Evaluation of current solid waste management in xuan luong commune, yen the district, bac giang province and propose appropriate measures for sustainable management

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NGO THANH HUONG EVALUATION OF CURRENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN XUAN LUONG COMMUNE, YEN THE DISTRICT, BAC GIANG PROVINCE AND PROPOSE APPROPRIATE MEASURES FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advanced Education Program Office Batch : 2014- 2018 Thai Nguyen, 01/09/2018 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name Ngo Thanh Huong Student ID DTN1454290014 Thesis Title Evaluation of Current Solid Waste Management in Xuan Luong commune, Yen The district, Bac Giang province and Propose Appropriate Measures for Sustainable Management Supervisor Duong Van Thao, PhD, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Supervisor’s Signature (s) Abstract: With the rapid economic development, Xuan Luong commune, Yen The district, Bac Giang province is currently facing the environmental degradation One of the factors causes this problem is domestic solid waste generated from households There have been a number of interventions introduced to the community to improving the environmental quality and reduce pressure of solid waste to the nature, but the efficiency was relative low To have a clear perspective on solid waste situation in Xuan Luong commune, this study was conducted under the i purposes of evaluating the current status of solid waste management and perception of local community on solid waste situation, thereby proposed a number of appropriate measures to promote the solid waste management of local authority, contributing to sustainable development of the commune The results showed that the rate of solid waste generation in Xuan Luong commune, in overall, was relatively high but not at alarming rate, about 0.32 to 0.36 kg/person/day and the amount of solid waste generated in the commune was 2.33 tons/day Keywords Solid waste, Xuan Luong commune, Waste collection, Management Number of Pages 54 Date of Submission 01/09/2018 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis has been greatly conducted by the support and assistance of many people whom I wish to extend my grateful appreciation to their valuable contribution in order to make this research possible Firstly, I would like to say thanks to the school board Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, faculty of Advanced Education Program, thanks the teachers that have imparted to me the knowledge and valuable experience during the process of learning and conducting the study I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Duong Van Thao for his enthusiasm, patience, knowledge and immense He provided me his useful comments, remarks, and encouragement through the implementation and completion of this graduated thesis My sincere thanks send to all of the officers and managers from Xuan Luong People’s Committee and Yen The Urban Environment Company for the enthusiasm It was absolutely that I could not complete my study without their assistances Particularly, I would like to thanks Mr Ngo Quang Do, Vice president of Xuan Luong People’s Committee for his suggestions, guidance and inspiration during my internship duration Also, I would like to express my deep gratitude and motivation to my family, classmates and friends for their encouragement throughout my studies Ultimately, due to time budget and research skill limitation, so this study is inevitable defectiveness Therefore, I would like to kindly receive the contribution and feedbacks from reviewers and friends in order to complete my study with the best results I sincerely thank you! Author Ngo Thanh Huong iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Research's Objectives 1.2.1 General objective 1.2.2 Specific Objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Limitations 1.5 The significance of research PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of solid waste 2.2 Environmental pollution caused by solid waste 11 2.2.1 Water pollution 11 2.2.2 Air Pollution 12 2.2.3 Soil pollution 13 2.2.4 Human health 14 2.3 Solid waste management in some countries around the world and in Vietnam15 2.3.1 Waste management in some countries around the world 15 2.3.2 Situation of environmental management in Vietnam and shortcomings need to learn 17 iv PART III METHODS 19 3.1 Material 19 3.2 Methods 19 3.2.1 Sampling Size and Sampling Techniques 19 3.2.2 Method of secondary data collection 20 3.2.3 Methods of primary data collection 20 3.2.4 Method of determining the waste volume and composition 21 3.2.5 Methods of data analysis 23 PART IV RESULTS 24 4.1 Natural condition and socio-economic development of Xuan Luong Commune 24 4.1.1 Natural condition 24 4.1.2 Socio-economic development situation 25 4.2 Current situation of solid waste generation in Xuan Luong commune 28 4.2.1 Solid waste sources in Xuan Luong commune 28 4.2.2 Amount of solid waste generated in Xuan Luong commune 29 4.2.3 Solid waste composition in Xuan Luong commune 31 4.2.4 Solid waste collection, recycle