS, NGND VC DlTONG NINH* Cd the ndi tdm tat, lich sii Vi?t Nam the ky XX da trai qua ba lan hpi nhap qudc te vdi nhimg md'c nien dgi: 1930,1950 va 1986 Sau nhung nam thang tim dudng cuu nudc, Nguyen Ai Qud'c - Ho Chi Minh da neu len mot lugn de quan trpng: Vi^t Nam la mdt bd phan ciia the gidi, each mang Viet Nam la mpt bp phan eiia each mgng the gidi Chan ly tudng nhu gian don dd dupe nit tu thuc tien quan sat cac trao luu each mang the' gidi, tu nhiing trai nghiem ban than qua trinh tie'p xiic vdi cac dan tpc nam ehau bdn bien, va ciing la kinh nghiem due ke't tu lieh sii da'u tranh cho'ng thyc dan xam lupc Cac phong trao chdng Phap cuoi the ky XIX ndi len tinh than dau tranh kien cudng cua nhan dan Viet Nam cdng cudc bao ve Td qud'c, song deu khdng dat dupc ke't qua Ben canh nhimg nguyen nhan dan deh that bgi nhu su khdng can siic giiia ta va dich, vi|c thieu mpt luc lupng lanh dgo cd nang luc va tinh tan mgn ciia cac cudc ndi day la tinh trgng hau nhu khep kin timg dia phuong, lai cang khdng " Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha Noi TAP CHi LICH Sir D A N G - S6 5/2012 ed mdi lien h^ vdi the gidi ben ngoai, ngoai mpt vai cupc phdi hpp tac ehieh mang tinh ty phat vdi ngudi Lao va ngudi Campuchia De'n dau the ky XX, cae nha yeu nudc da he md canh eiia nhin the gidi, hoac mudn theo md hinh tan kieii Nhgt Ban, hoac mudn theo che' dp dan quyen kieu Phap, nhung ehinh Phap va Nhgt Igi dan ap nhiing y tudng cap tien dd Trong tinh trang hau nhu be tac, Nguyen Ai Qud'c rdi dat nudc di va mudi nam sau da tim thay anh sang tii Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga, tu hpc thuyet Lenin va hudng each mgng Viet Nam di theo Quoc te' thii Ba Dd la buac khai dau cho su hoi nhdp cdch mqng Viet Nam vdo trdo luu cdch mqng v6 sdn the'gi&i ma su thdnh lap Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam da'u ndm 1930 la md'c ddnh dau tiin trinh hoi nhap Idn thit nhdi ciia cdch mqng Viit Nam Dang Cpng san Viet Nam da giucmg cao ngpn cd giai phdng dan tdc, doan ke't toan dan tie'n hanh cudc Tdng khdi nghia gianh ehinh quyai vao Thang Tam nam 1945, khai sinh nha nudc Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda Ngay tii dau lap, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da giii thu keu gpi eac cudng qud'c hay cdng nhan nen ddc Igp ciia Vidt Nam va ket ngp KY NIEM 50 NAM Vift Nam vdp Lifn hpp qud'c Nhung khdng mpt chinh phii ndo, ke cd Nhd nudc Xdviet, Ifn Hfhg iing hp cuOc khdng chif'n chinh nghia, vd td't nhifn l?i cdng khdng cd mdt sv vifn trp ndp" Chi cd mpt kenh rd't nhd hvdng thf gidi qua cdc Phdng thdng tin ddt d Bdngcd'c, Rdnggun, Niu Deli de ndi vdi Praha d chdu Au ttong mpt thdi gian ngin Trudc dm muu tai xam lupc aia thvc dan Phdp dupc su bp dd aia qudn Anh d phia Nam va sv thda hif p cua Trung Hoa Dan qud'c d phia BIC, ehieh tranh da biing nd Nhdn dan Vift Nam phdi diing day chien dd'u ttong the don dpc, nhung van diing viing, timg budc khIng dinh y chi va su?c m^nh ciia minh, "5 nam chien dd'u dau tien a'y giir mpt vi tti ddc bif t ttong ciiien ttanh gidi phdng vd giii nudc hifn dai oia Vift Nam"^ Thing Ipi cua each mang Trung Qud'c vd sv thdnh lap nha nudc Cpng hda Nhdn dan Trung Hoa da gdp phan gidi tda linh ttang bi bao vdy dd, each mang Vift Nam cd dieu kifn nd'i lien vdi thS' gidi ben ngodi Chuyen di dd'u ndm 1950 aia Chii tich Ho Chi Minh dfh Bic Kinh vd Mdtxcova dat dupc thing Ipi to Idn ve mat ngoai giao, Trung Qud'c vd Lifn Xd chinh thiic cdng nhdn Vift Nam Dan chu Cpng hda Tiep dd, cdc chinh phii ddn chii nhdn ddn d Ddng Au ciing nhu Mdng Cd va Trieu Tien lan lupt ddt quan hf ngo?i giao vdi nudc ta The Id tit ndm 1950, vdi cudc hdi nhap lan thit hai, cdch mqng Viit Nam da phd dugc the hi bao viy, hoi nhdp vdo the giii XHCN vd trd thdnh thdnh viin cua h^ thong XHCN D?i hdi lan thii