Research on developing sustainable and climate resilient livelihood in giao an commune, giao thuy district, nam dinh province

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN HOAI THU RESEARCH ON DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE AND CLIMATERESILIENT LIVELIHOOD IN GIAO AN COMMUNE, GIAO THUY DISTRICT, NAM DINH PROVINCE MASTER’S THESIS Hanoi, 2020 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN HOAI THU RESEARCH ON DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE AND CLIMATERESILIENT LIVELIHOOD IN GIAO AN COMMUNE, GIAO THUY DISTRICT, NAM DINH PROVINCE MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Prof DSc TRUONG QUANG HOC Dr KOTERA AKIHIKO Hanoi, 2020 PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my research and has not published The use of other research results and other documents must comply with regulations The citations and references to documents, books, research papers and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis Author of thesis (Signature) i TABLE OF CONTENTS PLEDGE i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS viii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 The necessity of research 1.2 Research objectives and tasks 1.2.1 Research objectives 1.2.2 Research tasks 1.3 The research questions and hypotheses 1.3.1 Research questions 1.3.2 Research hypotheses 1.4 Objects and scope of the research 1.4.1 Research focus 1.4.2 Research scope 1.5 Literature review 1.5.1 Studies at the international level .5 1.5.2 Studies at the national level .8 1.5.3 Studies in the research site 10 1.6 Overview of the research site 11 1.6.1 Natural features .11 1.6.2 Socio-economic features 13 1.6.3 General assessment of natural, economic and social conditions 15 1.7 Theoretical basis 16 1.7.1 Some concepts 16 1.7.2 Some important contents 17 1.7.3 Research framework 21 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 22 2.1 Approaches 22 2.1.1 Systematic and interdisciplinary approach .22 2.1.2 Combined top-down and bottom-up approach 23 2.1.3 DFID's sustainable livelihood framework approach 23 2.2 Research methods 23 2.2.1 Collecting secondary data .23 ii 2.2.2 Collecting primary data 25 2.2.3 Data processing .28 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .30 3.1 Current situation of livelihood of Giao An commune 30 3.1.1 Main livelihood activities 30 3.1.2 Analysis of livelihood assets 34 3.1.3 Measurement and evaluation of livelihood assets 62 3.2 Climate variation in the research site 63 3.2.1 In the past .63 3.3.2 Climate change and sea level rise scenarios for Giao An commune 70 3.3 Impacts of climate change on main livelihood activities of Giao An commune 71 3.3.1 Climate change impacts on production activities 72 3.3.2 Climate change impacts on income 79 3.3.3 Climate change impacts on daily life 79 3.3.4 Climate change impacts on health 80 3.3.5 Climate change impacts on infrastructures .80 3.4 Resilience to climate change of Giao An commune 82 3.4.1 Resilience to climate change of households in Giao An commune 83 3.4.2 Resilience to climate change of local authorities 85 3.5 Solutions for developing sustainable and climate-resilient livelihoods 88 3.5.1 Proposed principle 88 3.5.2 Groups of solutions 89 CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 95 REFERENCES 97 LIST OF THE AUTHOR'S PUBLICATIONS 100 APPENDIX 101 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Demographics by hamlets of Giao An commune in 2017 14 Table 1.2 Opportunities and difficulties in natural, economic and social conditions of Giao An commune 15 Table 1.3 The criteria of climate-resilient livelihood 20 Table 2.1 Number of households need interviewing by each hamlet .26 Table 2.2 Reasons for doing many works and jobs at the same time of the survey respondents 27 Table 2.3 The score classification of livelihood assets 29 Table 2.4 Table of converting percentages into scores 29 Table 3.1 Livelihood assets assessed by the author 34 Table 3.2 The educational level of survey respondents 35 Table 3.3 Sources survey participants gained agricultural production experience 36 Table 3.4 Seniority in agricultural and fishery production activities of surveyed subjects 37 Table 3.5 Survey participants self-assessed the level of confidence in their occupational skills .37 Table 3.6 Information channels on climate change that respondents received by 38 Table 3.7 The definition