and reuse in Xuan Luong commune 34 4.3 Solid waste management in Xuan Luong commune 37 4.4 Proposed appropriate measure to sustain the solid waste management in Xuan Luong commune 41 4.4.1 Enhance the dissemination and awareness of local community on domestic solid waste management 41 v 4.4.2 Establish garbage collection teams in remote villages 41 4.4.3 Promote collaboration with scientific units to transfer advanced technology to process solid waste and enhance rural environmental quality 42 4.4.4 Issue policies and regulations to encourage the public participation on solid waste management 42 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 43 5.1 Discussion 43 5.2 Conclusion 45 5.3 Recommendation 46 PART VI REFERENCES 47 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Map of study area 24 Figure Economic structure of Xuan Luong commune in 2017 26 Figure Solid Waste Components in Xuan Luong Commune 34 Figure Solid waste classification and burning in Xuan Luong commune 38 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Component table of some basic gas emissions in landfill 13 Table Amount of solid waste generated in communes of Yen The district 29 Table Amount of domestic waste generated in Xuan Luong commune 30 Table Types and source of solid waste in Xuan Luong commune 32 Table Solid waste components in Xuan Luong commune 33 Table Survey result on solid waste source classification in Xuan Luong commune 35 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Explanation BOD5 Biochemical oxygen demand COD Chemical oxygen demand CPC Commune people’s committee LEP Law of environmental protection MARD Ministry of agriculture and rural development MONRE Ministry of natural resources and environment TOC Total organic carbon WB World Bank ix Figure Plastic bag recycling process As seen from figure we can see there are have a very important machine because in other communities don’t have this technology It is really problem to our country It can be better if we can bring this technology show to others to reduce the plastic bags About the process: The figure shows how plastic bags are recycled Overall, there are stages in the whole plastic bag recycling process, beginning with color separation and ending with the delivery of the plastic beads to the customers Firstly, plastic bags are classified by the color by rural people and then they brought plastic bags to the machine to cutting into small pieces At the next stage, 40 water are added to the machine with plastic bags Before being packed at the stage, the plastic bags are recycling in the machine with very high temperature After plastic bags are shaped by using the machine, they are moved to deliver to the big company in Doi Ngo of Bac Giang province to recycle into the new plastic bags 4.4 Proposed appropriate measure to sustain the solid waste management in Xuan Luong commune 4.4.1 Enhance the dissemination and awareness of local community on domestic solid waste management A random interview of 98 people in Xuan Luong commune, 34 people or 35 percent did not have knowledge of solid waste and solid waste classification Dumping garbage to the environment is causing difficulties for the solid waste management in the communal area Generally, from the results of community survey on solid waste showed that the propaganda and dissemination of environmental protection knowledge in Xuan Luong commune has not been effective Perception on solid waste classification and at the source in particular or in the environmental protection of people is not deep Therefore, promotion of awareness and awareness of local people in solid waste management is always a top priority 4.4.2 Establish garbage collection teams in remote villages For some remote villages in Xuan Luong commune where the workers of the Urban Environment Company could not access for waste collection, the local authorities could encourage the leaders of the village or veterans to form environmental protection clubs that both handles the waste collective activities and 41 disseminates the importance of solid waste classification and environmental protection to the local community 4.4.3 Promote collaboration with scientific units to transfer advanced technology to process solid waste and enhance rural environmental quality A strategy to maintain the sustainable development is to apply the innovation of technology to solve environmental related-problems in rural area, for instance, introducing the cutting-edge incinerators for the remote community as avoiding the expose waste to nature and of expands of landfills or using biochemical and environmental-friendly products to reduce impacts to natural environment Moreover, frequently organize scientific workshops 4.4.4 Issue policies and regulations to encourage the public participation on solid waste management One of the effective ways to manage solid waste sustainably in the rural area is to mobilize the public resources (e.g financial, workforces, technology) To implement this task, local government should establish supportive or inspirational policies local households contribute their own