II aia Ddng ndm 1951 da khIng djnh budc hpi nhf p quan trpng ndy Vifc hdi nhdp vdp hf thdng XHCN c6 y nghia rd't trpng d?i ddi vdi cupc khing chifh chdng Phdp vd chdiig My ttong bcS cdnh phan hda hai cvc aia Trat tv the gidi sau The chifh II Vift Nam da nhan dirpc sv ddng tinh ve chinh trj, sv img hp ve kinh tf vd sv vifn ttp ve qudn sv, dii sire chdng chpi nhiing thf Ivc hem ta nhieu lan Trong bd't or hoan cdnh nao, Ddng va nhan dan Vift Nam van coi su ung hp qudc te^ ddc bift la sv vifn ttp oia cac nudc XHCN Id mpt ttong nhung nhan tff CO bdn dem l?i thing Ipi cudi cimg ciia sy nghiep daii ttanh bdp vf ddc lap dan tpc vd thdng nha't dd't nude Nhung sau chien thing ve vang dy, nhieu dieu kifn chu quan va khach quan, nudc ta lai roi vao tinh ttang bj bao vay nghiem ttpng Khd khdn chong chdt ttfn cdc linh vvc kinh le, qudc phdng va ngoji giao Trudc thdch thiic gay git dd, D?i hpi Dang lan thii VI (1986) de dudng Iffi md cira, khic phvc sai lam aia thdi ky bao cap, gidi tda cdc vudng mlc ttong quan hf qudc tf^ dua da't nudc hpi nhdp vdi the gidi ben ngodi Vifc chain diit thoi ky chiai ttarJi l?nh cimg sv tan rd aia hf thdng XHCN d chdu Au ddt nhung van df mdi Thvc hifn phucmg chdm da phirong hda, da d^ng hda, quan hf i& ngoai Viet Nam dtrpc md rdng vdi cdc doi tdc khac nhau, cac Hnh vuc khac TAP CHi LICH SCr O A N G - S6 ilVS^ KY NIEM 50 NAM vd tten cdc tang nac khdc Nhd nhiing dv bdo cd y nghia thiet thvc cho vdy, tinh ttang bi bao vdy cha'm diit, nudc budc phdt trien sau ndy ta lan lupt ddt quan hf vdi td't cd cac nudc Trudc nay, ttong cdc gido trinh ve Idn, tham gia cdc td chiic qud'c tf quan Lich sir Ddng, df cap dfn giai dojn ttpng, dan dan ndng cao vi the qud'c tf ndo ciing deu ddnh phan dd'u cho vifc oia minh LSn hdi nhap thir ba bdt dau tie gidi thifu tinh hinh the,gidi aia giai ndm 1986 dd dua Viet Nam tham gia cdc hoqt doan dd Ddy la vifc ldm can thift ddng ciia cdng dong thi'gidi, tra thdnh ngucrinhimg se Id khdng dii nfu mud'n tim ban, ddi tdc tin cdy vd thdnh viin co trdeh hifu sau xa cdi nguon ciia cdc su kifn, nhiim trin truong qudc ii' cdc quyft dinh tifn trinh lanh djo Ba la'n hpi nhdp danh dd'u ba budc chuyen cd tam chif'n lupc ciia cdch mang Vift Nam, dva Vift Nam vupt qua khd khdn thdch thiic, md hudng di len, dat dupc nhieu thdnh tiru ttong sv nghifp gidi phdng ddn tdc vd kifn thift dd't nudc Diein qua ddi net ve qud trinh hpi nhdp ttong Uch sir each mang Viet Nam de thd'y rang ljch sir ddi vd da'u ttanh aia Ddng Cdng sdn g i n lien vdi nhiing hifn ddng cua tinh hinh thf gidi, vira chju dnh hudng ciia cac sv kifn qud'c tf vd ttong mdt so trudng hpp lai cd khd ndng tac dpng df'n nhirng diin bifh qud'c tf Mdi quan he hai chieu dd cd liic gdy khd khan, nhung cd liic l?i t^o thudn Ipi cho tifn trinh cdch mjng Do vdy, nghien ciiu Lich sir Ddng khdng chi tip trung phdn tich ban than cdc sv kifn oia Dang md nfu ddt nd ttong bdi canh qud'c tf cu the thi se hieu sdu xa ngudn goc cua va'n de, se gidi thich dupc nhiing nhdn to dan dfn cdc quyft djnh ciia Ddng ttong timg tinh hud'ng vd qua dd nit nhiing kinh nghifm, df xua't TAP CHi LICH SCf B A N G - S 5/2012 aia Ddng Cimg vdi cdc nhdn td ttong nudc, vifc nghign ciiu nhirng nhdn to ben ngodi se ldm sang td sv tinh toan timg budc di the hifn tam nhin chifn lupc vd nhiing quyft sach mem deo aia Dang thich iing vdi tinh hinh thvc tign nham dat dupc hieu qud td't nhd't ttong nhirng bdi cdnh cu the Ve mdt dd'i ngoai, hch sir hai cudc khang chien ciia nhdn dan ta dupc ddnh ddii bdi ba bdn hifp dinh ky ke't vao cac ndm: 1946, 1954 vd 1973 Dd cd nhieu tdi lifu cua Ddng ddnh gia thdnh tvu, nhieu cdng ttinh khoa hpc phdn tich ndi dung vd y nghia cua cac hifp dinh Ddng thdi cung xud't hifn khdng it y kifn ban thdo ve kft qud va han chf cua mdt so dieu khodn ttong cac van kifn dd Vd duong