of climate change was given by the survey participants 38 Table 3.8 The causes of climate change were identified by the survey participants 39 Table 3.9 Surveyed households self-assessed the importance level of the Commune Agricultural Production Steering Board, Cooperative, Farmer's Association to their production activities 41 Table 3.10 Surveyed households self-assessed the importance level of other organizations and unions to their production activities 43 Table 3.11 Statistics of types of land according to many different purposes 45 Table 3.12 Surveyed households assess the quality of land and water they used 47 Table 3.13 Surveyed participants assessed the role of mangroves 49 Table 3.14 Difficulties/challenges faced by mangroves and mudflats in the opinion of the survey participants 49 Table 3.15 The percentage of house types that the survey participants were living in 50 Table 3.16 The percentage of appliances was owned by surveyed households 51 Table 3.17 Assessment of households participating in the survey on infrastructure system in Giao An commune 56 iv Table 3.18 Assessment of survey respondents about extreme events that have occurred in Giao An commune in recent year 66 Table 3.19 Assessment of survey respondents about the frequency of extreme events in Giao An in recent year .66 Table 3.20 Assessment of survey respondents about the intensity of extreme events in Giao An in recent year 67 Table 3.21 The calendar of events about extreme events 68 Table 3.22 The increase in temperature in Giao Thuy district compared to the baseline period under RCP 4.5 scenario 70 Table 3.23 The increase in rainfall in Giao Thuy district compared to the baseline period under RCP 4.5 scenario 71 Table 3.24 Seasonal calendar in agricultural and fishery activities of households in Giao An commune 73 Table 3.25 Assessment of the extreme events and climate change impacts on rice farming 76 Table 3.26 Assessment of the extreme events and climate change impacts on vegetable farming 77 Table 3.27 Assessment of the extreme events and climate change impacts on livestock husbandry 77 Table 3.28 Assessment of the extreme events and climate change impacts on aquaculture 78 Table 3.29 Assessment of the extreme events and climate change impacts on family income 79 Table 3.30 Assessment of the extreme events and climate change impacts on daily life 79 Table 3.31 Assessment of the extreme events and climate change impacts on health 80 Table 3.32 Assessment of the extreme events and climate change impacts on infrastructures 81 Table 3.33 Summary of the impacts of extreme events by climate change on the livelihood of people in Giao An commune .81 Table 3.34 Preparations of households participating in the survey before the disaster occurs 83 Table 3.35 Recommendations of the households participating in the survey to reduce the risk of extreme events in production activities 84 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Map of disaster alerts in Giao An commune 13 Figure 1.2 The sustainable livelihood framework 19 Figure 1.3 Analytical framework 21 Figure 1.4 Logical framework 22 Figure 2.1 Primary and secondary occupations of the survey respondents 27 Figure 3.1 Different kinds of livelihoods existing in Giao An commune .30 Figure 3.2 Agricultural livelihood activities took place in Giao An commune 31 Figure 3.3 Fishery livelihood activities took place in Giao An commune .31 Figure 3.4 Percentage of survey participants trained in agriculture and fishery 36 Figure 3.5 Surveyed households self-assessed the importance level of local authorities to their production activities 44 Figure 3.6 Survey respondents assessed the quality of their houses .50 Figure 3.7 Surveyed subjects assessed the quality of their household devices and appliances 51 Figure 3.8 The main sources of income of the surveyed households .58 Figure 3.9 Surveyed households and local authorities assessed agricultural and fishery livelihood assets in Giao An commune 63 Figure 3.10 The trendline of average annual air temperature in Nam Dinh province in the period of 1989 – 2018 .64 Figure 3.11 The maximum, minimum and average temperature in many years in Nam Dinh province in the period of 1989 – 2018 64 Figure 3.12 The trendline of total annual rainfall in Nam Dinh province in the period of 1989 – 2018 .65 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CBA CC COP DFID IPCC LEI LVI MONRE PRA