The mapping of land surface temperature using satellite images and GIS in dai tu district thai nguyen province

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY MUI MINH TUNG TOPIC TITLE: THE MAPPING OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE USING SATELLITE IMAGES AND GIS IN DAI TU DISTRICT – THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science And Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : 2010 - 2015 THAI NGUYEN 15/01/2015 i Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Full name MUI MINH TUNG Student ID DTN1053110215 The mapping of land surface temperature using satellite Thesis title images and GIS in Dai Tu district - Thai Nguyen province Supervisor MSC NGUYEN VAN HIEU Abstract: Land surface temperature is an important factor for a wide variety of applications such as hydrology, agriculture, biogeochemistry and climate change etc as well as an important parameters in researching environmental status, especially for urban environment However, calculating LST with the high accuracy has been one of the biggest preoccupations of scientists due to the influence of the ability of the surface emission Thai Nguyen City, one of the fast-expanding cities and the biggest industrial, commercial centers in Vietnam, has many aspects of active development under urbanization However, that high economic growth brings many impacts of high pollution levels in to the urban area Surface temperature and land cover types can be directly derived from remotely sensed data, which provides a powerful way to monitor urban environment and human activities By using ArcGIS and ENVI software and remote sensing data, the raw thermal band data of Landsat satellite images are converted to land surface temperature in degree Celsius The data is used for detection of surface temperature i change during 1996-2014 and estimation of the increased rate of temperature rise to understand the intensity of global warming in the present and previous period Dai Tu, Thai Nguyen, GIS, Land surface temperature, Land Keywords cover types, ArcGIS software, ENVI software Number of pages 63 Date of submission January 15, 2015 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Approved by the Advanced Education Program - Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, I have successfully conducted the research: “the mapping land surface temperature using satellite images and GIS tool in Dai Tu district” First and foremost, I would like to thank my research supervisors, Msc.Nguyen Van Hieu vice director in “Center for foreign language and applied informatics”, who helped me a lot during the internship time Without the assistance and dedicated involvement in every step throughout the process, this research would have never been accomplished I also would like to show gratitude to the employees of spatial research laboratory, who helped and supported me to accomplish my research In addition, I would like to thank my family and my friends by always staying by my side, who encourage and help me in learning and researching Thai Nguyen, 15/01/ 2015 Author Mui Minh Tung iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .1 LIST OF TABLES .2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .3 PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and rationale 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 The requirement 1.4 The significance PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical basis 2.1.1 The land surface temperature 2.1.3.Geographic information systems and remote sensing technology 10 2.2 Practical basis 18 2.2.1 The research on land surface temperature in the world 18 2.2.2 The research on land surface temperature in Viet Nam 21 PART III METHODS 24 3.1 Materials 24 3.1.1 The objects and scope of research 24 b The scope 24 3.1.2 The content 24 3.2 Methods 24 3.2.1 Collecting and selecting data 24 3.2.2 Inherited method 25 3.2.3 Determining land surface temperature 25 3.2.4 Land cover classification 28 iv 3.2.5 Map editor 32 PART IV RESULTS 33 4.1 The natural conditions and socioeconomic in research area 33 4.1.1 Natural conditions 33 4.1.2 Socioeconomic conditions 41 4.1.3 Summary of the current land used and land management activities in Dai Tu 44 4.1.4 General assessment of the natural conditions, socioeconomic conditions and environment in research area 46 4.2 Determining land surface temperature 46 4.2.1 Data Investigation and collection 46 4.2.2 Conversion of the Digital Number (DN) to Spectral Radiance (Lλ) 47 4.2.3 Conversion of the Spectral Radiance to Temperature 48 4.3 Land cover types classification 52 4.4 Map editor 56 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 59 5.1 Discussion 59 5.2 Conclusion 59 REFERENCES 61 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Determining land surface temperature process 25 Figure 3.2 Land cover classification process .29 Figure 3.3 Map editor process 32 Figure 4.1 The administration map of Dai Tu district 2013 .33 Figure 