Assessment actuality of using household scale biogas cellar in thanh ninh commune, thai nguyen province

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY DUONG THI HONG TOPIC TITLE: ASSESSMENT ACTUALITY OF USING HOUSEHOLD-SCALE BIOGAS CELLAR IN THANH NINH COMMUNE, PHU BINH TRISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : 2012- 2016 Thai Nguyen, June 2016 Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name Duong Thi Hong Student ID DTN1153110190 Thesis Title Assessment actuality of using household-scale biogas cellar in Thanh Ninh commune, Thai Nguyen province Supervisor Dr: Nguyen Huu Tho Abstract: One major challenge faced by Thanh Ninh commune is dealing with the enormous amount of livestock waste and agricultural waste generated Biogas technology is considered as effective means of using waste for energy This study is conducted to study the advantages and disadvantages in using biogas technology in Thanh Ninh Commune with result of the study, some solutions will be suggested in this research to suitable to its practical conditions, which is suitable to its practical conditions The main results are concerned with the number of households using biogas cellars in Thanh ninh commune, the input source for each household The index components were analyzed in the product's input and output This research also presents some policies to use bio-slurry utilization with the better way to help people utilized products from animal manure and agricultural waste This might beyond the scope of the study to change peoples’ knowledge, awareness and then treatment in a reasonable manner to animal waste and agriculture waste on daily life Keywords Assessment, biogas cellar, Thanh Ninh commune Number of Pages 45 Date of Submission September 30, 2016 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to extend her grateful appreciation to the following people for their valuable contribution in order to make this research possible First and foremost, to her family especially to her parents for their unconditional love and support in order to fulfill the author’s dreams To her thesis adviser, Dr Nguyen Huu Tho for sharing and teaching his study which provided the author a wider knowledge for doing research To households in Thanh Ninh commune and People’s Committee of Thanh Ninh commune for their enthusiasm and for providing her an excellent atmosphere for doing the research Lastly, the author offers her regards and blessings to all of those who supported her in any respect during the completion of the thesis Thai Nguyen, June 2016 Student Duong Thi Hong TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………… LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………… LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………… ………………………………………… PART I INTRODUCTION…………… ………………………………………… 1.1.Research Rationale…………………………………….………………………… 1.2.Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………….……2 1.2.1 General Objective…………………………………………………………….…….2 1.2.2 Specific Objectives of the Study…………………………………………… 1.3 Research Question……………………………………………………………… 1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study………………………………………… ……4 1.5 Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………4 PART II LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………… 2.1 Overview of Biogas………………………………………………………………5 2.1.1 Definitions…………………………………………………………………5 2.1.2 Biogas For Sustainable Development…………………………………… 2.1.3 Biogas Production Process………………………………………… ……6 2.1.4 Benefits of Biogas Technology………………………………… ……… 10 2.2 Process Development of Biogas Program in Vietnam and The World… 13 2.2.1 Process development of biogas program in The World ……………… 13 2.2.2 Process development of biogas program in Vietnam…………………… 14 PART III CONTENT AND RESEARCH METHODS………………………….18 3.1 Research Contents……………………………………………………………… 18 3.2 Research methods……………………………………………………………… 18 PART IV RESULTS………………………………………………………… ……21 4.1 The natural conditions, the economic and society in Thanh Ninh commune - Phu Binh-Thai Nguyen…………………………………………………………………….21 4.1.1 The natural conditions………………………………… ……………… 21 4.1.2 Social and economic conditions……………………………………………….22 4.1.3 General assessment of natural conditions, economic, social…………… 23 4.2 The current use of biogas technology in Thanh Ninh commune, period 2014 2016………………………………………………………………………………….…… 25 4.2.1 The number of biogas digesters follow years and residential ( 2014 – 2016)………………………………………………………………………………………….…25 4.2.2 Scales of biogas digesters in Thanh Ninh commmune………………… .26 4.2.3 The material resources provided for the digesters…………………… .28 4.2.4 Economic purpose in using of biogas technology……………………….… 28 4.2.5 Assessment the quality of digesters………………………………………….