RRD SLF SLR UNCED XTNP : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Community based approach Climate change Conference of the Parties Department for International Development Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Livelihood effect index Livelihood vulnerability index Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Participatory Rural Appraisal Red River Delta Sustainable livelihood framework Sea level rise United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Xuan Thuy National Park vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Foremost, I would like to express the deepest gratitude to Prof DSc Truong Quang Hoc and Dr Kotera Akihiko, my supervisors, for their enthusiastic guidance, encouragement and useful critiques for my master thesis My appreciation also extends to all the teachers and staff of the Master’s Program in Climate Change and Development - Vietnam Japan University for their help and encouragement In particular, I would like to thank Ms Bui Thi Hoa for her enthusiastic support during the fieldwork in Giao An commune I am fully indebted to the officials and people of Giao An commune, Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province for providing information to help me complete this thesis Last but not the least, I wish to acknowledge the support and great love of my family, my friends and those who kept me going on and the thesis would not have been possible without their input viii 28 When facing financial difficulties, who will support and help you? Family, relatives, friends Nobody Organizations and unions Other (Specify): 29 Do you borrow money to support your production activities? Yes No a Main occupation Yes No b Secondary occupation - If yes, how much you borrow? VND - If not, what is the reason? Borrow No need Unable to borrow at…………………………………………………… Interest rate is % 30 Do you have any savings? Yes No 31 How you assess the economic situation of your family if compared to surrounding households? Upper-middle Midle2 Near poor (Upper3 Poor class class middle class) *NATURAL CAPITAL 32 What is your current scale of production? Rice farming Cultivated area:……………………………… ………………………………… Vegetable farming Cultivated area:……………………… ……… ………………………………… Livestock husbandry Amount:………………………………….… Types of livestock: ……………… Fishing Fishing grounds: ………………………………… ……………………………… Aquaculture Area:….…………………………………………… ……………………………… Trading and commercial activities Large Medium Small (Hire > 10 (Hire – 10 (Do it Making clothes people) people) yourself) Other (Specify):………………….… 33 How is the quality of the land you are using in production? Good Neutral Bad Very Agricultural land Very good bad Very Good Neutral Bad Very Fishery land good bad Other (Specify): Very Good Neutral Bad Very good bad + If the quality of land is “average” to “very poor” level, what are the reasons? 34 How is the quality of water you are using in production? Very Good Neutral Bad Very Water in good bad agriculture Very Good Neutral Bad Very Water in good bad fisheries Other (Specify): Very Good Neutral Bad Very good bad + If the quality of water is “average” to “very poor” level, what are the reasons? (Multiple answers) The water is too salty or sweet Factories (specify name: ) discharge waste into the water environment People throw garbage into the natural Other (Specify):……… environment 35 Does the mangrove forest affect your lives in particular and of Giao An households in general? Yes No 35.1 If yes, what are the roles of the mangrove forest? (Multiple answers) Prevention in cases of typhoons Protection of sea dyke Stabilizing mudflats, increasing incomes for Protection of shrimp and clam ponds fishermen Controlling rise of sea level and sea currents Keeping sediment and creating mudflats Other (specific) 123 36 Which of the following difficulties are mangroves and mudflats facing? (Multiple answers) Overexploitation in mangroves Environmental pollution The influence of natural conditions such as Other (specific) weather, natural disasters *SOCIAL CAPITAL 37 What is your production model? Individual Household Production team Cooperative Corporation Primary occupation Secondary Individual Household Production team Cooperative Corporation occupation 38 Do you receive any support from the Government and local authorities to develop production annually? Yes No Primary occupation Other Other Yes No Secondary occupation 38.1 If yes, what kind of support did you get? (Multiple answers) Preferential loan Knowledge and skills (training) Livelihood transformation Production orientation Production techniques Other (Specify):………………………………….