resources to manage and lessen the amount of solid waste For example, honoring households who build the incinerators or those who organize voluntary activities to collect waste and sanitize public space in the commune 42 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion Along with the development of the social economy, the living standard of local people in Xuan Luong commune has been significantly promoted, followed by the increase demands for modern life However, this development has caused serious problems related to environmental sanitation of the area The amount of solid waste generated increasing sharply, however, CPC Xuan Luong associated with rural people in collection and management of solid waste arising Solid waste currently collected in the commune with the average of 2.33 tons per day Almost of the solid waste was collected by sanitation workers of Xuan Luong commune and Yen The Urban Environment Company But there were still backlog of small amounts of waste in some places cause by human littering Local environmental sanitation situation was changing significantly, household waste was transported to landfill every day, Waste from plastic bags, and nylon in villages was collected and treated separately The main roads in the commune were maintained to ensure sanitation, urban beauty, and the alleys were no longer backlog of garbage With the participation of the commune environmental services join stock company along the village's interest which had contributed to improve the consciousness of the majority of the people in keeping the overall sanitation It is concluded that the level of awareness on waste and waste separation of rural people are all not highly aware after a model of Source Waste Separation built 100% of people know can reuse and recycle waste Percentage of people, who know 43 benefit of solid waste recycling program, is relatively high (91%), however rural people of commune simple awareness of the benefits of solid waste recycling After conducting the survey in commune, the results showed that the number of people can distinguish between the two types of waste were 40.5 % The advantages: -The interest and guide of village leaders with experience and the interest of the village leaders so that the environmental sanitation activities on this area reached good results - Environmental sanitation works were responded by the majority of people as well as enhanced responsible awareness in the environmental protection The process of sorting rubbish at source was interested by households, production facilities and people obtained aware of the sort of organic waste and inert waste However that figure was small, furthermore should be encouraged, as well as advocacy for the people on the benefits of sorting solid waste at the source - Sanitation workers were trained, experienced and really tried to learn to improve the experience, and complete the assigned work - There are have a machine for recycling the plastic bags, however that just was a few amount of solid waste, furthermore should be encouraged to extend that machine The difficulties: - Some people were still lack of awareness in paying fees for sanitation charges, Paid not true regulation, especially the production and business 44 households It did big influence to maintain environmental sanitation by not ensuring sufficient funding for the implementation of organizational units - A majority of people still did not have the habit of dumping garbage on time and right place regulations, not participating sanitation fee This was the cause to bring many difficulties in the work of gathering of workers and causing loss of urban landscape - Construction waste was not yet put in management led to people dump waste indiscriminately in public place cause to unhygienic environment - The volume of larger solid waste generation, causing pressure to the collection due to the limitation on financial sources and manpower Sometimes the amount of garbage generated too large led to not enough trash barrel to collect waste as the cause of the garbage backlog in some places - The work of waste separation at source has not been widely implemented, most people were not aware of their responsibility to classify the garbage at home 5.2 Conclusion Xuan Luong is a mountainous commune with low population density and spreading in large area A number of villages in the remote area, with unfavorable traffic conditions, are causing difficulties for the solid waste collection activities The total amount of solid waste generated in the commune is about 2.33 tons a day, equivalent to 850.45 tons per year Of which, there are 80 percent of solid waste discharged by households, while the rest came from public officers such as governmental offices, schools, medical station, and factory The major components of solid waste in the commune are food waste and nylon and plastic bag The 45 collective rate is quite low due to the geographical condition that makes a barrier for workers to access to the remote villages Thus, the domestic solid waste management has not been efficient Furthermore, the solid waste management in the