Assessment of adaptive capacity of aquaculture households to climate change in cho moi district, an giang province, vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY THAI TRONG NGHIA ASSESSMENT OF ADATIVE CAPACITY OF AQUACULTURE HOUSEHOLDS TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHO MOI DISTRICT, AN GIANG PROVINCE, VIETNAM MASTER’S THESIS i PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published The use of other research‟s results and other documents must comply with the regulations The citations and references to documents, books, research paper, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis Author of the thesis THAI TRONG NGHIA ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLEDGE i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF ABBREVIATION vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT viii FOREWORD ix CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research issues 1.2 Research questions and objectives, and hypothesis 1.2.1 Research questions 1.2.2 Research objectives 1.2.3 Hypothesis 1.3 Background of the Study 1.3.1 Concepts 1.3.2 Research history 1.4 Study Area 16 1.4.1 Natural characteristic 16 1.4.2 Socio-economic and environmental characteristics .19 1.4.3 Characteristics of climate change and natural disaster of Cho Moi district .23 1.4.4 Characteristics of aquaculture activity in Cho Moi district 29 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 31 2.1 Research approach 31 2.2 Research methods 34 2.2.1 Secondary data 34 2.2.2 Establishing and developing a set of AC indicators .35 2.2.3 Data collection 37 2.2.4 Data analysis 42 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .44 3.1 General information about the study areas 44 3.2 Characteristics of economy, society and environment of households .49 3.2.1 Economic characteristic 49 3.2.2 Social characteristic 52 3.2.3 Environmental characteristic 53 3.2.4 Climate change adaptation characteristics 65 3.3 Assessment of AC of aquaculture households 70 ii 3.3.1 Overall AC assessment 70 3.3.2 Assessment of economic component .73 3.3.3 Assessment of social component 74 3.3.4 Assessment of environmental component .75 3.3.5 Assessment of CC adaptation component 76 CHAPTER RECOMMENDATIONS TO INCREASE LOW ADAPTIVE CAPACITY INDICATORS OF AQUACULTURE HOUSEHOLDS TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHO MOI DISTRICT .78 4.1 Overview 78 4.2 Solutions to increase AC of aquaculture households in Cho Moi district .78 4.2.1 Recommendations for management solutions for the government .78 4.2.2 Recommendations for increasing autonomous adaptation for households 81 4.3 Technological recommendation for increasing AC of aquaculture households 82 4.3.1 RAS introduction 83 4.3.2 RAS strengths 86 Chapter CONCLUSIONS 87 REFERENCES .89 APPENDIX 94 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Economic structure value of Cho Moi during the phase of 2014-2018 20 Table 2.1 Set of indicators to assess AC of aquaculture households in Cho Moi 355 Table 2.2 the number of aquaculture households was randomly chosen for data collection in Cho Moi district 37 Table 2.3 Parameters of water quality were directly measured at study sites 39 Table 2.4 The number of times to measure water samples at the study sites 41 Table 3.1 Average area and yield of aquaculture households at the study sites 48 Table 3.2 Profit margin of each aquaculture type at study areas 49 Table 3.3 SWOT matrix to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of each aquaculture system .69 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Geographical location and natural condition map of Cho Moi district, An Giang 17 Figure 1.2 A structure of the working-age population (left) and structure of population capable of work in economic sectors (right) 21 Figure 1.3 Water surface of Hau river (left) and Tien river (right) in flood season 22 Figure 1.4 Flooding peaks during 1998-2019 phase were measured at upstream and downstream stations in An Giang province 24 Figure 1.5 The map of storm and depression trajectories impacted An Giang during the phase of 1951-2015 .27 Figure 1.6 A landslide scene of a riverside resident along the Vam Nao river, Cho Moi district, An Giang 29 Figure 1.7 Profit margin of pangasius households in the phase of 2007-2012 was proportionate with fluctuated peaks of Tien and Hau River in An Giang 30 Figure 2.1 Cause and effect chain approach in climate change 31 Figure 2.2 Study framework was applied to assess AC of aquaculture households 34 Figure 2.3 Residents on floating house was interviewed for data collection 38 Figure 2.4 The methods for the water sampling at inlet and outlet point 40 Figure 2.5 Water samples were collected at the study sites 41 Figure 3.1 The three aquaculture systems located in commutes are shown on maps of the study sites (red circle) 44 Figure 3.2 Popular aquaculture systems in Cho Moi district 46 Figure 3.3 Comparison of average members, labors and female labors between aquaculture types and Cho Moi district 47 Figure 3.4 Comparison of average household income and income per capita between aquaculture systems and Cho Moi district 48 Figure 3.5 The scalability of aquaculture types at study areas 53 Figure 3.6 Waste treatment system of cement/rubber tank (left) and waste effluent of floating house (right) at study sites 54 Figure 3.7 pH indexes of systems were measured at the different points 