Assessment of adaptive capacity of aquaculture households to climate change in cho moi district, an giang province, vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY THAI TRONG NGHIA ASSESSMENT OF ADATIVE CAPACITY OF AQUACULTURE HOUSEHOLDS TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHO MOI DISTRICT, AN GIANG PROVINCE, VIETNAM MASTER’S THESIS i PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published The use of other research‟s results and other documents must comply with the regulations The citations and references to documents, books, research paper, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis Author of the thesis THAI TRONG NGHIA ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLEDGE TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FOREWORD CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research issues 1.2 Research questions and objectives, and hypothesis 1.2.1 Research questions 1.2.2 Research objectives 1.2.3 Hypothesis 1.3 Background of the Study 1.3.1 Concepts 1.3.2 Research history 1.4 Study Area 1.4.1 Natural characteristic 1.4.2 Socio-economic and environmental characteristics 1.4.3 Characteristics of climate change and natural disaster of C 1.4.4 Characteristics of aquaculture activity in Cho Moi district CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 2.1 Research approach 2.2 Research methods 2.2.1 Secondary data 2.2.2 Establishing and developing a set of AC indicators 2.2.3 Data collection 2.2.4 Data analysis CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 General information about the study areas 3.2 Characteristics of economy, society and environment of households 3.2.1 Economic characteristic 3.2.2 Social characteristic 3.2.3 Environmental characteristic 3.2.4 Climate change adaptation characteristics 3.3 Assessment of AC of aquaculture households ii 3.3.1 Overall AC assessment 70 3.3.2 Assessment of economic component 73 3.3.3 Assessment of social component 74 3.3.4 Assessment of environmental component 75 3.3.5 Assessment of CC adaptation component 76 CHAPTER RECOMMENDATIONS TO INCREASE LOW ADAPTIVE CAPACITY INDICATORS OF AQUACULTURE HOUSEHOLDS TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHO MOI DISTRICT 78 4.1 Overview 78 4.2 Solutions to increase AC of aquaculture households in Cho Moi district .78 4.2.1 Recommendations for management solutions for the government 78 4.2.2 Recommendations for increasing autonomous adaptation for households 81 4.3 Technological recommendation for increasing AC of aquaculture households 82 4.3.1 RAS introduction 83 4.3.2 RAS strengths 86 Chapter CONCLUSIONS 87 REFERENCES 89 APPENDIX 94 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Economic structure value of Cho Moi during the phase of 2014-2018 20 Table 2.1 Set of indicators to assess AC of aquaculture households in Cho Moi 355 Table 2.2 the number of aquaculture households was randomly chosen for data collection in Cho Moi district 37 Table 2.3 Parameters of water quality were directly measured at study sites 39 Table 2.4 The number of times to measure water samples at the study sites 41 Table 3.1 Average area and yield of aquaculture households at the study sites 48 Table 3.2 Profit margin of each aquaculture type at study areas 49 Table 3.3 SWOT matrix to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of each aquaculture system 69 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Geographical location and natural condition map of Cho Moi district, An Giang 17 Figure 1.2 A structure of the working-age population (left) and structure of population capable of work in economic sectors (right) 21 Figure 1.3 Water surface of Hau river (left) and Tien river (right) in flood season 22 Figure 1.4 Flooding peaks during 1998-2019 phase were measured at upstream and downstream stations in An Giang province 24 Figure 1.5 The map of storm and depression trajectories impacted An Giang during the phase of 1951-2015 27 Figure 1.6 A landslide scene of a riverside resident along the Vam Nao river, Cho Moi district, An Giang 29 Figure 1.7 Profit margin of pangasius households in the phase of 2007-2012 was proportionate with fluctuated peaks of Tien and Hau River in An Giang 30 Figure 2.1 Cause and effect chain approach in climate change .31 Figure 2.2 Study framework was applied to assess AC of aquaculture households 34 Figure 2.3 Residents on floating house was interviewed for data collection 38 Figure 2.4 The methods for the water sampling at inlet and outlet point .40 Figure 2.5 Water samples were collected at the study sites 41 Figure 3.1 The three aquaculture systems located in commutes are shown on maps of the study sites (red circle) 44 Figure 3.2 Popular aquaculture systems in Cho Moi district 46 Figure 3.3 Comparison of average members, labors and female labors between aquaculture types and Cho Moi district 47 Figure 3.4 Comparison of average household income and income per capita