nhien, cudc ttanh luan mang tinh hpc thudt ve nhirng vdh df dd thudng keo ddi, khd cd hdi kft Thvc ra, cdc lap luan deu cd co sd nha't dinh, hoac dua vdo y mudn chit quan, hodc cdn a i vdo cdc nhdn to khdch quan Vdh de se sdng td hon cac sv kifn dupc xem xet ttong bdi canh qudc te' KV NIEM 50 NAM Hifp udc Triing Khdnh giiia Phdp va Trung Hoa da ky ngdy 28-2 thi Hifp dinh So bp chinh Id sdch lupc tranh ciing mdt luc phdi dd'i phd vdi nhieu ke thii nguy CO dupc dv bdo tir trudc ngdy Tdng khdi nghia Dd ciing Id cdch phdn hda ke thii, chpn dung dd'i thii la thvc dan Phdp ngoan cd' rip tdm trd l?i Ddng Duong Cac cupc ddm phdn tifp theo t?i Dd Lat, Phdngtenobld cho tdi T?m udc 14-9 la nhung cd ging ngdn chjn chifh ttanh, dong thdi Id thdi gian can thift de chuah bi chif'n da'u Song cudi ciing, cdi gi phii den da dfn Cupc khdng chif'n chong thvc dan Phap himg nd vdo dem 19-121946 tten pham vi ca nudc Cupc ttanh luan sdi ndi ve nhung dieu khodn ttong Hiip dinh Gianeva ndm 1954 ciing keo ddi ttong nhieu nam^ Nhin tir nhiing thing Ipi aia qudn ddn ta ttong cupc khdng chif'n, nhd't Id vdi chien thang lly limg Difn Bien Phii thi phai Trong bdi cdnh qudc tf day rdy khd chdng vifc quy dinh gidi tuyen tam thoi khan nhu vdy, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da d VT tuyfn 17 va thdi h?n ti&i tdi tong ldnh d?o Ddng di nudc cd "hda de tien", tuyen cir ndm la khdng tuong xiing, cd phan nhdn nhupng de chudn bi cho kf khdc vdi de xud't hpp ly ban dau la VT sdch ldu ddi Ngay sau Hifp dinh tuyen 16 vdi thdi han thdng Nhimg dupc cdng bd^ cdc ddng phdi ddi ldp hdi bdn khodn dd Id cd co sd Song, neii nhin dd (Vift Qud'c, Viet Cdch, Dai Vift ) md nhdn Hpi nghj Gionevo ttong bdi cdnh dpt cdng kieh du ddi, ddc bif t nham vao qud'c tf' nira dau nhirng ndm 50 thi cd the dieu khoan de 15 ngdn qudn Phdp vao tha'y nhiing khia c?rih khac mifn BIC Viet Nam thay thf 200 ngan Trat tv the gidi hai cvc da xuat hifn tit qudn Trung Hoa Ddn qud'c _Se khd gidi sau cupc Thf chif'n II, song phdi d & ndm thich nfu chi nhin vdo tinh hinh 1950 mdi thvc sv ndi len rd net d khu vifc nudc dang sue sdi Idng cam thii thuc ddn Ddng A Sv lap Cdng hda Nhan Phdp Nhung xet moi quan hf qud'c t f dan Trung Hoa da nang vj the qudc 1^ cua nd, moi hrong quan Ivc lupng giiia cdc chu the trf n binh dif n thf gidi vd trpng the Hfn cdng hodc hoa hodn giira cdc nudc Idn cd drJi hudng chi phdi dfn todn eye Bdn Hiip dinh Sa b^ ngdy 6-3-1946 Id kf't qud ciia cupc ddm phdn trvc tif'p giira Vift Nam vd Phdp tai Ha Npi Nd khdng chi Id cdu chuyfn ciia hai ben md lien quan dfn nhifu thf Ivc, ttvc tif'p la ba dinh aia tam gidc quan hf giiia Vift Nam - Phdp - Trung Hoa Ddn qud'c Ddng sau Phdp vd Trung Hoa la Anh vd My; Vift Nam roi vdo thf cd lap, khdng nhdn dupc sv cdng nhan oia bd't cir nudc ndo Thdi dp im lang cua Lien Xd ciing mac nhien tao dieu kien thudn Ipi cho ke hoqich oia Phdp ttd lai Ddng Duong Nhin ttfn binh difn qud'c tf mdi cd the gidi thich thdi dp hirng hd aia Lien Xd ddi vdi sv ddi ciia Nhd nudc Vift Nam Ddng Cdng sdn ldnh dao T/liP CHi L|CH Sl> DANG - SO 5/2012 KY NIEM 50 NAM ciia he thd'ng XHCN, xuat hi^n chinh quyen ddi Igp d Bac Kinh va Dai B^e Tren ban dao Trieu Tien cung da hinh hai nha nude Dai Han DSn qud'c va Cdng hda Dan chii Nhan dan Trieu Tien Thang 6-1950 bung nd cupc chien tranh giiia hai mien, ban dau mang tinh chat mpt eude npi chien Song, vifc bp eua My va eae Ddng minh mang danh nghia Lien hpp qud'c hd trp Han Qud'c va sy tham chien ciia Chi nguyfn quan Trung Qud'c ling hp Trieu Tien da bie'n ban diio noi dp sung tryc tie'p dau tien giira quan dpi thupe hai phe TBCN va XHCN O Viet Nam cd diem khae, eupe khang chie'n chdng thue dan Phap mang tinh chat mdt cudc da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc, giai quye't mau thuan dan tpc giua nhan dan Viet Nam