56 Figure 3.8 DO content of systems was measured at the three different points .58 Figure 3.9 Temperature value of systems was measured at different points 59 Figure 3.10 COD content of systems were measured at the different points .61 Figure 3.11 NH4-N content of systems were measured at the different points 60 Figure 3.12 PO4-P content of systems measured at the three different points .65 Figure 3.13 Quantities of solutions by model for CC adaptation and resilience to a shortage of water, inundation in flood season and extreme events 68 v Figure 3.14 The result of AC assessment at different systems of aquaculture 71 Figure 3.15 The result of overall AC assessment of households in Cho Moi district 70 Figure 3.16 The assessment results show indicators increase/decrease AC 70 Figure 3.17 AC assessment of economic indicators by aquaculture systems 73 Figure 3.18 AC assessment of social indicators by aquaculture systems 74 Figure 3.19 AC assessment of environmental indicators by aquaculture systems 75 Figure 3.20 AC assessment of CC adaptation component by aquaculture systems 77 Figure 4.1 The survey result of household‟s anticipation for implementing RAS to improve their current farming practices 80 Figure 4.2 Diagram describes RAS operation 84 Figure 4.3 The composition of a mechanical filtration system 85 Figure 4.4 Three layers of a bio filter are introduced to purify water quality 85 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATION CC AC VMD SD SDGs RCP SL RAS Climate Change Adaptive Capacity Vietnamese Mekong Delta Sustainable development Sustainable development goals Representative concentration pathways Sustainable Livelihood Recirculating aquaculture system vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The master thesis "Assessment of the Adaptive Capacity of Aquaculture Households to Climate Change in Cho Moi District, An Giang Province" was completed at the program of Climate Change and Development, Vietnam Japan University, Vietnam National University, Hanoi I would like to thank all the teachers and staff who have fully supported and gave valuable comments to this thesis In particular, I would like to express my deepest thanks to the two supervisors, Assoc Dr Koshi Yoshida and Dr Nguyen Tai Tue who not only closely guide me on the knowledge and experience but also share the skills for me to become a professional researcher In addition, I would like to thank some individuals and units such as An Giang Rural Development Sub-Department, Mr Huynh Van Thai, Head of Water Resource and Climate Change Department, An Giang Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Mr Nguyen Van Tien Head of Snakehead Farming Association of Long Kien Commune- Cho Moi District, Master Nguyen Thi Hao who have provided the necessary information and created favorable conditions for me to complete this thesis This thesis is hugely supported by the national projects, entitled “Research, assessment the impacts of climate change, disasters, human activities for proposing solutions, sustainable development models in adjacent areas of Hau River”, code: BĐKH.39/16-20 Once again, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all of those for their interest, encouragement, and motivation for me to fulfil my master's thesis The precious things that I learned during the course of doing my thesis will help me a lot in my future research Sincerely! viii FOREWORD Aquaculture in Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) plays important role in Vietnam, its population as well However, many studies predicted that this area is one of the most vulnerable region by climate change and sea level rise in the world In addition, the impacts of the upstream hydroelectric construction exacerbate the existing problems VMD‟s aquaculture, therefore, is the most affected sectors by climate and non-climate actors The thesis title “Assessment of Adaptive Capacity of Aquaculture Households to Climate Change in Cho Moi District, An Giang Province, Vietnam” aimed to find out adaptive capacity (AC) to reduce vulnerability of aquaculture households in VMD to climate change A set of indicators to assess AC was created by reliable studies, current policies on coping with climate change and reaching sustainable development goals (SGDs) The set was established with 17 indicators belonging to components CC adaptation (6 indicators), economy (5 indicators), society (3 indicators), and environment (3 indicators) The AC index was collected by the two activities First, the study interviewed 60 households at 06 communes in Cho Moi district that represent the three aquaculture systems (20 households/system) to find out the score of AC1-AC15 Second, water quality measurement was conducted at the aquaculture ponds to calculate the score of AC16-AC17 The score of overall AC was totalled each individual indicator by the use of Min-Max formula Sustainable solutions for aquaculture households were given to increase low AC indicators, especially technological solutions like recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) ix The development of aquaculture system is not even Households raising fish on cement/rubber system had the highest AC index (0.70) because all four AC components were relatively high In contrast, the AC index of households on the earthen pond (AC: 0.30) and the floating house (AC: 0.37) system has a low AC index because their components