commune still remains limitations and inadequacy: local managing staff on solid waste is lacks of basic understandings on manage waste, while the perception of local people on solid waste is still poor, collective methods poorly effective The collection methods of these areas are still poorly implemented by the Sanitation Team, low level of expertise and poor coordination with collection staff of Bac Giang Urban Environment Company 5.3 Recommendation The management of domestic solid waste management in rural area needs to mobilize large resources both in terms of finance and community participation There should be specific programs and plans to raise awareness of local people and environmental management capacity in the locality, especially in areas where solid waste is still collected through environmental sanitation and protection teams Therefore, the management of solid waste at source should be focused to reduce the amount of waste in the process, reducing pressure on the environment, contributing to sustainable development of the commune 46 PART VI REFERENCES Blacksmith Institute, & Green Cross Switzerland (2013) THE WORLDS TOP TEN TOXIC THREATS IN 2013 Retrieved 17, 2016, from http://www.worstpolluted.org/docs/TopTenThreats2013.pdf Chalmin, P (2012) From waste to resources Paris: Cyclope Institute Chan, E., Gooi, H., & So, P (2012) Strait Ahead Singapore Chi, D K (2011) The situation of rural solid waste and the solutions Institute of Science and Environmental Engineering, Hanoi Polytechnic University, MONRE, HCM Chinh, V., Phu, N., & Cu, L (n.d.) Socialization of the rural household waste management - Reality and Solutions Retrieved 14, 2016, from Vietnam Academy for Water Resources: http://www.vawr.org.vn/index.aspx?aac=CLICK&aid=ARTICLE_DETAIL &ari=2173&lang=1&menu=khoa-hoc-cong nghe&mid=995&parentmid=982&pid=1&storeid=0&title=xa-hoi-hoa-congtac-quan-ly-chat-thai-sinh-hoat-nong-thon -thuc-trang-va-giai-phap Christine , Y (2015) Waste Management and Recycling in Japan Tokyo: EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation CIRAD, & EAST Vietnam (2015) Assessment and evaluation of the operation of Gia Lam urban environmental enterprise HaNoi Craig (2012) Managing Odors In Organics Recycling Retrieved 24, 2016, from BioCycle: https://www.biocycle.net/2012/04/26/managing-odors-in- organics-recycling/ Cuong (2015) The figures on waste Retrieved 23, 2016, from Vietnam Environmental Protection: http://moitruong.com.vn/moi-truong-sos/nhungcon-so-ve-rac-thai-14394.htm Daniel , H., & Perinaz , B T (2012) What A Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management WA, USA: World Bank Daniel, H., & Perinaz, B (2012) Feachem, Michael, M., & Duncan, M (1977) Water, Waste and Health in Hot Climates John Wiley and Sons Inc 47 Frank, K.; George, T (1994) Hanbook of Solid Waste Managerment California, USA: McGraw-Hill Inc General Statistics Office (2015) Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam Ha Noi: Statistical publishing house Global Time (2014) Beijing Grapples with Overflowing Garbage Problems Retrieved from http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/897061.shtml Hai, N (2016, 16) The current requirements on rural environmental protection Retrieved 18, 2016, from Communist magazine: http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/nong-nghiep-nongthon/2016/37948/Yeu-cau-bao-ve-moi-truong-nong-thon-hien-nay.aspx Huong, V., & Thuy, H (2008) The current status of solid waste management in Vietnam's rural and recovery solutions Journal of agriculture and rural development - Spacial magazine on agriculture and rural environment Hwa, T., Lee, G., Hongyon, C., Danilo, G., Lai, C., Abeysuriya, T., et al (2007) Solid-Waste Management Tokyo: The Asian Productivity Organization International Enterprise Singapore (2012) Waste Management Retrieved 4, 2016, from http://www.iesingapore.gov.sg/~/media/IE%20Singapore/Files/Publications/ Brochures%20Foreign%20Companies/Waste%20Management/IE_Waste%2 0Management_EN.pdf International Finance Corporation (2007) Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Water and Sanitation International Finance Corporation World Bank Group Meyer, J (2012) Landfills Air Pollution State of New Jersey Ministry of the Environment (2012) Solid Waste Management and Recycling Technology of Japan Tokyo: Japan Environmental Sanitation Center Ministry of the Environment (2014) History and Current State of Waste Management in Japan Tokyo: Japan Environmental Sanitation Center MONRE (2011) Solid Waste National State of Environment, MONRE MONRE (2014) Rural Environment National State of Environment, MONRE 48 Njoroge, G., & Kimani (2016) Environmental Pollution and Impacts on Public Health Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme Olawoyin, R., Oyewole, S., & Grayson, R (2012) Potential risk effect from elevated levels of soil heavy metals on human health in the Niger delta, 85, 102-130 Phong Le (2015, 10 7) The actual pollution of craft villages: Unresolved Retrieved 24, 2016, from Vietnam Farmers' Association: http://mtnt.hoinongdan.org.vn//sitepages/news/1110/37161/thuc-trang-onhiem-lang-nghe-chua-co-huong-giai-quyet