4.2 The average temperature in Dai Tu observation station year 2013 40 Figure 4.3 Landsat thermal band 47 Figure 4.4 Band marth tool 48 Figure 4.5 Spectral Radiance image 48 Figure 4.6 Emissivity Normalization tool .49 Figure 4.7 Land surface temperature in 1996 .49 Figure 4.8 Land surface temperature in 2014 .50 Figure 4.9 Composited bands .52 Figure 4.10 Clip function tool 53 Figure 4.11 NDVI map .53 Figure 4.12 Land cover type map in 1996……………………………………………55 Figure 4.13 Land cover type map in 2014 55 Figure 4.14 Data frame tool 56 Figure 4.15 the locator map 57 Figure 4.16 Other map elements 57 Figure 4.17 Land surface temperature map 1996 .58 Figure 4.18 Land surface temperature map 2014 .58 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 K1 and K2 Values in Landsat images .27 Table 3.2 Rescaling Factor 27 Table 3.3 The K1, K2 value in Landsat images 28 Table 3.4 Rescaling Factor of Landsat images 28 Table 3.5 Band Combinations for Landsat 31 Table 4.1 Dai Tu district area divided by the height and slope 34 Table 4.2 The average rainfall in some observation station of Dai Tu district 38 Table 4.3 Monthly mean humidity of Dai Tu district in recent years 39 Table 4.4 Land use structure of Dai Tu district in 2014 .45 Table 4.5 Land cover classification 54 Table 4.6 Land cover statistical 55 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CAD Computer-Aided Design CARIS Computer Aided Resource Information System DN Digital number DOS Disk Operating System ERDAS Earth Resource Data Analysis System ERSI Environmental Systems Research Institute GIS Geographic InformationSystems GPS Global Positioning System LIDAR Light Detection And Ranging LST Land surface temperature MIDAS Mapping Display and Analysis System RADAR Radio Detection And Ranging RS Remote sensing UCL Urban Canopy Layer UBL Urban Boundary Layer UHI Urban Heat Island PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and rationale Land surface temperature is an important factor for a wide variety of applications such as hydrology, agriculture, biogeochemistry and climate change etc as well as an important parameters in researching environmental status, especially for urban environment However, calculating LST with the high accuracy has been one of the biggest preoccupations of scientists due to the influence of the ability of the surface emission Observing land surface temperature in a province becomes more difficult because we cannot build a system of weather stations with the high density and continuous operation Remote sensing data with the characteristics of multiphase, short time to process and covering the wide region enable the users to observe the location particularly and continuously, as well as the temperature change of a certain area Thai Nguyen is one of the provinces developing rapidly with high industrialization and urbanization rate It causes the changes in its land surface temperature especially in Dai Tu district areas For the reason mentioned above, I choose the topic “The land surface temperature mapping of Dai Tu district, Thai Nguyen province using satellite image and GIS”; to better serve environmental management and natural resource supervision purposes, together with evaluating the application of remote sensing in studying the temperature 1.2 Research objectives - Researching the land surface temperature in Dai Tu district - Mapping the land surface temperature of Dai Tu district - Assessing the impact of land cover to the land surface temperature in Dai Tu Figure 4.6 Emissivity Normalization tool Finally, convert Kelvin Unit to degree celsius: On menu Basic Tool, selecting band math Write conversion formula to temperature (oC): b1-273 (b1is the image has just created with name temperature) Using arcGIS software to change black and white photo to colour photo The result is land surface temperature in degree celsius Figure 4.7 Land surface temperature in 1996 In January, the highest temperature was 20oC show by red color, the lowest temperature was 5oC show by green color and the average temperature was 12.5oC 49 The major temperature ranged from 12oC - 14oC, concentrated in the central of the district The low temperatures concentrated mostly in the north and southwest of the district, covered by forestry and mountains, in La Bang, Hoang Nong, My Yen (on the southwest) and Phuc Luong, Duc Luong, Minh Tien, Phu Loc, Phu Cuong (on the north) communes The high temperature areas are the industrial centers in the Quan Chu, Cat Ne, Ky Phu, Van Yen, My Yen, An Khanh, Phuc Loc and Yen Lang communes The temperature was quite high in September 1996 The lowest at 10oC show by green color, concentrated in the southwest areas in La Bang, Hoang Nong, My Yen, Van Yen communes The highest temperature was about 24-25oC, concentrated mostly in Yen Lang, Na Mao, Hung Son, Dai Tu, Phuc Linh, Phu Loc, Phu Cuong, Van Yen (where the industrial center concentrated the most) communes Because of the thermal energy from production activities (the substance, chemical equipment, and smoke) are good sources of heat reflection then causing the temperature rise The average temperature was 17oC, the main temperature ranges from 20oC-22oC Figure 4.8 Land surface temperature in 2014 50 In January 2014, the lowest temperature was 10oC - light green color, the highest temperature was 24oC show by red color The number of plants, factories, buildings etc.is strongly increased, causing the surface temperature rise Due to the mountainous terrain and abundant vegetation in southwest area, the temperature here was rather low (the temperature here about 12oC to 14oC) The high temperature regions belong to Quan Chu, Cat Ne, Van Yen, Yen Lang, Na Mao, Phu Loc, Tan Linh, Phuc Linh, An Khanh, Hung Son, Dai Tu communes The average temperature was 17oC, increasing degrees compared to January 1996 The main temperature ranges from 18oC - 20oC The temperature in September 2014 was extremely high The lowest temperature was 13oC show by green color and the highest temperature was 29oC, show by purple color The west and southwest areas have the lowest temperature (1317oC) accounted for 5% of the total areas The remaining areas have higher temperature The highest temperature belongs to Yen Lang, Hung Son, Phuc Linh, Thuong, An Khanh, Dai Tu communes The average temperature was 22oC, increasing degrees compared to the September 1996 Overall, the temperature very high and evenly distributed in the communes and towns of Dai Tu district, the main temperature range from 20-25oC The land surface temperature in Dai Tu district strongly increased from 1996 to 2014 The results show clearly how much temperature increased and the distribution of land surface temperature (the surface temperature increase at least degrees Celsius from 1996 to 2014) Comparing between 1996 and 2014; In January 1996, the surface temperature is very low (the average temperature was 12.5oC) but in January 2014, the 51 surface temperature is significantly increased (the average temperature was 17oC) In September 1996, the average surface temperature was 17oC and it increased to 22oC in September 2014 4.3 Land cover types classification Urbanization, the main driver of land cover changes is considered as one of the most significant factors in this regard Land cover changes (e.g., from vegetation to impervious cover such as pavement, roofs, asphalt), again, are the main causes of changing LST because each land cover type possesses unique qualities in terms of energy radiation and absorption So, the land cover types is an important role to determine the changing of land surface temperature To build land cover map: Firstly, open the visible wavelength bands in ArcGIS software (band 1,2,3 in Landsat satellite image or band 2,3,4 in Landsat satellite image), using image analysis tool to composite bands Figure 4.9 Composited bands Secondly, using clip function tool in image analysis toolbox of ArcGIS to cut out Dai Tu district map, the result is Dai Tu district map with the color ( when composite bands), easy to classify 52 Figure 4.10 Clip function tool Next, to determine the NDVI map, we use the NDVI tool in image analysis toolbox of ArcGIS, then we have NDVI map NDVI map show the quantify the concentrations of green leaf vegetation in research area From the color map above and NDVI map, we can build the land cover types map Figure 4.11 NDVI map Finally, from NDVI map and Dai Tu district colour image, using classification tool to create ROI with three samples: water, vegetation and land use (no vegetation) 53 Table 4.5 Land cover classification year 1996 2014 Describing Land cover Deep waters displayed by blue colour Water Shallow waters displayed by light blue colour Bare land displayed by Land used ( no vegetation) white colour Urban land with the bright pink colour Agriculture land Vegetation area with the Vegetation dark blue colour Forestry area displayed by dark green colour The foothills area show by black colour and we got the result: 54 Figure 4.12 Land cover type map in 1996 Figure 4.13 Land cover type map in 2014 Table 4.6 Land cover statistical Year Land cover 1996 2014 (ha) (Ha) Water 1866.87 1681.74 185.13 Land used (no 17028.58 34971.11 17942.53 37653.47 21237.15 16416.32 Land cover types changed (ha) vegetation) Vegetation The result shows the land cover types of Dai Tu district in 1996 and 2014 A closer look at the data reveals that the land cover type has changes from 1996 to 2014 From the land use statistics, we can see that in 1996, the main land cover type is vegetation, accounting for 60% total areas The land use accounted for 30% and 10% is water However, the land cover type has changed remarkably in 2014 The main land cover type is land use accounting for 60% of total areas The forestland is strongly decreased, accounting for 35% of total areas, the water areas are negligibly changed, 55 hold 5% of total areas These maps illustrate that the land use structure was changed causing the decrease in