between aquaculture systems and Cho Moi district 48 Figure 3.5 The scalability of aquaculture types at study areas 53 Figure 3.6 Waste treatment system of cement/rubber tank (left) and waste effluent of floating house (right) at study sites 54 Figure 3.7 pH indexes of systems were measured at the different points 56 Figure 3.8 DO content of systems was measured at the three different points 58 Figure 3.9 Temperature value of systems was measured at different points 59 Figure 3.10 COD content of systems were measured at the different points 61 Figure 3.11 NH4-N content of systems were measured at the different points .60 Figure 3.12 PO4-P content of systems measured at the three different points 65 Figure 3.13 Quantities of solutions by model for CC adaptation and resilience to a shortage of water, inundation in flood season and extreme events 68 v Figure 3.14 The result of AC assessment at different systems of aquaculture .71 Figure 3.15 The result of overall AC assessment of households in Cho Moi district 70 Figure 3.16 The assessment results show indicators increase/decrease AC 70 Figure 3.17 AC assessment of economic indicators by aquaculture systems 73 Figure 3.18 AC assessment of social indicators by aquaculture systems .74 Figure 3.19 AC assessment of environmental indicators by aquaculture systems 75 Figure 3.20 AC assessment of CC adaptation component by aquaculture systems 77 Figure 4.1 The survey result of household‟s anticipation for implementing RAS to improve their current farming practices 80 Figure 4.2 Diagram describes RAS operation 84 Figure 4.3 The composition of a mechanical filtration system 85 Figure 4.4 Three layers of a bio filter are introduced to purify water quality 85 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATION CC AC VMD SD SDGs RCP SL RAS Climate Change Adaptive Capacity Vietnamese Mekong Delta Sustainable development Sustainable development goals Representative concentration pathways Sustainable Livelihood Recirculating aquaculture system vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The master thesis "Assessment of the Adaptive Capacity of Aquaculture Households to Climate Change in Cho Moi District, An Giang Province" was completed at the program of Climate Change and Development, Vietnam Japan University, Vietnam National University, Hanoi I would like to thank all the teachers and staff who have fully supported and gave valuable comments to this thesis In particular, I would like to express my deepest thanks to the two supervisors, Assoc Dr Koshi Yoshida and Dr Nguyen Tai Tue who not only closely guide me on the knowledge and experience but also share the skills for me to become a professional researcher In addition, I would like to thank some individuals and units such as An Giang Rural Development Sub-Department, Mr Huynh Van Thai, Head of Water Resource and Climate Change Department, An Giang Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Mr Nguyen Van Tien Head of Snakehead Farming Association of Long Kien Commune- Cho Moi District, Master Nguyen Thi Hao who have provided the necessary information and created favorable conditions for me to complete this thesis This thesis is hugely supported by the national projects, entitled “Research, assessment the impacts of climate change, disasters, human activities for proposing solutions, sustainable development models in adjacent areas of Hau River”, code: BĐKH.39/16-20 Once again, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all of those for their interest, encouragement, and motivation for me to fulfil my master's thesis The precious things that I learned during the course of doing my thesis will help me a lot in my future research Sincerely! viii FOREWORD Aquaculture in Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) plays important role in Vietnam, its population as well However, many studies predicted that this area is one of the most vulnerable region by climate change and sea level rise in the world In addition, the impacts of the upstream hydroelectric construction exacerbate the existing problems VMD‟s aquaculture, therefore, is the most affected sectors by climate and non-climate actors The thesis title “Assessment of Adaptive Capacity of Aquaculture Households to Climate Change in Cho Moi District, An Giang Province, Vietnam” aimed to find out adaptive capacity (AC) to reduce vulnerability of aquaculture households in VMD to climate change A set of indicators to assess AC was created by reliable studies, current policies on coping with climate change and reaching sustainable development goals (SGDs) The set was established with 17 indicators belonging to components CC adaptation (6 indicators), economy (5 indicators), society (3 indicators), and environment (3 indicators) The AC index was collected by the two activities First, the study interviewed 60 households at 06 communes in Cho Moi district that represent the three aquaculture systems (20 households/system) to find out the score of AC1-AC15 Second, water quality measurement was conducted at the aquaculture ponds to calculate the score of AC16-AC17 The score of overall AC was totalled each individual indicator by the use of Min-Max formula Sustainable solutions for aquaculture households were given to increase low AC indicators, especially technological solutions like recirculating aquaculture 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Survival rate of fish AC6 Adaptation and resilience to CC and extreme events Economic component Code AC7 Indicators Profit margin (revenue/cost) AC8 Production linkage AC9 Number of crops in a year AC10 Livelihood diversity AC11 Income improvement Social component AC12 Job Creation for community AC13 Gender equality AC14 Scalability Code Indicators Environmental component AC15 Waste treatment AC16 Water quality management AC17 Environmental improvement 96 Appendix The summary table of ranking marks of AC in Cho Moi district Code Indicator Total CC adaptation I component AC1 Farming experience AC2 CC awareness Type of AC3 local development plans AC4 Technological application AC5 Survival rate of fish AC6 Adaptation and resilience to CC Events II AC7 Economic component Profit margin (revenue/cost) AC8 Production linkage AC9 Number of crops in a year AC10 Livelihood diversity AC11 Income Improvement III Social component AC12 Job Creation AC13 Gender equality Code AC14 IV AC15 AC16 AC17 Indicator Scalability Environmental component Waste treatment Water quality management Environmental improvement 98 Appendix QUESTIONNAIRE Personal information 1.1 Name 1.2 Address 1.3 Age 1.4 GPS coordinates Household information 2.1 How many members in your famil 2.1.1 In which how many numbers of la 2.1.1.1 In which how many numbers ……………… 2.2 What kind of fish specieces is cult 2.2.1 How is its survival rate? High 2.3 How much the total aquaculture ar family has? 2.3.1 In which how much the average ar 2.4 What kind of aquaculture system d Floating house 2.5 How many crops per year of your 2.6 How many years have you worked 2.7 How many income sources in you Please circle relevant sources belo Aquaculture sector Handicraft 2.8 How much wasyour family‟s ……………VNĐ/year 2.8.1 Of which did aquaculture sources contribute to how many percents in the total income? 2.9 How much was your family‟s income at present? ……………VNĐ/year 2.10 Of which did aquaculture sources contribute to how many percents in the total income? 2.11 How the total income of your family changed between the present and years ago? Increase 2.22 No change 3.Decrease What is the cause of change in your family‟s income? Increase material (seed, medicine etc) take on another job 2.23 How much is the average yield? …… 2.24 How much was the product cost of 2.25 How much ………… VND/kg 2.25.1 Of which did aquaculture feed contr total of production cost? ……….% 2.25.1 Of which did waste treatment contri total of production cost? ……….% 2.26 How much was the revenue o VND/crop/pond 2.27 Do you have any business contract Yes 2.27.1 With whom? ………… 2.28 Do you implement any technologica treatment? Yes 2.28.1 If any, please tell a name of a specif 2.29 Does your system create job opport Yes If any, please give the number of lab 2.30 what approaches are female membe advance gender equality? (multiple Education (over junior high school) Social welfare 2.31 How is the scalability of your system Yes 2.32 Doesyoursystem (water/soil/atmosphere) Yes 2.33 Do you have any waste treatment in Yes 2.34 Do you sense any changing climate Yes 2.34.1 If any, please tell the events affected 2.35 Have you faced a shortage of water Yes 2.35.1 If any, please tell impacts of its even a decrease of production cost all 2.35.2 How many solutions have you appl 2.35 Have you faced unstable flood over Yes 2.35.2 If any, please tell impacts of its even decrease/increase of production cost all 2.35.3 How many solutions have you appl 2.35 Have you faced extreme event such last years? 2.35.2 Yes If any, please tell impacts of its even production cost decrease all 2.35.3 How many solutions events? RAS system 3.1 Do you know RAS system or mode 3.1.1 If any, please tell strengths of this sy water quality control 3.2 Do you plan to change your current 3.3 Yes Do you have any suggestion to shift 102 Loan Other:…… ... Climate Change in Cho Moi District, An Giang Province, Vietnam? ?? aimed to find out adaptive capacity (AC) to reduce vulnerability of aquaculture households in VMD to climate change A set of indicators... impacts of CC on the aquaculture in this area Therefore, the thesis "Assessment of the adaptive capacity of aquaculture households to climate change in Cho Moi district, An Giang province, Vietnam" ... canals Due to the flood starting in the rainy time, 70% of the land area in An Giang province, including Cho Moi, was flooded in the years of 2000s, with a rising water level of 1-2.5m The inundation