were low Solutions to improve AC of aquaculture households in Cho Moi district are generally divided into groups: (1) proposed solutions for authorities to issue, and integrate policies, plans, and forecasts that five capitals (human, social, physical, financial and natural capital) and technology are embedded in order to increase the low indicators and bolster the high indicators; (2) the group of solutions proposed to households to increase autonomous adaptation Traditional aquaculture households (low AC) such as the floating house system and the earthen pond system are encouraged to switch into cement/rubber tank because it had high overall AC on the economy (0.80), environment (0.72), and CC adaptation (0.76) RAS technology was introduced for the cement/rubber tank households (high AC) More importantly, equipped RAS technology for this system can satisfy all four components of AC assessment This study recommend aquaculture households should change traditional systems such as floating houses, earthen ponds into RAS system to compensate 88 low AC indicators REFERENCES Abdul-Razak, M., & Kruse, S (2017) The adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers to climate change in the Northern Region of Ghana Climate Risk Management, 17, 104-122 ADB (2009) The Economics of Climate Change in Southeast Asia: A Regional Review Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippine Beilfuss, R., & Triet, T (2014) Climate change and hydropower in the Mekong River Basin: a synthesis of research Deutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationale 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sector to droughts Climate Services, 7, 47-63 Zarfl, C., Lumsdon, A E., Berlekamp, J., Tydecks, L., & Tockner, K (2015) A global boom in hydropower dam construction Aquatic Sciences, 77(1), 161-170 93 APPENDIX Appendix The criteria to assess adaptive capacity of aquaculture households in Cho Moi district Code Indicators Criteria to assess CC adaptation component AC1 Farming Experience The number of years that households have been working in aquaculture AC2 CC awareness Acceptance of CC and access to climate information of households The impacts of aquaculture households on the socio-economic and AC3 Type of fish farming to be aligned environmental development of the locality with local development plans AC4 AC5 AC6 Sources Previous studies Current governmental regulations Technological application Advanced technologies were used to increase the yield and to improve Previous studies working conditions and water quality Survival rate of fish The death rate of fish species are weighed to accommodate with the local Previous studies environment Adaptation and resilience to CC and Adaptation and resilience measures were used to reduce the vulnerability of Previous studies extreme events CC and extreme events Economic component 94 Code Indicators Criteria to assess Sources AC7 Profit margin (revenue/cost) The ratio between the revenue and production cost in the last crop AC8 Production linkage The cooperative contract between farmers and traders at the beginning of the production AC9 Number of crops in a year The number of productive crops was implemented in the last year AC10 Livelihood diversity The number of jobs of members in aquaculture households who have worked Previous studies to improve their way of life Current governmental regulations Previous studies The increase/decrease of household income in a period of the last years Current governmental regulations The number of laborers was hired by aquaculture systems Current governmental regulations AC13 Gender equality The number of female members was approached (1) education (more than junior high school) (2) job opportunity (3) participation in social organization (4) social welfare Current governmental regulations AC14 Scalability The prospect of aquaculture households will expands their production in the future Current governmental AC11 Income improvement Social component AC12 Job Creation for community 95 Code Indicators Criteria to assess Sources regulations Environmental component AC15 Waste treatment The wastewater treatment system was applied to improve water quality out of Previous studies the environment AC16 Water quality management parameters (pH, temperature, DO, COD, NO2-, NO3-, NH4-N, PO4-P) are measured to identify the in-pond water quality abide with environmental standards Current governmental regulations AC17 Environmental improvement parameters (pH, temperature, DO, COD, NO2-, NO3-, NH4-N, PO4-P) are measured to identify the inlet and outlet water quality abide with environmental standards Current governmental regulations 96 Appendix The summary table of ranking marks of AC in Cho Moi district Code Indicator (+)/ (-) AC Floating house Earthen pond Cement /Rubber tank Total Total 0.37 0.30 0.70 0.46 I CC adaptation component 0.37 0.30 0.76 0.48 AC1 Farming experience - 0.41 0.22 0.19 0.28 AC2 CC awareness + 0.85 0.60 0.35 0.60 AC3 Type of fish farming on local development plans + 0.00 0.50 1.00 0.50 AC4 Technological application - 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.33 AC5 Survival rate of fish + 0.40 0.40 1.00 0.60 AC6 Adaptation and resilience to CC and Extreme Events + 0.54 0.09 1.00 0.54 0.35 0.25 0.8 0.46 II Economic component AC7 Profit margin (revenue/cost) - 0.52 0.13 0.57 0.41 AC8 Production linkage - 0.00 0.00 0.95 0.32 AC9 Number of crops in a year + 0.32 0.30 1.00 0.54 AC10 Livelihood diversity - 0.20 0.40 0.48 0.36 AC11 Income Improvement + 0.70 0.43 0.98 0.70 0.28 0.28 0.42 0.33 III Social component AC12 Job Creation - 0.11 0.20 0.09 0.13 AC13 Gender equality - 0.18 0.33 0.23 0.24 97 Code Indicator AC14 Scalability IV (+)/ (-) AC Earthen pond Cement /Rubber tank Total 0.55 0.30 0.95 0.60 0.49 0.40 0.72 0.54 - 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.33 Floating house + Environmental component AC15 Waste treatment AC16 Water quality management + 0.72 0.62 0.67 0.67 AC17 Environmental improvement + 0.74 0.57 0.50 0.61 98 Appendix QUESTIONNAIRE Commune name: Date of interview: Personal information 1.1 Name 1.2 Address 1.3 Age 1.4 GPS coordinates Household information 2.1 How many members in your family? 