……… 38.2 Which organizations? 38.3 Do you think these supports are effective? Yes No If not, why? 38.4 What is the necessary level of these supports? Very Necessary Slightly Unnecessary necessary necessary 38.5 How important are these supports to your production activities? Very important Important Slightly Unimportant important 39 Which channel you sell your products to? (Multiple answers) In the Processing Other Main Traders market industries (Specify:…) occupation In the Processing Other Secondary Traders market industries (Specify:…) occupation 40 Does local authority assist you in finding the output of the product? Yes No 40.1 If yes, you think these works are effective? Yes No 40.2 What is the necessary level of these supports? Very Necessary Slightly Unnecessary necessary necessary 41 Do you wish to continue receiving any support from local authorities? Yes No If yes, what kind of support you expect? 42 How you assess the role of the following organizations in your production activities? Role Tổ chức Slightly DNK Organization Very important Important Unimportant important Local authorities Farmer’s Association Cooperatives Women’s union Youth Union Veteran’s Association Other (Specific):………… 124 43 What are the production difficulties you encounter? (Multiple answers) Price of material inputs is high 1 Price of material inputs is high Material input must be Material input must be purchased from other areas purchased from other areas Labour doesn’t meet the Labor costs are high demands Lack of investment capital 4 Lack of investment capital Lack of science and technology 5 Lack of science and technology Non-grasping the technique 6 Non-grasping the technique a Farming d Being affected by natural Being affected by natural Aquaculture disasters disasters Many epidemics 8 Many diseases Quality doesn’t meet standards 9 Quality doesn’t meet standards 10 Lack of markets 10 10 Lack of markets 11 Quantity is less 11 11 Quantity is less 12 Cheap price 12 12 Cheap price 13 Other (Specify):… … 13 13 Environmental pollution Price of material inputs is high 14 Other (Specify): … Material input must be Lack of supply purchased from other areas Labor costs are high Lack of investment capital Lack of investment capital Labor costs are high Lack of science and technology Lack of science and technology b Being affected by natural Non-grasping the technique e Trading Livestock disasters husbandry Being affected by natural Quality doesn’t meet standards disasters Many epidemics Quantity is less Quality doesn’t meet standards Cheap price 10 Lack of markets 10 Other (Specify): … 11 Quantity is less 11 Lack of supply 12 Cheap price 12 Lack of investment capital f Services 13 Other (Specify):… … 13 Labor costs are high Price of material inputs is high Other (Specify): … Material input must be purchased from other areas Labour doesn’t meet the demands Lack of labour Lack of investment capital Lack of science and technology c Fishing Non-grasping the technique Being affected by natural disasters Lack of facilities 10 Quality doesn’t meet standards 10 11 Lack of markets 11 12 A decline in fish catches 12 13 Other (Specify):… … 13 10 11 12 13 14 *INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES 44 Do you know the policies to support the production activities for local poeple? Yes No 44.1 If yes, please list the policies that you know …………………………………………………………………………… 44.2 How you assess the effectiveness of policies on your production activities? Very effective Effective Slightly effective Not effective 125 *VULNERABILITY CONTEXT 45 Over the last years, have the following natural disasters occurred in Giao An commune? (Multiple answers) Typhoon Sea level rise Tropical low pressure Saltwater intrusion 10 Whirlwind Extreme hot weather 11 Lightning Damaging cold 12 Heavy rain Hail 13 Flood Drought 14 Flashflood Hoarfrost 15 Inundation Other (Specify):…………………………………… 16 46 Over the last years, what are the frequency of the following natural disasters that have occurred in Giao An commune? Types of natural disaster Very often Often Rarely Never Typhoon Tropical low pressure Whirlwind Lightning Heavy rain Flood Flashflood Inundation Sea level rise Saltwater intrusion Extreme hot weather Damaging cold Hail Drought Hoarfrost Other (Specify):………………… 47 Over the last years, what are the intensity of the following natural disasters that have occurred in Giao An commune? Types of natural disaster Strong Moderate Weak Typhoon Tropical low pressure Whirlwind Lightning Heavy rain Flood Flashflood Inundation Sea level rise Saltwater intrusion Extreme hot weather Damaging cold Hail Drought Hoarfrost Other (Specify):…………… ………… 48 What are the following issues affected by natural disasters? (Multiple answers) Daily life Health Production activities Infrastructure Income Other (specify):……………………………….