vdi de qud'c Phap Tli nam 1950, My tang cudng vien trp eho Phap va Trung Qud'c tie'n hanh vien trp cho Viet Nam nen chien tranh Viet Nam ciing phan anh mau thuln giiia hai phe trat ty the gidi Nhung neii ban dao Trieu Tien la bai ehieh trudng true dien giiia My va Trung Qud'c, thi d Viet Nam, ngoai mdt so cd' van eua mdi ben, luc lupng tac chie'n van la quan dan Viet Nam vdi dpi quan vien chinh Phap va quan dpi quoc gia ciia Bao Dgi Sau ba nam ehieh tranh khd'c liet giua hai mien Nam - Bac Trieu Tien khdng phan thang bgi, hai ben ky Hiep dinh ngimg ban Ban Mdn Diem, trd ve diem xua't phat ban dau la Vi tuyen 38 Dieu eho thay eupe ddi dau true TAP CHi LICH Sl> D A N G - S 5/2012 difn bang vii luc, chua ben nao cd the gianh phan thang quye't dinh, tinh trang giang CO se keo dai nen hai phe deu tim giai phap thda hiep Mdi phe Igi ed nhung Iy rieng de di vao hda hoan: Phap thua dam lam Anh lo lang lan sdng da'u tranh se Ian sang eac thudc dia eua minh My tang cudng vien trp khdng hifu quci da tinh deh chuyfn the chan Phap; Lien Xd dang trai qua cupc tranh chap quyen lye sau cai che't ciia Stalin; Trung Qud'c viia tuyen bo lap nha nudc Cpng hda Nhan dan da phai lao vao hai eupe chie'n d Trieu Tien va Vift Nam, rat can thdi gian hda binh de kieh thie't dat nudc Trong bdi canh do, tu tudng hda hoan bao trum gidi lanh dgo ciia ca hai phe, va vay, vifc ngiing ban d Trieu Tien vdi su phan chia hai mien dupc coi nhu hinh mau de giai quye't van de Ddng Duong Cudc hpp giiia cac nudc Idn dau nam 1954 d Beelin di de'n quye't dinh trif u tap Hdi nghi Gionevo ban ve van de ngung bin d Trieu Tien va d Ddng Duong Hdi nghi ve Trieu Tien khdng dat dupc hifp dinh hda binh giiia hai mien nhung ehieh tranh cung khdng tai dien Cho deh nay, ve mat phap ly qud'c te^ ban dao van d tinh trgng "ngiing ban" Sy dd vd ciia Hdi nghi Gionevo ve Trieu Tien lam cho cac ben lo nggi mdt ke't qua tuong tu se xay ban deh van de Ddng Duong, va sud't tien trinh hdi nghi, eupe dam phan giiia cac nudc Idn bi chi phd'i bdi ndi am anh KY NIEM 50 NAM Viet Nam la te lupng khdng chifh chinh ttong cupc ddi dau vdi thvc ddn Phdp vd can thiep My ttfn chifh trudng E)dng Duong, nhung t?i Hpi nghj Gionevo, Vift Nam la dodn dai bieu "dupc mdi" bdi Lien Xd Nfu phia ben cd dai bif'u aia ba chinh phii Qud'c gia Vift Nam, Vuong qud'c Lao, Vuong qud'c Campuchia Phdp dvng Ifn, thi phia bfn ndy khdng cd dai bieu Ivc lupng khdng chien ciia hai nudc ban, mac dau Trudng dodn Pham Vdn Ddng Ifn tifng ddi hdi quyfn cdng bang dd Ngodi cdc phien hpp chinh thirc, cdc cupc thuong lupng thvc chd't chi xoay quanh giiia cac nudc Idn ~ Anh, Phap vd Trung Qud'c, Lien Xd Nhiing thda thudn tai Lieu Chau giiia Chii tich Hd Chi Minh vdi Thu tudng Trung Qudc Chu An Lai khdng dupc thvc thi ttift de Trong hodn cdnh nhu vdy, nhirng mong mud'n cua ta khd cd the dat dupc hodn toan Tuy nhien, nhirng han chf tten khdng the phu nhdn nhiing tun tai Hpi nghi Gionevo Nfu nam 1946, dai difn Cpng hda Phdp chi cdng nhan Vift Nam "la mdt qud'c gia tu do", 15 ngdn qudn Phdp dupc vao mien Bac Vift Nam, thi tai Gionevo, "Hpi nghi chiing nhdn tuyen bd aia Chinh phu Phap se tdn trpng dpc lap, chii quyen, thd'ng nhd't va toan ven lanh thd ala Campuchia, Lao va Viet Nam", "chiing nhdn tuyfn bo cua Chinh phii Phap san sang rut quan dpi Phdp khdi Campuchia, Ldo vd Viet Nam" Hon the niia, "trong quan hf vdi Campuchia, Lao, Vift Nam, cdc nudc tham gia Hpi nghi cam kft tdn ttpng chii quyfn, ddc Ifp, thd'ng nha't vd todn v ^ ldnh thd aia moi nudc"* Dd chinh Id cdn cii phdp ly de nhan dan ta tif'p tuc cupc daii ttanh chdng sv xam Ivpc ciia My trfn chifn ttudng ding rJiu ttfn ban ddm phdn Pari sau ndy Cudc ddm phdn Pari (1968-1973) diin mOt bd'i cdnh khdc Cupc Tdng tien cdng Mdu Thdn ndm 1968 bupc Tdng thdng My Gidnxcm phdi tuyen bd ngimg, bin phd mifn