…36 4.3 Assessment the effectiveness of the economy and the environment in using biogas digester………………………………………………………… ……… … 34 4.3.1 Assessment the effectiveness of the economy in using biogas digester……34 4.3.2 Effectiveness of the environment in using biogas digester………………….36 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION……………………………… ….37 5.1 Discussion…………………………………………………………………… …37 5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………… 38 5.3 Recommendation……………………………………………………………… 40 LIST OF REFERENCES……………………………………………………… ….43 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 4.1 The annual number of biogas digesters build in Thanh Ninh commune 26 Figure 4.2 Scales of biogas digesters in Thanh Ninh period 2014 27 2016 Figure 4.3 The form of using biogas in Thanh Ninh commune 30 Figure 4.4 The current use of bio-slurry in Thanh Ninh commune in 2016 31 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1 Amounts of human and animal wastes discharged per day Table 4.1 The number of biogas digesters follow years and 25 residential ( 2014 – 2016) Table 4.2 Scales of biogas digesters in Thanh Ninh period 26 2014 - 2016 Table 4.3 The material resources provided for the digesters in 28 Thanh Ninh commune in 2016 Table 4.4 Using of biogas in Thanh Ninh communein 2016 28 Table 4.5 The current use of bio-slurry in Thanh Ninh 30 commune in 2016 Table 4.6 Result of waste water content in input materials and 31 bioslurry in biogas digesters in Thanh Ninh commune Table 4.7 The local people assess the quality of biogas 33 digesters in Thanh Ninh commune in 2016 Table 4.8 The economic efficiency of the biogas digesters in 35 Thanh Ninh in 2016 Table 4.9 The opinion of household on effectiveness of the 36 environment in using biogas digester LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Meaning BSP Biogas Sector Partnership DAFE Department of Agriculture and Forestry Extension KVIC Khadi and Villages Industries Commission MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development RDAC Rural Development Assistance Centre VACVINA Vietnamese Association of Horticulturist PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale Vietnam is a country with a predominance of agriculture (more than 70% of the population is agriculture), focused mainly on two of cultivation and animal husbandry With the huge volume of livestock waste has not been treated waste resulting organic fertilizer, but also causing environmental pollution, especially in rural areas Resolving the rural environment are urgent issues Using of biogas as a fuel allows us to solve problems and survive in society: environmental pollution, energy crisis, human health, economic development During Social-economic development, Urbanization - Industrialization had going on very strongly in Viet Nam in general and Thai Nguyen in particular, many pressing environmental problems that arose in connection activities relate to people's livelihood, agricultural, industrial and the impact on sustainable development including livestock waste is one of the important issues The population of Thanh ninh commune is 1563 households (2015), inthere 1176 households are livestock but only 100 households used biogas technology (Hang, P.K., 2012) In Thanh ninh commune today, in general the treatment of waste has occurred in the traditional way: the entire waste discharge to drains, ponds or in part is used as fertilizer in agriculture In doing so, it will cause some of the corollary: household 100 90 80 70 60 50 household 40 30 20 10 fertilizer fish food other aims Figure 4.4 The current use of bio-slurry in Thanh Ninh commune in 2016 Table 4.6 Result of waste water analysis content in input materials and bioslurry in biogas digesters in Thanh Ninh commune Samples name TSS (mg/l) Input material Samples code T6-01 3677,37 BOD5 (mg/l) 1458 Phosphorus (mg/l) 28,80 Nitrogen (mg/l) 272,89 Bioslurry T6-02 1339,45 114 20,35 100,52 Input material T6-03 6458,57 1437 37,60 456,17 Bioslurry T6-04 1589,71 107 33,90 130,88 Bio-slurry - a byproduct of decomposition process of substances - has two forms of solid and liquid Bio-slurry comprises three elements namely biogas digested effluent, solid residue and scum Bio-slurry contains 93% of water, 7% of dry matters and 4.5% of organic matters, of which 2.5% is inorganic matters 31 The composition of bio-slurry depends much on input raw materials NPK content in bio-slurry differs for different input raw materials and dilution ratio In Vietnam, input materials are commonly pig dung, cattle dung, human excreta and poultry dung The table Indicates that bioslurry is organic fertilizer which has two important properties of rich in nutrients and clean 4.2.5 Assessment the quality of digesters Table 4.7 The local people assess the quality of biogas digesters in Thanh Ninh commune in 2016 Đồng phú Number of digesters Tiền Phong Vilages