… If yes, please move to 48.1 48.1 Please choose the natural disasters that affected you and your household (Tick X) Production Types of natural disaster Daily life Income Health Infrastructure Other activities 126 Typhoon Tropical low pressure Whirlwind Lightning Heavy rain Flood Flashflood Inundation Sea level rise Saltwater intrusion Extreme hot weather Damaging cold Hail Drought Hoarfrost Other (Specify):…………… ……… 48.2 In which, for production activities - Rice farming and vegetable farming (Tick X) Types of natural disaster Cultivated Productivity area reduced decreased Lack of irrigation water Many epidemics Soil erosion Crop and failures degradation Other DNK Typhoon Tropical low pressure Whirlwind Lightning Heavy rain Flood Flashflood Inundation Sea level rise Saltwater intrusion Extreme hot weather Damaging cold Hail Drought Hoarfrost Other - Livestock husbandry (Tick X) Types of natural disaster Grow slowly Productivity reduced Many Difficulty epidemics eating Typhoon Tropical low pressure Whirlwind Lightning Heavy rain Flood Flashflood Inundation Sea level rise Saltwater intrusion Extreme hot weather Damaging cold 127 Dead loss Broken cages and equipment Other DNK Hail Drought Hoarfrost Other - Aquaculture (Tick X) Types of natural disaster Grow slowly Productivity reduced Water environment changes Many disease Difficulty eating Dead loss Other DNK Typhoon Tropical low pressure Whirlwind Lightning Heavy rain Flood Flashflood Inundation Sea level rise Saltwater intrusion Extreme hot weather Damaging cold Hail Drought Hoarfrost Other Fishing: Other:………… 49 Do you often be informed before a disaster strikes? Yes No 49.1 If yes, how long are you informed? Be notified in advance but did not promptly Be informed in advance and promptly prepared, prepare, still damaged no damage Be notified in advance, but slightly urgent, still Other (specify):………………………………… slightly damaged …………………………………………………… 49.2 Where did you get the information? (Multiple answers) Media (TV, newspaper, internet…) Neighbors/ Relatives/ Friends Department of flood and strom control/ commune Other (specify):………………………………… and hamlet officials …………………………………………………… 50 What did you prepare before the disasters occurred? (Multiple answers) Reinforce the house Move pets to a safe shelter Find a safe shelter in advance Remodel animal cages Reserve food and water Early harvest Prepare cooking utensils Nothing Move furniture to a high place Other (specify):……………………………… 10 If did nothing, why? 51 Did you receive any support after the disaster? Yes No 51.1 If yes, what organization did 51.2 What they supported… 51.3 Do you think this support is appropriate? ………………………………………………………………………………… 52 How you evaluate the forecasting, prevention, rescue and recovery activities of Giao An commune? Activities Very good Good Neutral 128 Poor Very Poor Forecasting Prevention Rescue Recovery 53 Have you been disseminated the knowledge to reduce and cope with risks caused by natural disasters? Yes 53.1 If yes, select the right answers (Multiple answers) Be disseminated knowledge to help identify types of natural disasters in the locality No 5 5 Be provided information on the means and supplies to be able to prevent/ respond to natural disasters that may occur in the locality Other (specific): Be provided necessary knowledge to be able to prevent/ respond to natural disasters that may occur in the locality 54 Did any member of your household participate in natural disaster control and rescue rehearsal of the locality? Yes No If yes, you think the rehearsal is useful to your family? Yes No If not, why…………………………………………………………………………… 55 Do you have any recommendations to cope with climate change and reduce the risks of natural disasters in production activities? (Multiple