vegetation areas, and affecting Land surface temperature The increase of land surface temperature is related to the change in land cover types of Dai Tu district The forestry areas drop sharply from 1996 to 2014 (decreasing 16416.32 ha) The communes including Quan Chu, Cat Ne, Phu Thanh, Loc Ba, Phu Luong, Duc Luong, Tan Linh, have the largest decline in forestry area Due to the urbanization and industrialization, the land used areas are strongly increasing day by day (increase 17942.53 ha) The expansion of buildings, factories, constructions and decrease in vegetation layer cause land cover changes, leading to land surface temperature rise 4.4 Map editor - Creating a new page layout The first step in ArcMap is to change the map view to layout—either by selecting Layout View from the View menu or by clicking the Layout View button on the lower left of the map display Figure 4.14 Data frame tool - Adding a data frame to the page layout The data frame displays a collection of layers drawn in a particular order for a given map extent and map projection Adding a data frame to the page layout using the Insert menu From this menu, insert additional data frames These additional data frames may be for locator or detail maps If you are using multiple data frames, you may want to consider 56 using extent indicators to show the extent of one data frame within another data frame A good locator map will also contain an indicator, such as an outline, showing where the extent of the detail map fits within a larger extent For example, the locator map might show the location of a state within a country Figure 4.15 the locator map - Adding other map elements to the page layout Using the Insert menu to select other map elements to add to layout Using this menu to add a title to the page The added text will be the same as the text entered for the title in the Map Document Properties dialog box Along with a title, it’s can be add (static) Text and Dynamic Text Figure 4.16 Other map elements 57 - Printing and exporting layout After completed this work on the layout, printing the map or create other types of output formats—PDF files, PostScript files, or Illustrator files Under the file menu, using options to open the Page and Print Setup dialog box, Print Preview, Print the page, or to Export Map Figure 4.17 Land surface temperature map 1996 Figure 4.18 Land surface temperature map 2014 58 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion Analyses from the map results show that the distribution of land surface temperature is different The industrial and residential areas have the highest surface temperature, following by bare soil areas; water and vegetation areas have the lowest surface temperature Dai Tu district, Thai Nguyen province is not only a big industrial zone but also a commercial center It has many aspects of active development under urbanization Living standard is relatively high with more and more comfortable and convenient conditions However, that high economic growth rate brings many impacts of high pollution levels on the urban area The land surface temperature is strongly increasing due to land cover change Surface temperature and land cover types can be directly derived from remotely sensed data, which provides a powerful way to monitor urban environment and human activities This information enhances our understanding of urban environment and can be further used to improve environment quality 5.2 Conclusion The research provides the methodology to determine Land surface temperature from remote sensing data By using ArcGIS and ENVI software, the raw thermal band data of Landsat satellite images are converted into land surface temperature in degree Celsius The data is used for detection of surface temperature changes during 1996-2014 and estimation of the increasing rate of temperature rise to understand the intensity of global warming in the present and previous periods 59 Using satellite data in calculating surface temperature is relatively simple and fast by simply using a single band temperature; however, there are still have some limitations, particularly results verifying because of the lack of equipment and times 60 REFERENCES Abbasi, H.U., Soomro, 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indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery Remote Sensing of Environment, 106(3), pp 375-386 63 ... together with evaluating the application of remote sensing in studying the temperature 1.2 Research objectives - Researching the land surface temperature in Dai Tu district - Mapping the land surface. .. Materials 3.1.1 The objects and scope of research a The objects The land surface temperature and the land cover types in Dai Tu district, Thai Nguyen province b The scope - The time scope: The time... Determining the temperature map in research area from satellite images  Analyzing the relation between land surface temperature and land cover types in research area  Mapping land surface temperature