Good Quality of digesters Medium Bad 0 Vân Đình Nam Hương 13 11 Nam Hương Nam Hương 10 Làng Quán Đồng Trong 9 0 Phú Yên 5 0 Hòa Bình 8 0 Hòa Bình Đồi Thơng 0 0 Phú Thanh Total 100 86 14 32 Based on the assessment criteria + Digesters built as standards: : Pipelines lead the manure input and output of the tank Lid of tank is closed, the air can not escaping Water pipeline The quality of pipeline and the valves used + Gas Quality: Color of fire Smell of gas during use -According to statistics there are 86 works well in people's assessment a total of 100 works, 14 works were rated as average - Quality digesters built according to specifications, before and after building the households using biogas technology are trained and instructed technical use - Some households built towards self-sufficiency, or in the development and use were improper technique leads to quality of gas is not good - According to the statement of households is used, the quality is good and brought the benefits in economic is very high, take advantage manure blankets livestock into agricultural production create life in more progressive and more fresher in living space 4.3 Assessment the effectiveness of the economy and the environment in using biogas digester 4.3.1 Assessment the effectiveness of the economy in using biogas digester 33 The number of biogas digesters in Thanh Ninh commune depends on the economic situation of households To build a biogas project: Scale: 10 - 15 : 13 milion 15-25 : 15 milion 25-30 : 18 milion This proves that most of the households use biogas digester have good economic situation compared to the region Focus on the families have a large-scale farming, well-off family or livestock combined Table 4.8 The economic efficiency of the biogas digesters in Thanh Ninh in 2016 ( Unit: Vnd) Volume 15 15 – 25 25 Number of digesters 22 Amount money monthly saved 100.000 63 150.000 15 180.000 The table indicates that the larger digesters saving more money However, To gain the maximize the benefits of biogas digesters need to build the volume of digester suitable with amount of input material If building too large biogas digester compared to input material, operation capacity is not enough leading to waste of money If building too small biogas digester compared to input material, leading to can not treatment the material Therefor households need to built 34 volume of biogas digster suitable for amount of input material Using biogas helped household saving money through using biogas to replace for other fuels or using bio-slurry to make fertilizer for fish feed 4.3.2 Effectiveness of the environment in using biogas digester Table 4.9 The opinion of household on effectiveness of the environment in using biogas digester Number of biogas digester Opinion Very good 100 93 Good normal Based on the assessment criteria: Smell, the quality of soil, water and air around the breeding facilities area The opinions of the households are very objectively and straight because they are directly used for a long time Having 97 households gave opinions that it is very good : Because they not noticed on the stench, the surrounding breeding facilities area are not polluted, less flies, and cleaner There are households gave opinions that is good because they realized a positive change when using biogas technology but they still not good on breeding facilities management Did not have any househould think that it not has effectively Using biogas technology created the landscape of the living environment surrounding households more healthy and less diseases 35 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion The biogas technology brought high benefits to not only the economic but also to environmental Households realize that when they using biogas technology they are not noticeable on stench of dung, dung are not polluting the area around , fewer flies and cleaner To have high effective on using biogas technology The households used the volume of digester suitable to mass of waste They closely linked breeding and biogas to achive the best performance from the sides Many Household recorded that the positive changes when using biogas However, they still manage the breeding not good Using biogas technology created the landscape of the living environment surrounding households more healthy and less diseases 5.2 Conclusion Thanh Ninh commune has 100 biogas digesters distributed over the commune The scale digesters: multiform in size, smallest volume is 6m3 and the largest volume is 60m3 In which the majority are medium with 63 digester from 15 - 25m3 accounting for 63%, so all most of households have scale livestock are medium size, therefor they used the medium size of biogas digester to serve the needs of them 36 Material provides for biogas are livestock manure: 3358 individuals In which