Bic, de nghi thucmg lupng khdng kfm theo dieu kifn "cd di cd l?i" nhu bd'y ldu van ddi hdi Cupc dam phdn tifn hdnh tay ddi giiia ta vd Hoa Ky keo dai hon ndm, khdng cd sv tham dv aia mdt nudc ndo khdc Viet Nam ttanh thii tham khdo y kifn cdc ddng minh XHCN, song tir kinh nghifm Gionevo, dd giii viing the chii dpng ttong sudt tien trinh thdo ludn tir cac phien hpp cdng khai dai cdc phien hpp kin Tir nhung cudc ban cai d Pari, cd hai ben deu lang nghe d&g Sling ttfn chi&i trudng, thf giang co tren ttdn dia ddn dfn vifc keo ddi thucmg lupng tai Hpi ngM Ndm 1972, cupc hda dam budc vao giai doan chuain bi cho hdi kft vi ba ly sau ddy: Mdt, cupc Tdng tifn cdng Xuanr He 1972 vd hdnh dpng ttd dua aia My ban phd ttd lai mien Bac da dua cugc chif'n Ifn miic dp cdng thang khdc lift Nhiing dpt chifh da'u gidnh gift timg thudc da't ttfn Thanh co Qudng T4 cho thdy cupc dp siic quyft lift ala hai ben TAP CHi UCH Sir D A N G • s o 5/2012 KY NIEM 50 NAM tren todn chifn ttudng ciing chua thf ngd ngii Hai, Id nam bau cir Tdng thd'ng d My, Nichxon mud'n tdi o i bang qudn chii bai "hda binh d Vift Nam", linh My se ttd ve gia dirJi hp Cd hai ben deu mud'n tranh thii thdi co df kft thiic ddm phdn, vd qua dd, Nichxon se nam chic phan thing cir Ba, quan hf qud'c tf cd su dich chuyfn quan ttpng bdi chuyfn di cua Tdng thd'ng My df'n BIC Kinh hdi thdng Hai vd dfn Mdtxcova hoi thang Nam Sau dd, Thu tudng Tnmg Qud'c va Chii tich Hpi ddng Bp trudng Lien Xd lan lupt sang Hd Npi de bdy td sv cam ket van tiep tuc img hd Viet Nam Ddu van la rJiirng tin hifu ba't Ipi ddi vdi cudc khdng chifn ciia nhdn ddn ta cdc ddng minh da bat tay vdi ke thii vi nhiing Ipi ich rieng aia hp Nhirng vv viec sau nam 1975 da minh chiing nguy co dd neii ta khdng sdm kft thiic chifn ttanh Cho nen Vift Nam thiic day "dam phdn di vdo thvc chat" vdi ban Dv thdo thdng Mudi nam 1972 dupc cd hai ben chd'p nhdn, de Uch trinh ky kf't rd rdng Ta gdc lai vifc ddnh dd Nguyen Vdn Thifu va Chinh quyen Sai Gdn, Hoa Ky phai cdng nhdn ddc lap chu quyen vd todn ven ldnh thd cua Vift Nam, se riit quan khdi nudc ta ttong thdi han 60 ngay, vdn giii gidi hiy&i qudn sv tam thdi VT tuyfn 17 nhung thira nhdn d mien Nam ton tai hai chinh phil, hai quan dpi vd ba luc lupng chinh tti Thay rd nguy co bi My bd roi, Thieu phdn dd'i dir dpi My la'y cd dd df TAP CHl LICH SCF B A N G - S 5/2012 ep ta nhupng bp, ddi sita dd'i ban Dv thdo thdng Mudi Cupc oanh kieh thdng 12 bing B52 vdo Hd Npi vd cdc thdnh phd khac cung nhdm myc dich gdy siic ep ddi vdi ta, ddng thdi td rd cho Sdi Gdn bift sv iing hp ciia My Nhung cupc chd'ng ttd anh diing cua qudn ddn mien BIC budc dd'i phuong phdi ttd l?i bdn dam phdn Hifp dinh Pari dupc ky kft thdng 1-1973 vdi npi dung co bdn aia bdn Dv thdo thdng Mudi Ddn cdc sv kifn tren de thd'y ring sv chuyen dich oia ba dinh tam giac quan hf My Trung - Xd nam 1972 la mdt nhirng nhdn to quan trpng ca'n tinh deh nudc cd kft thuc dam phan Vd vifc xem xet cdc su kien mdi quan hf qud'c tf cdng ldm sdng td cdc van de lich sir Chifn thing miia Xudn nam 1975 da kft thiic thing Ipi cudc khdng chien chd'ng My xdm lupc, md thdi ky kifn thift dd't nudc dieu kifn hda binh va thd'ng nha't Anh hudng qud'c tf oia Vift Nam dugc md rdng, thdng 9-1977 gia nhdp Lien hpp qud'c, thift lap quan hf ngoai giao vdi cdc nudc ASEAN vd nhieu nudc tten thf gidi Nhung chi vdi ndm sau, bau khdng chinh tri khu vvc bien ddi theo chieu hudng bdi ipi cho Vift Nam, bien gidi phia Tdy Nam vd phia BIC bi de dpa, cdc the luc bSn ngodi gdy siic ep, tifn hdnh bao vdy, cdtn van Viet Nam lai roi vdo tinh thf bi cd lap nghiem trpng Cho dfn nay, giai doan lich sir 1976 1986 chua dupc KY NIEM 50 NAM nghien ciru mpt each day dii, nhieu cdu hdi chua dupc gidi ddp, nhieu kinh nghifm chua dupc diic ket ttong nhiing bdi hpc cua giai dpan ndy cd y nghia rd't