answers) Strengthen natural resources management Actively share information and experiences in the locality and the strengthen communication on prevention of natural disaster risks in production activities Strengthen early warning system Increase local infrastructure investment and improve the irrigation transport system Increase support through social protection and Other (specific): risk management policies 56 Would you like to change this job? Yes No + If yes, why? + If no, why? Strenuous work Love my occupation Unstable income Cannot change into another work Resources are getting depleted Other (specify): Other (specify):…… 57 Do you orient your children to this job? Yes No Why? 58 Do you have any suggestions for developing your production activities? (Multiple answers) Access to loans from banks more easily (with low-interest rate) Increase support through social protection and risk management policies Strengthen development programs and diversify local livelihoods Increase investment in irrigation systems Develop infrastructures in the locality Access market information Improve education and training in the locality Other (Specify): Sincere thanks for your cooperation Your participation is the basis for me to complete the master thesis I promise to use the information you provided for research purposes only 3.2: In-depth interview questions for local authorities 129 VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY MASTER’S PROGRAM IN CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FOR LOCAL AUTHORITIES Full name of the interviewee:……………………………………………………………… Position:………………………………………… Working time:………………………… Questions What are the prominent signs of climate change (CC) in Giao An commune in the last 20 - 30 years? What are the common types of natural disasters/extreme events? Which areas are most affected by climate change in Giao An commune? Why? What are the community livelihoods in Giao An commune most affected by climate change? Why? Which group is most affected in Giao An commune? Why? What is the role of natural ecosystems and mangrove in Giao An commune in the response to climate change and natural disasters/extreme events? What is the connection to community livelihoods? What are the challenges of natural ecosystems and mangrove in Giao An commune? What are the solutions that have been implemented to minimize impacts by local authorities and the community? What are the solutions of the local authorities to mitigate the impacts of climate change, natural disasters/extreme events (especially to minimize risks to livelihoods)? Are there any benefits to climate change for local communities? If yes, please specify What are the local plans and options to take advantage of these opportunities? What is the current situation of livelihood assets of local communities (Physical/ infrastructure, financial, human, social and natural capitals)? What solutions are to improve these? 10 Do you propose and recommend to the local authorities and people to enhance the resilience to climate change of Giao An commune? 3.3: In-depth interview questions for local people VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY MASTER’S PROGRAM IN CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FOR LOCAL AUTHORITIES Full name of the interviewee:……………………………………………………………… Hamlet:………………………………………………………………………………………… Questions What are the prominent signs of climate change (CC) in Giao An commune in the last 20 - 30 years? What are the common types of natural disasters/extreme events? What are the livelihoods in Giao An commune most affected by climate change? Why? 130 What is the role of natural ecosystems and mangrove in Giao An commune? What are the challenges of natural ecosystems and mangrove in Giao An commune? What are the solutions that have been implemented to minimize impacts by local authorities and the community? Are there any benefits to climate change for local communities? If yes, please specify What are the local plans and options to take advantage of these opportunities? Do you propose and recommend to the local authorities and people to enhance the resilience to climate change of Giao An commune? 