mainly pigs: 2902 individuals, others are 392 and 54 for buffaloes, cows There are also resources from the toilet we can see that pigs are the most popular pet in most households Pigs are omnivores easy to raise, pig brings economic benefits to the people and a large amount of manures collected from the pigs were put into biogas digester for using 100 households used biogas for cooking, lighting 39 households, households used for other purposes Thus households had more knowlegde about biogas, they knew how to use maximum benefits from biogas brought Household use biogas not only for cooking but also for lighting or other purposes Bio-slurry is used as fertilizer 93 households, 30 households used as fish's feed and household used for other purposes Therefor it proved that bio-slurry contains many nutrients for plants or using to replace for fish’s feed Households used maximum benefit from bio-slurry brouht Quality of digesters: 87 digesters There are good-quality, 13 digesters reached average quality, without any bad quality digesters In terms of economic efficiency: Average monthly each digester save about 140,000 VN dong The households can use bio-slurry as fertilizer, fish's feed, additional pig's feed or other purpose to saving money and protect environment 37 5.3 Recommendation From the analyzes and comments on the situation of the use and advantages of using biogas technology in the localities, I would like to give some comments on this issue as follows: Therefor households in Thanh Ninh commune can use bioslurry in some fields: + Use of bio-slurry as fertilizer for crops: Soil improvement: Bio-slurry holds plenty of organic matter so when long-term application of biogas fertilizer is beneficial to: - Serve the function in amelioration of soil - Increase the action of soil microbes (especially aerobic bacteria) and promote decomposition of organic matters, enhance and increase the fertility of soil - Improve the structure and physicochemical properties of soil Improve the air regime of soil to make it spongy, lower compressive strength and improve the capability of holding water, absorbing water and easy to break and beneficial to cultivation - Reduce soil erosion by wind and water Effect of increasing crops’ yields Effect on control of crop diseases and pests: - Using bioslurry (of high quality) may restrict the development of greenmites on vegetable, cotton and wheat; spot leaf disease on some crops; in general, it decrases the development of pests up to 30 to 100 percent - Digested effluent, 48 hours after it is admixed with 10% of pesticide, will bring an insect population decreent of more than 60% Hence, the application helps reduce the 38 amount of pesticide used, reduce toxicity and alleviate the pollution of environment as well as cut down the agricultural cost (Wilkie, A.C,2006) + Use of bio-slurry as additional pig feed: •Bioslurry contains a great number of nutrients crucial to animal growth like macronutrients of Ca, P, N; mineral micronutrients of Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe; many kinds of protein and many AA (including indispensable AA for animals) Bioslurry also has many enzymes that help increase feeling hungry, food transformation of home animals If composted materials are cattle manure, the composted products contain many vitamin group B (B1, B2, B12 ) •Most worm eggs and intestinal flat worm eggs are killed (96-98%) or their parasitization capability is lost The remainders produce parasitic disease (on swine) reduces to 1-1.5% + Use of bio-slurry for fish production - The use of bio-slurry for fish farming is favourable to the growth of planktolic animals (algaes, water plants and mosses, water insects…), thus making the fish pond more active so as to provide plenty of feedstuff for fishes As bio-slurry contains abundant soluble nutrients, it is beneficial to the breeding and growht of plankton, resulting in the living things grow rapidly with to 20 faster than control - The use of bio-slurry for raising fish is advantageous to the conservation of dissolved oxygen in water When the fresh manure which did not undergo biogas fermentation is put into fish pond, its nutritional matter should be decomposed and released before the can be assimilated by plankton This needs to consume some oxygen in water Bio-slurry after anaerobic fermentation will not consume the 39 dissolved oxygen in water because its organic matter has been decomposed, thus helps reduce “fish floating” when fresh manure is used According to 23 days and nights of measurements, in the fish pond with bio- slurry, fishes floated their heads 16 times and oxygen was added for hours; but in the fish pond with pig dung, fishes floated their heads more than 20 times and oxygen was added for 6.5 hours and water was filled twice The fish pond with