cd'p bdch va thift thvc ddi vdi vifc xir ly cdc mdi quan hf qud'c tf cua hdm vd mai sau Nghien ciiu lich sir ddn tpc cung nhu Lich sir Ddng ttong giai do?n nay, nhd't thiet phdi gin bd chdt che vdi tinh hinh the gidi de gidi thich nhiing bie'n dpng tudng nhu ngluch ly Van la thdi ky chifn tranh l^nh, the gidi vdn nam khudn khd trat tv hai cvc, bdn mdu thuan CO ban ciia thdi ky qua dp vdn cdn dd, vdy md vi cdc nudc dd timg la ddng minh thdi khdng chifn l^i cdng thing quan hf sau chifn tranh, tham chi da xdy cdc cupc chifn ttanh bien gidi, vl hp lai ung hp chf dp dif t chiing Khome Dd tdn bao nhd't hch sir rpi lai Idn tifng vu khdng "Vift Nam xam lupc Campuchia"? Cdn nhieu cdu hdi "vi sao" can dupc ddt di sau phan tich cac tinh hud'ng ddn dfn tinh trang hi bao vdy cd lap da'y hiem nguy Rd rang la nfu khdng ddt vifc nghien ciiu Lich sir Ddng vao bdi cdnh qud'c tf day bifn dpng cua thdi gian dd thi khd thd'y dupc nhirng thdnh cdng cung nhu nhiing han chf trudc nhiing thir thdch quyft lift, va vay, khd rut dupc nhiing kinh nghifm bd ich, thift thvc Dai hpi Ddng lan VI da md thdi ky doi mdi, dua da't nudc khdi tinh tt^ng bi cd ldp va ttmg budc hpi nhap qud'c te Dfh nay, hon mpt phan tu thfky da qua vdi nhieu thdnh h ^ tten cac mdt kitJi te, chinh tri, ngo^i giao, vin hda xd hfi Dd cd sv ddnh gid chinh thiic' cung nhu nhieu cdng trinh nghifn ciiu ve thdi ky ddi mdi va hdi nhap qud'c tf Nfu dat vifc nghifn aiu Lich sir Ddng ttong bc« cdnh qud'c tf oia thap nifn 80 thi cd the nhdn m?nh mSt thdnh cdng cua Ddng sif nim bit dung xu thi'vd thai ca tren thi gidi detii'n hdnh cdng cudc ddi mdi Nhin lai nhiing sv kifn tir giira thap ky 80 dfn giiia thfp ky 90 cd the thdy hai khd ndng dien bifn ciia tinh hinh doi ngo?i Vift Nam Mpt Id khd ndng xdii: Nfu khdng cd dudng Idi ddi ngoai doi mdi hinh thdnh giira hai ky Dai hpi VI va VII (1991), Vift Nam khdng cd gi thay dd'i ttong chinh sdch ddi npi va doi ngo?i, thi Lien Xd vd chf dp XHCN Ddng Au tan rd, Vift Nam cdng bi roi vdo thf cd lap nghifm ttpng hon rai nhieu vd khdng the tinh hft hau qua dfi vdi van mfnh aia da't nudc Nhung lich sir da chuyfn bifn theo khd nang thii hai, md thdi ky dd'i mdi ttong chinh sach ddi npi va ddi ngoai Vdi sv ddnh gia dung din ve xu thf phdt trif'n cua the gidi, xdc dinh nhifm vu "giii viing moi trudng hda binh, on dinh df phdt triSi kinh tf - xa hpi Id Ipi ich cao nhat ciia To qud'c"' Dang de dudng Idi hdi nhdp qud'c tf theo phuong cham da phirong hda vd da dang hda Xdc dinh vdh de Campuchia ldm khdu dot pha, Vift Nam TAP CHi LICH SCr D A N G - S6 5;2(l« KY NIEM 50 NAM tuyen bd riit toan bp quan d^i khdi da't nudc vao thang 9-1989 sau mudi nam giiip Bgn hdi sinh da't nudc, xda bd tan du ciia ehe dp di^t chiing, thie't lap nha nude Cpng hda Nhan dan, xay dyng lue lupng vii trang vung mgnh va gdp phan vao cdng ciia Hpi nghi Pari ve van de Campuchia (10-1991) Qua nhimg su kien dd, dan dan Vi?t Nam da lam "tan bang" quan he vdi cAc nude Ddng Nam A, binh thudng hda quan he vdi Trung Qud'c (11-1991), thie't lap quan h | vdi Lien minh chau Au (EU), xac lap Id trinh hude quan h^ vdi Hoa Ky va ehinh thiic tuyen bo "Viet Nam mud'n la bgn vdi tat ca cac nudc cdng ddng the' gidi phan dau vi hda binh, doe lap va phat trien" tai Dgi hpi vn, diln vao thang 6-1991 Ta't ca nhiing sy viec dd deu dupc thuc hien truac ngdy 31-12-1991 - thai diem kei thdc che XoviH Cho nen, trudc su bie'n ddng trpng dai cd ph&i bat ngd tren phgm vi the gidi, nudc Viet Nam XHCN gap nhieu thach thiic he't siie hiem nguy de'n van menh ciia che dp nhung van viing vang va tie'p tuc md dan nhiing canh eiia di vao hpi nhap the'gidi, de deh ttiang 7-1995 dgt dupe mpt vu miia bpi thu quan he ngoai giao: 11 thie't lap quan he vdi Hoa Ky, 17 ky Hiep dinh khung vdi EU, 28 gia nhap td ehiie ASEAN he ngoqi giao vai hdu hei cdc nuac