2.1.1 In which how many numbers of laborers are there? …………………… 2.1.1.1 In which how many numbers of female laborers are there? ……………… 2.2 What kind of fish specieces is cultivated? 2.2.1 How is its survival rate? High …………………… Medium Low 2.3 How much the total aquaculture area of your …………………… family has? 2.3.1 In which how much the average area of one pond? 2.4 What kind of aquaculture system you own? Floating house Earthen pond Cement/rubber tank ………… crops/year 2.5 How many crops per year of your system has? 2.6 How many years have you worked in aquaculture sector? ………years 2.7 How many income sources in your family have? ………… sources Please circle relevant sources below (possibly select multiple answers) 2.8 Aquaculture sector Crop cultivation Small trading Handicraft Unskilled labor Others How much was your ……………VNĐ/year family‟s 99 income years ago? 2.8.1 Of which did aquaculture sources contribute to how many percents in the total income? 2.9 How much was your family‟s income at present? ……………VNĐ/year 2.10 Of which did aquaculture sources contribute to how many percents in the total income? 2.11 How the total income of your family changed between the present and years ago? Increase 2.22 No change 3.Decrease What is the cause of change in your family‟s income? Increase of material (seed, medicine etc) input labor cost feed, take on another job selling price Others 2.23 How much is the average yield? ………………………… kg/crop/pond 2.24 How much was the product cost of the last crop? VND/crop/pond 2.25 How much was ………… VND/kg 2.25.1 Of which did aquaculture feed contribute to how many percents in the total of production cost? ……….% 2.25.1 Of which did waste treatment contribute to how many percents in the total of production cost? ……….% 2.26 How much was the revenue of the last crop? ………… VND/crop/pond 2.27 Do you have any business contract with private sectors for your product? the Yes production cost of the last crop? No 2.27.1 With whom? ………… 2.28 Do you implement any technological solution to increase yield and waste treatment? Yes No 2.28.1 If any, please tell a name of a specific solution:…………… 2.29 Does your system create job opportunities for rural labors? Yes No If any, please give the number of labores you hired: …………… 100 2.30 what approaches are female members of your family to be facilitated to advance gender equality? (multiple answers) Education (over junior Job opportunity high school) Social welfare 2.31 2.32 2.33 Others:………… How is the scalability of your system? Yes No Does your system (water/soil/atmosphere) cause Yes No natural environmental No Do you sense any changing climate and extreme events over years? Yes No 2.34.1 If any, please tell the events affected your system 2.35 Have you faced a shortage of water over the last years? Yes 2.35.1 polution Do you have any waste treatment in your system? Yes 2.34 participation in social organization in locality No If any, please tell impacts of its event a decrease of production cost water quality change a decrease of yield and ouput all 2.35.2 How many solutions have you applied to deal with this event? 2.35 Have you faced unstable flood over the last years? Yes 2.35.2 No If any, please tell impacts of its event decrease/increase of production cost water quality change yield and ouput all 2.35.3 How many solutions have you applied to deal with this event? 2.35 Have you faced extreme event such as extreme hot, heavy rain over the last years? 101 Yes 2.35.2 No If any, please tell impacts of its event decrease/increase of water quality production cost change yield and ouput all 2.35.3 How many solutions have events? RAS system 3.1 Do you know RAS system or modern technology? 3.1.1 If any, please tell strengths of this system water quality control 3.2 you applied to deal high yield low environmental impact Do you plan to change your current system to that system? Yes 3.3 with these No Do you have any suggestion to shift to a new one? Loan Technology transfer Other:…… 102 Training ... sectors by climate and non -climate actors The thesis title ? ?Assessment of Adaptive Capacity of Aquaculture Households to Climate Change in Cho Moi District, An Giang Province, Vietnam? ?? aimed to. .. thesis "Assessment of the Adaptive Capacity of Aquaculture Households to Climate Change in Cho Moi District, An Giang Province" was completed at the program of Climate Change and Development, Vietnam. .. impacts of CC on the aquaculture in this area Therefore, the thesis "Assessment of the adaptive capacity of aquaculture households to climate change in Cho Moi district, An Giang province, Vietnam"