3.4: List of households participating in the questionnaire No Name Hamlet No Name Bui Phu Xuyen 51 Nguyen Duc Nguyen Pham Thi Nhung 52 Nguyen Duc Thanh Nguyen Hai Vang 53 Ngo Thi Tham Bui Thi Binh 54 Tran Trong Phu Tran Van Nham 55 Dinh Thi Voc Dinh Ngoc Huan 56 Nguyen Thi Diep Dang Xuan Bien 57 Tran Van Bay Tran Van Huu 58 Pham Thi Luyen Nguyen Thi Tuyet 59 Vu Duc Phuong 10 Nguyen Thi Ngoan 60 Doan Thi Lua 11 Pham Van Tuan 61 Doan Tieu 12 Pham Thi Thao 62 Tran Van Phuong 13 Tran Thi Kinh 63 Tran Van Luong 14 Pham Van Ung 64 Tran Van Hung 15 Pham Van Thoan 65 Lai Van Phong 16 Hoang Van Bao 66 Le Van Thanh 17 Tran Thi Voc 67 Tran Thi Dai 18 Hoang Van Cong 68 Hoang Van Dung 19 Tran Ngoc Tinh 69 Tran Thi Ha 20 Tran Trong Binh 70 Tran Thi Ngoan 21 Tran Van Phuong 71 Pham Van Dung 22 Hoang Van Mui 72 Le Van Tung 23 Trinh Dinh cuong 73 Nguyen Van Phong 24 Cao Xuan Truong 74 Do Van Tuy 25 Dinh Quang Thao 75 Pham Van Hien 26 Do Thi Len 76 Tran Thi Lien 27 Doan Dinh Da 77 Tran Thi Hang 28 Tran Thi Theu 78 Tran Van Dai 29 Doan Dao 79 Dinh Thi Cham 30 Tran Thi Sen 80 Pham Quang Nhuan 31 Tran Oanh 81 Phan Van Uyen 131 Hamlet 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 No 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Name Dinh Tien Giang Tran Thi Suu Tran Thi Hue Pham Thanh Duoc Dang Quoc Viet Nguyen Thi Thom Nguyen Duy Dong Le Duc Nhuan Tran Thi Hong Bui Thi Han Tran Ngoc Quynh Pham Thi Hao Pham Van Liem Tran Thi Rong Nguyen Xuan Thien Dinh Duy Hien Nguyen Van Than Pham Trung Truc Pham Thi Huong Hamlet 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 No 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Name Hoang Van Luy Nguyen Viet Hien Nguyen Thi Khuyen Pham Van Binh Nguyen Viet Luu Tran Van Quynh Do Ngoc Thuong Doan Dinh Huynh Nguyen Tuan Tai Tran Ngoc Toan Tran Van Luu Tran Van Thuy Pham Van Quan Nguyen Van Lan Tran Van Dat Tran Van Dai Dinh Hai Cuong Pham Thi Quynh Tran Van Dat Hamlet 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 3.5: List of civil services involved in in-depth interviews No Name Position Tran Van Truong Chairman of People's Committee of Giao An commune Le Quang Dan Vice Chairman of People's Committee of Giao An Commune Missing Village head Tran Van An Village head Pham Van Tap Village head Tran Van Quang Village head Dinh Trung Do Village head Tran Manh Cuong Village head Pham Van Tinh Village head 10 Trinh Van Hoan Village head 11 Nguyen Van Canh Village head 12 Tran Hai Son Village head 10 13 Doan Thi Thoi Village head 11 14 Nguyen Thi Dam Village head 12 15 Tran Thi Hien Village head 13 16 Pham Thanh Chuong Village head 14 17 Do Duy Ban Village head 15 18 Nguyen Van Hau Village head 16 132 No 19 20 21 22 23 24 Name Nguyen Van Phien Pham Van Bong Cao Van Da Tran Van Nguyen Nguyen Van Thong Dinh Van Huy Position Village head 17 Village head 18 Village head 19 Village head 20 Village head 21 Village head 22 3.6: List of households involved in in-depth interviews No Name Hamlet No Name Bui Phu Xuyen Nguyen Duc Thanh Pham Thi Nhung 10 Pham Van Dung Bui Thi Binh 11 Nguyen Viet Hien Dang Xuan Bien 12 Nguyen Tuan Tai Pham Van Liem 13 Tran Ngoc Toan Dang Quoc Viet 14 Tran Van Dai Pham Trung Truc 15 Dinh Hai Cuong Nguyen Duc Nguyen 10 Hamlet 10 14 18 19 20 21 22 Appendix 4: Data on temperature and rainfall at Nam Dinh meteorological station 4.1: Data on average monthly temperature for the period of 1989-2018 at Nam Dinh meteorological station Year Jan Fer Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 133 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 15.2 17.2 17.6 15.7 15.8 17.7 15.4 16.2 18.2 17.9 17.0 17.9 18.1 17.3 16.6 17.1 16.2 18 16.5 15.1 15.6 17.7 12.5 14.4 15.1 17.2 17.5 17 19.2 17.7 16.3 17.5 18.7 16.4 19 18.6 16.1 15.7 16.4 18.6 19.2 16.1 17 18.6 20.4 17.6 17.8 18.3 21.3 13.4 21.9 20.4 17.2 16 19.5 16.9 18.8 16.2 19.5 17 19.3 19.7 21.7 19.2 20.1 18 19.1 19.5 20.5 20.3 21.1 19.6 20.7 21.8 21.5 20.3 18.9 19.7 20.9 20.5 20.6 21.5 16.5 19.7 23.1 19.5 21.5 19.7 21.9 21.8 23.3 24 23.2 23.4 23.5 24.7 23.8 20.6 24.1 25.7 24.9 24.8 23.9 25.2 25.8 24 23.7 24.9 23.1 24.4 23.9 23.1 23.1 25.4 24.4 25.1 24.5 24.9 24.4 23.7 26.3 25.6 27.3 27.1 27.1 27.6 26.9 26.9 27.8 28.2 25.8 27 26.6 27.2 28.6 26.3 29 27.4 26.6 27.1 26.8 28.3 26.7 28.6 28.5 28.6 30 28.4 27.1 28.8 28.6 29 29 28.7 30 28.5 29.3 29.1 29.2 30 29.3 28.3 28.8 29.4 29.9 29.2 30.3 29.8 30.2 28.4 29.9 30.5 29.6 30 29.3 29.9 30.8 30.7 29.8 30.5 134 29.2 28.8 29.3 28.6 30.5 28.4 29.3 29.6 28.5 30.5 30.2 29.4 29.3 29.3 30 28.8 29.6 29.8 30.4 29.1 29.5 30.4 29.6 29.9 28.5 29.5 29.6 30.3 28.9 29.3 28.7 30 28.8 29 28.9 28.2 28.2 28.6 28.7 29.4 28.2 28.7 28.3 28 28.8 28.6 28.5 27.8 28.7 