bio-slurry was averagely 43.5% higher in dissolved oxygen content than the fish pond with fresh pig dung (Wilkie, A.C,2006) - The use of bio-slurry, a safe fertilizer, for fish farming can decrease fish diseases as after organic matter undergoes the biogas fermentation, its parasite eggs and aerobic pathogenesis fungi have been settled or killed Therefore, the use of bi slurry can reduce the occurrence of fish diseases, especially diseases at skin and gill of fish - The use of bio-slurry change the color of water into a drab tea-color, contributing to absorption of heat from the sun and maintain the neutral pH of water (pH = 7), improving fish growth 40 REFERENCES Cardiff University (2005) Anaerobic Digestion Page, wasteresearch.co.uk Retrieved 17.08.07 De Baere L (2006) Will anaerobic digestion of solid waste survive in the future? Water Sci Technol 53(8):187–194 doi: 10.2166/wst.2006.249 Evans, J.M., Wilkie, A.C., Burkhardt, J (2009) Beneath the straw: in defense of participatory adaptive management Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 22(2):169-180 [PDF] Hang, P.K., & Phuc, N.V.C ( 2012) A study on advantages of agricultural in Phu Binh district, Thai Nguyen province Journal of Phu Binh district, Thai Nguyen province 5(40), pp 39-45 Hanoi Department of Livestock Productions (2011) Report on household scale biogas technology in Hanoi Hanoi Department of Livestock Productions, Hanoi McCarty PL (1982) One hundred years of anaerobic treatment In: Hughes DE, Stafford DA, Wheatley BI et al (eds) Anaerobic digestion, 1981: proceedings of the second international symposium on anaerobic digestion Elsevier Biomedical, Amsterdam, pp 3–22 Obrecht, Matevz; Denac, Matjaz (2011) Biogas - a sustainable energy source: new measures and possibilities for SLovenia (PDF) Journal of Energy Technology (5): 11–24 41 Richards, B.; Herndon, F G.; Jewell, W J.; Cummings, R J.; White, T E (1994) "In situ methane enrichment in methanogenic energy crop digesters" Biomass and Bioenergy (4): 275–274 doi:10.1016/0961-9534(94)90067-1 Ross, C.C and Walsh, J.L (1996) Chapter 2, Biogas Sources & Characteristics In: Handbook of Biogas Utilization, Second Edition, U.S Department of Energy, Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Alabama Smith, W.H., Wilkie, A.C and Smith, P.H (1992) Methane from biomass and waste - a program review TIDE (Teri Information Digest on Energy), 2(1):1-20 (1992) [PDF] Tietjen C (1975) From biodung to biogas-a historical review In: Jewell WJ (ed) Energy, agriculture, and waste management: proceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management Conference Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, pp 207– 260 Van Horn, H.H., Wilkie, A.C., Powers, W.J and Nordstedt, R.A (1994) Components of dairy manure management systems Journal of Dairy Science 77(7):2008-2030 [PDF] Wilkie, A.C (2006) The Other Bioenergy Solution: The case for converting organics to biogas Resource: Engineering & Technology for a Sustainable World, 13(8):11-12 [PDF] 42 Wilkie, A.C (2008) Biomethane from biomass, biowaste and biofuels In: Bioenergy p.195-205 J.D Wall, C.S Harwood and A Demain (eds,) American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington, DC [PDF] 43 APPENDIX Survey Questionnaire SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY Thai Nguyen City, Thai Nguyen Province RESEARCH: ASSESSMENT ACTUALITY OF USING HOUSEHOLD-SCALE BIOGAS CELLAR IN THANH NINH COMMUNE, PHU BINH TRISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE Researcher: Duong Thi Hong Date: Please put a check mark (√ ) in a box which corresponds to your answer Please answer honestly and legibly Name: (Optional) Village: Number of digester: What are the volume( < 15 of biogas digester in your house? 15-25 >25 What are the number and the name of animals provided material for your digester? Pigs Cow Bufaloes Other domestic animal - numbers? - numbers? - numbers? - numbers? What are the main aim on using energy of biogas? Cooking Lighting Other aim 44 Bio-slurry was used for what? Fertilizer Fish’s feed Other aims What are the qulity of digesters? Good Medium Bad 6.Do you think using biogas technology is benificial for environment? - Yes - Not much - No 45 ... Assessment actuality of using household- scale biogas cellar in Thanh Ninh commune, Thai Nguyen province Supervisor Dr: Nguyen Huu Tho Abstract: One major challenge faced by Thanh Ninh commune is dealing... digesters in 28 Thanh Ninh commune in 2016 Table 4.4 Using of biogas in Thanh Ninh communein 2016 28 Table 4.5 The current use of bio-slurry in Thanh Ninh 30 commune in 2016 Table 4.6 Result of waste... the Study The study implemented in Thanh Ninh commune, Thai Nguyen Province The subject of interest is the households using biogas cellar in Thanh Ninh commune for interview and data collection