vd tham gi to chitc khu vuc Dong Nam A Lich sii da tCmg x^y qua khii, khdng the khac dupc Nhung ngudi nghien aiu ljch sii phiii dgt eae gia thie't de tu dd nhin nhgn cae kha nang dien bien ciia tinh hinh, nghia la can dgt ehii "neii" Neu vao nhung nam eudi 80, Vi|t Nam khdng djnh dudng ldi ddi mdi, khdng giai tda cac mdi quan h | phiic tgp khu vyc, khdng budc dau md cac mdi quan he vdi ben ngoai, thi sau su kien Lien Xd tan - noi ma ta ludn coi la "hdn da tang", sd'phgn nudc nha se sao? De'n dd, ta se di "lam bgn" the cd dpc, yell kem va chac chan se chiu nhieu siic ep nang ne Nhung ta da vupt qua dupc nguy CO Nhiing cdng viec sau nam 1991 chinh la su tiep ndi nhiing tien de da dupc chuan bi td't thdi gian trudc Cho nen Viet Nam viing budc di vao the gidi vdi eac mdi quan he da phuong va da dang Qua tien trinh dien bie'n eiia eac sy kien, cd the thay noi len van de nam virng thai ca dieu kiin ngdt ngheo de thodt khoi hi'tac Va Dang da cdng bude tiioat hiem day cam go dd, tiep tuc phat huy qua va nang cao vi the qud'c te'ciia Vi$t Nam Gan ke't vifc nghien ciiu lieh sii hon 80 nam ciia Dang bdi canh hdi nhap qud'c te^ chiing ta cd th§' riit nhiing dieu gi cd y nghia thie't thyc? The'la, muai ndm dau ciia thcri ky doi Mgt, nhiing phat kie'n dia ly cudi the mdi, Viet Nam ddphd duac thi'bi bao vay cam ky XV, nha't la su phat trien kinh te'ciia CNTB tu niia sau the' ky XIX va kem van, gidi toa tinh trang bi co lap, thiei lap quan TAP CHi LICH SCr O A N G - S6 5/2012 K'i' NIEM 50 NAM theo dd Id sv banh trudng cua chii nghia thvc ddn khifn cho mpi diin bifn tirng nudc, rtrng khu vvc deu gdn lien vdi boi cdnh chung cua thf gidi Nha't Id thdi d?i phdt trif'n manh me cua khoa hpc cdng nghf, ttong thdi dai todn cau hda ngdy thi trdi dd't hau nhu thu nhd l?i, mdi lien hf giiia cdc sv kifn qud'c gia vd qud'c tf cdng gdn giii hon, thit chdt hon vd cd tdc dpng qua lai mft thift hon Cho nfn viec nghiin citu lich sit mdi qud'c gia khdng the tdch rdi lich sit cua khu vuc ndi riing vd lich sit thi' gidi ndi chung Dd Id mdt thvc tf khdch quan md vifc nghifn ciru Lich sir Dang ciing khdng nam ngodi quy ludt khdch quan dd Hai, nghien ciiu cac van kifn ciia Ddng cho thd'y mdi cd mdt nghi quyft quan ttpng, cdc nhd ldnh dao ludn ddt van de ttong tinh hinh qud'c tf oia giai doan dd vd mpi tinh todn de hoach dinh dudng ldi, chii trucmg deu can a i vdo tinh hinh dd Chu tich Hd Chi Minh vd Trung uong Ddng, ttong dieu kifn khd khdn aia cdn a i dia Vift Bdc hdi tien khdi nghia, da nhin nhdn chinh xdc ve nhirng dien bifn aia cudc chifn ttanh thf gidi, nim bit dupc thdi dp cua cac cudng qudc vd dd, tinh todn diing nhirng khd ndng se xdy ra, df xud't nhiing quyft sach diing ve thdi CO tdng khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen vd du bdo dung nhiing tinh hudrig khd khdn de chudin bi ddi sdch thich hpp ttong ndm dau oia Nhd nudc Vift Nam Dan chii Cpng hda KitJi nghifm cho 44 thd'y, cd nhiing nhdn dinh ddng ddn ve bdi cdnh qud'c it thi viec dit bdo tinh hlnh si gdn vdi thuc tiin vd vifc hoach dinh dudng ldi, chu truong si chinh xdc Ngupc l?i, khdng thd'y hft nhiing chuyfn dpng bai thudng ttpng nhirng tinh hudrig phirc tap cua thf gidi, vifc dinh chinh sdch si mang h'nh chu quan, dan tdi nhirng hduqud tai h?i vd dd't nudc ldm vdo tinh tt?ng cvc ky khd khdn Tinh h'mh mudi ndm sau chifh thing df qud'c My la nhv vay, rd't cdn dupc nghiSn ciiu mpt each todn difn ttong bdi cdnh qud'c tf day bioi dpng mdi nit nhiing bdi hpc kinh nghifm cd y nghTa thift thvc cho hom vd mai sau Ba, hau hft cdc nudc deu thvc hifn d?o ludt ve vifc gidi mdt cdc tdi lifu luu tru sau 30 ndm tinh tir ddi vdn ban, mpt so tnrdng hpp ddc bift, thdi han cd the keo dai tdi 50 nam Kho luu trii Lifn Xd ciing da md cira sau nhd nudc Xdvift tan Nhd vay, cdc tai lifu lien quan df'n cdch mang Vift