28.8 29.4 28.1 28.9 28.7 28.8 28.6 29.6 29.2 29.1 28.3 27.9 28 28.3 27.7 27.3 26.9 27.4 26.8 25.4 27.4 27.7 26.6 27.6 27 27.5 27.5 28 27.7 26.9 27.5 28.2 28.2 27.1 27.2 26.4 28.8 28.1 28.5 28.7 28.1 24.2 24.8 25 23.7 23.7 23.9 25.7 25.3 25.7 25 24.6 24.7 25.5 24.8 26 25 25.8 26.8 25.3 26 26.3 24.9 24 26.1 25 26.3 26.3 27.1 25.1 25.5 21.6 22.6 20.7 19.6 21.3 22.7 20.1 22.5 23.3 22.2 21.6 20.9 20.5 20.7 23.3 22.3 22.4 24.6 20.7 21.3 21.4 22 23.3 23.1 22.1 22.7 24.3 22.8 21.7 23.7 18.2 19.5 19.2 19.5 16.9 19.4 17.3 17.6 18.7 19.3 15.7 19.7 17.1 18.8 18 18.7 16.8 18 20.3 18 19.7 19.6 17 18.9 15.5 16.9 18.4 20.5 17.5 19.1 4.2: Data on total monthly rainfall for the period of 1989-2018 at Nam Dinh meteorological station Year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Jan 25.2 21.2 6.8 83.8 6.4 9.3 22.8 9.4 43.2 10.0 28.4 3.0 15.8 3.1 38.5 11.4 14.1 2.4 5.5 60.7 4.8 113.8 5.5 40.7 16.3 1.7 24.7 178.6 42.9 15.0 Fer 4.9 56.5 10.1 55.9 17.8 28.1 16.9 35.8 25.7 20.3 4.8 17.0 22.7 18.8 18.7 42.6 22.6 34.3 45.3 21.0 3.0 7.5 13.4 22.7 28.5 22.4 53.7 8.8 9.3 10.7 Mar 40.3 118.0 47.8 35.5 27.2 133.2 64.2 122.4 59.3 41.9 41.9 45.6 117.6 19.1 25.6 29.2 27.2 28.4 32.1 30.5 114.8 8.6 83.2 22.9 24.0 85.9 61.3 25.9 83.7 41.1 Apr 23.8 35.1 42.2 42.1 90.0 29.7 17.4 78.8 207.1 102.1 40.4 20.8 27.1 46.3 25.8 71.2 38.4 24.4 43.4 38.2 214.5 42.3 38.0 102.4 38.7 142.8 18.6 138.5 134.9 102.0 May 303.9 223.5 210.3 115.1 117.8 596.4 135.1 115.8 145.2 189.3 306.4 130.2 200.6 365.8 180.1 188.4 73.1 220.2 174.6 164.7 249.2 189.9 180.9 177.0 140.9 168.5 88.2 116.3 78.0 142.1 Month Jun Jul 298.6 314.4 149.7 462.9 89.7 296.3 409.7 277.0 183.2 70.6 465.7 340.0 153.3 252.8 122.5 332.8 127.5 217.6 232.0 64.1 225.8 112.0 157.8 327.3 232.5 334.3 130.5 131.9 103.1 168.9 193.2 311.9 66.5 240.5 124.0 186.3 59.8 216.6 219.0 214.1 180.6 325.6 122.5 311.5 212.6 288.4 208.5 263.5 151.7 423.8 218.5 274.4 147.0 113.8 92.0 296.7 251.0 393.0 86.6 530.9 135 Aug 238.9 243.0 253.3 116.0 298.3 501.8 317.6 336.1 356.2 258.6 241.5 313.9 379.3 178.2 311.6 196.6 322.3 437.8 162.4 337.9 146.7 428.2 284.9 328.4 332.7 246.4 271.6 446.2 376.5 373.1 Sep 205.0 211.2 113.1 268.5 520.1 694.2 71.5 372.1 257.2 181.0 198.9 360.6 207.1 87.0 499.5 271.5 495.8 155.7 178.6 245.0 316.9 174.1 477.7 320.2 378.6 288.3 349.2 223.6 388.6 93.1 Oct 381.3 487.2 14.6 19.0 16.9 141.6 102.8 151.6 271.2 156.8 406.9 98.6 336.5 194.9 36.0 35.3 63.2 39.9 124.8 240.9 66.2 56.2 147.4 173.7 115.8 185.5 81.0 56.9 510.9 225.6 Nov 7.1 37.3 23.4 23.8 61.3 14.8 81.3 130.5 16.4 11.5 73.4 1.4 87.3 57.7 2.4 24.5 210.4 26.3 10.1 204.3 5.5 0.0 22.1 77.5 91.3 66.5 100.7 7.8 17.5 6.0 Dec 14.0 19.7 61.2 39.7 9.9 34.1 17.0 4.0 17.3 18.4 70.3 1.7 51.6 71.5 2.7 16.7 18.3 6.9 33.0 22.0 15.9 6.8 13.1 35.3 15.0 20.5 42.7 1.9 34.9 110.7 Ave ∑ 154.8 172.1 97.4 123.8 123.3 249.1 104.4 151.0 145.3 107.2 145.9 123.2 167.7 108.7 117.7 116.0 132.7 107.2 90.5 149.9 137.0 121.8 147.3 147.7 146.4 143.5 112.7 132.8 193.4 144.7 1857.4 2065.3 1168.8 1486.1 1479.5 2988.9 1252.7 1811.8 1743.9 1286.0 1750.7 1477.9 2012.4 1304.8 1412.9 1392.5 1592.4 1286.6 1086.2 1798.3 1643.7 1461.4 1767.2 1772.8 1757.3 1721.4 1352.5 1593.2 2321.2 1736.9 Appendix 5: Some images related to research Image 1: Sluice gate of shrimp pond Image 2: Equipment for measuring salinity in water Image 3: Simple house in improved extensive shrimp farming Image 4: Plastic bottles designed to catch fish in the mangrove forest Image 5: Fish traps used to catch fish in mangrove forest Image 6: Tools are prepared when fishing in mangroves 136 Image 7: Vegetable farming Image 8: Raising rabbits Image 9: Raising pigeons Image 10: Raising baby softshell turtles Image 11: Interview with people in hamlet (left) and hamlet (right) 137 ... Developing sustainable and climate- resilient livelihoods in Giao An commune, Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province 1.4.2 Research scope - Geographical scope: Giao An commune, Giao Thuy district, Nam. ..VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN HOAI THU RESEARCH ON DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE AND CLIMATERESILIENT LIVELIHOOD IN GIAO AN COMMUNE, GIAO THUY DISTRICT, NAM DINH PROVINCE. .. developing sustainable and climate- resilient livelihood in Giao An commune, Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province" The study focused on agricultural livelihoods comprising rice farming, vegetable farming