Takele, T (2004) Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Gondar, Ethiopia: University of Gondar The World Health Organization (2010) Global Plan of Action for Children’s Health and the Environment Retrieved from http://www.who.int/ceh/cehplanaction10_15.pdf Tram, & Yen, V (2012) Study The Situation and Recommend Solutions on Solid Waste Management in District HCM Tung, N (2015) The problem of agriculture solid waste management in Hanoi Retrieved 14, 2016, from Vietnam Environment: http://moitruongviet.edu.vn/van-de-quan-ly-chat-thai-ran-nong-nghiep-trendia-ban-ha-noi/ Tuyen, B C (2014) National Environment Report 2014 unveiled (V N Agency, Interviewer) Vamsi Krishna, S., Sunil Kumar, R., Vaishnavi, E., Sushma, S., Adusumalli, R., Dinda, S., et al (2010) Treatment and Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste in Third world Countries: A Critical Review Hyderabad: Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus VietNam Environment Administration (2013) Rural solid waste - Obstacles to problem solving HaNoi: MONRE WB (2015) The World Bank Annual Report 2015 Washington, DC WHO (2007) A safer future: global public health security in the 21st century World Health Oganization 49 PART VII APPENDIX Survey Questionnaire SURVEY ON SITUATION ARISING AND COLLECTION SOLID WASTE IN XUAN LUONG COMMUNE (FOR HOUSEHOLDS) General section for the surveyed households I Information on the head of household Name: _ (Optional) Age: _ Address: Gender: - male - female Occupation: Main income: - Administrative salary - Trading services - Agricultural production II Contents of the investigation Who you think is responsible for waste management in the area? - Government - Environmental Sanitation Company - Households - All of above Which activities are the household wastes generated from? - Daily activities - Trading services - Production business Number of the garbage arising (most number 1, less than number ) - Nylon, plastics - Packaging paper, paper box, metal broken - Food waste - Others Household waste is mainly 50 Does the household have garbage container? - Yes - No Does the household classify domestic waste? - Yes - No If yes, how? In your opinion, the classification of domestic waste before dumping is necessary? - Yes - No Why? …………………………………………………………………… Can you distinguish types of waste? - Yes - No - Make faults Can we reuse or recycle solid waste? - Yes - No What is the effect of solid waste? - Place - Health - Environmental Pollution - All of above 10 Do you concern about Source Waste Separation program? - Yes - Not much - No 11 Do you know about Source Solid Waste Recycling Program? - Yes - No 12 How you know about source solid waste recycling program? 51 - TV, radio, news - Internet 13 Do you think Solid Waste recycling program is beneficial? - Yes - Not much - No 14 How often is household waste collected in your area? ……………………………………………………………………………… And at what time? ……………………………………………………………………………… 15 Evaluate the collection and treatment of domestic solid waste in the area? - Very Good - Good - Not good INTERVIEWER INTERVIEWEE 52 Survey Questionnaire SURVEY ON SITUATION ARISING AND COLLECTION SOLID WASTE IN XUAN LUONG COMMUNE (FOR GARBAGE COLLECTOR AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES) I Information about the unit surveyed Name of unit: Number of member: _ Education level: _ II Survey Contents How long does it take to collect waste? ………………………………………………………………………………… How many garbage trucks are collected in a collection? Does domestic waste classified before collection? - Yes - No Is the equipment for the collection and treatment of domestic waste enough? - Yes - No Is the amount of garbage collected in the area absolute? - Yes - No, Why? Do we need to increase the current workforce in the assigned area? - Yes - No, Why? ……………………………………………………… Are you satisfied with this job? - Satisfied - Normal - Unsatisfied How you feel about garbage collection in household? - Very good - Good 53 - Not good Do environmental managers have propaganda sessions, training for local people on how to separate or treat domestic waste? - Yes - No 10 How is domestic solid waste management in the local area? - Good - Normal - Medium Recommendations on garbage collection and treatment: Advantages: …………………………………………………………………… ……….… …………………………………………………………………………… Disadvantages: ………………………………………………………………… ………… …………………………………………………………………………… Recommendations: ……………………………………………………………… ……… …………………………………………………………………………… INTERVIEWER INTERVIEWEE 54 ... Current Solid Waste Management in Xuan Luong commune, Yen The district, Bac Giang province and Propose Appropriate Measures for Sustainable Management Supervisor Duong Van Thao, PhD, Thai Nguyen... waste management system in Singapore includes: • Minimize the volume of waste by reducing, reusing and recycling (over 50% of waste is recycled in Singapore) • Aiming to eliminate forms of landfill... is the awareness of local community on solid waste management? 1.4 Limitations The study was implemented in households in the villages of Xuan Luong commune, Yen The district, Bac Giang province