Nam hau nhu dd dupc cdng bd' Nhieu hgc gid nudc ngodi da tan dyng co hpi de khai thdc tdi lifu, nghien ciiu doi sach aia cdc ben cd lifn quan vd dua nhieu y kifn khac Lich sis hifn d?i Vift Nam, bao gom cd Lich sir Dan^ dupc rJiin nhan tir nhieu phia vdi nhieu y kifn khdc nhau, cd ttai chifu nhau, t?o nfn each ddnh gid da dang tir nhifu gdc dp, thf hifn nhieu quan diem lam cho vdh de sang td hon vd each vift lich sir cd dieu kifn chdn thvc hem TAP CHl LICH SCr D A N G - S6 5/2012 KY NIEM 50 NAM U nirdc ta, cae nha nghien ciiu Lieh sii Dang g^p nhieu khd khan viec tie'p cgn eae ngudn tai li$u luu trii d nudc ngoai cung nhu nude Trong cae edng trinh nghien ciiu edn hiem tai lifu gd'c ma ttiudng sii dyng cae tai l i ^ logi 2, logi 3, phai trich Igi tii eae tac pham da edng bd^ nhat la tii eac bai viet eiia tac gia nude can d3t cae su ki|n vao bdi canh qud'c te^ khai thac cac ngudn tai li|u tren the gidi, tie'p c|in cae ludng y kie'n ciia ngudi nude ngoai Song se chich hu&ng ne'u khong tiep cdn day dii cdc nguon tdi lieu nuac, niu khong ddt cdc su ki^n bdt cdnh thitc ti' cua Viet Nam vd tdm thitc cua ngucri Viet Nam Cho nen, xem xet eae van de lich sii bdi e^nh hpi nhap qud'c te) tie'p nhgn eae nguon tai lieu va y kie'n tir ben ngoai, dong thdi khai thac eae nguy ca lac hdu so vdi tinh hinh nghien eiiu ngudn tai li$u ben trong, ndi l§n ehinh ve Viet Nam ciia the'gidi Do vay viec khde ki&\ phan anh su thuc lich sii phu hpp phye diem yeii la ra't can thiet de tie'p vdi thuc tien Viet Nam la nhiing nhan to can hon niia luan dian oia cac hpc gia the eo ban de dua viee nghien ciiu Lieh sii gidi, de tiiu thap nhieu hon eae ngudn tai Dang cang dgt nhiing ttianh tyu li?u ben ngoai va dd cd cai nhin rpng mdi, xiing dang vdi tam vde ma Dang va hon, bao quat hon ve tinh hinh tiiegidi qua nhan dan Viet Nam da gianh dupe mdi thdi ky gan li&i vdi nhiing su kien qua trinh daii tranh vi ddc lap dan tdc, trpng dai ciia Dang, eiia dat nude thdng nhat dat nudc, bao ve toan ven Cac nha nghien ciiu Lich sii Dang d lanh thd va xay dyng CNXH nude ta cd loi the rat Idn ve sy hieu biet hoan canh ciia dat nude, truyen thdng Tham khao Nguyen Trpng Hau: Hoat ngoai Ve di^u nay, can hdo dong rkng Hnh vuc nghiin dm Ikh sit hien dqi Viit Nam, cdc hgc gid Viet Nam vSn dOng tru6c ciia dan tdc va tinh each eon ngudi Vi?t Nam Trong khdng it trudng hpp, hpc gia nude ngoai dua nhiing Igp luan tudng nhu cd ly ve tu Idgic, nhung Igi khdng phan tich dupc ban chat ciia van de, khdng ndi len dupe sac thai rieng biet ciia Viet Nam Do dd ciing khdng hiem nhiing y ki§'n l|ch lac, khdng phan anh diing thyc te khach quan, e&i cd eae y kie'n phan bi^n eua cac nha su hpc nudc nha dong ddi ngoai cua nu&c Viet Nam Ddn chu Cong hoa thai ky 1945-1950, CTQG, H, 2004, tr 127 -147 V6 Nguyen Giap: Chien da'u vdng vdy, QDND - Thanh nien, H,1995, tr 432 Bp Ngoai giao: Hiep dinh Gianeva - 50 ndm nhin lai, CTQG, H, 2008 Dan theo Nguyen Dinh Bin: Ngoai giao Viet Nam 1945-2000, CTQG, H, 2002, h 159 Tham khao Bdo cdo tong kii mot sd'vdh de ly luan - thuc tiin qua 20 nam ddi mdi (1986- Viec nghien eiiu Lieh sii Dang ndi- 2006J,CTQG, H, 2005 Sdd, tr 94 rieng va lich sii Vi$t Nam ndi chimg rSt TAP CHi LICH S(y D A N G - S 5/2012 45 ... img hp ve kinh tf vd sv vifn ttp ve qudn sv, dii sire chdng chpi nhiing thf Ivc hem ta nhieu lan Trong bd't or hoan cdnh nao, Ddng va nhan dan Vift Nam van coi su ung hp qudc te^ ddc bift la sv... qudn ddn ta ttong cupc khdng chif'n, nhd't Id vdi chien thang lly limg Difn Bien Phii thi phai Trong bdi cdnh qudc tf day rdy khd chdng vifc quy dinh gidi tuyen tam thoi khan nhu vdy, Chii tich... vao hai eupe chie'n d Trieu Tien va Vift Nam, rat can thdi gian hda binh de kieh thie't dat nudc Trong bdi canh do, tu tudng hda hoan bao trum gidi lanh dgo ciia ca hai phe, va vay, vifc ngiing