GIS is designed as a common system for managing spatial data, there are many applications of GIS in the urban development and natural environments management such as: urban planning, workforce management, agriculture, operating system utility, roadmap, inhabitants, mapping, monitoring the waters, fire and disease… Application of GIS to the study of urban surface temperature is one of the latest applications of GIS.
Urban climate studies have long been concerned about the magnitude of the difference in observed ambient air temperature between cities and their surrounding rural regions, which collectively describe the urban heat island (UHI) effect (Landsberg, 1981).
Pertinent to the methods of temperature measurement, two types of UHI can be distinguished: the canopy layer (UCL) heat island, and the boundary layer (UBL) heat island .
Researching Temperature Modeling of Indus Basin Using Landsat Databy H.U.
Abbasi. The research using remotely sensed information to detect thermal characteristics and measurements of temperature of Indus basin surfaces and impact on regional climate. The satellite borne instruments can provide quantitative and quality physical data at high spatial, temporal resolutions and repetitive coverage, capability of measurements of earth surface conditions. The analysis of surface temperature using thermal infrared band 6, was also carried out to find out the significant change in temperature, the results have show temperature from May 1992, May 2003 to May, 2009 ( Abbasi at al., 2012).
Jose´ A. Sobrino performed a study Land surface temperature retrieval from LANDSAT TM 5, In this paper, three methods to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST) from thermal infrared data supplied by band 6 of the Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor onboard the Landsat 5 satellite are compared. The first of them lies on the estimation of the land surface temperature from the radiative transfer equation using in situ radiosounding data. The land surface emissivity (LSE) values needed in order to apply these methods have been estimated from a methodology that uses the visible and near infrared bands. Finally, we present a comparison between the LST measured in situ and the retrieved by the algorithms over an agricultural region of Spain (La Plana de Requena-Utiel) ( Sobrino at al., 2004).
Researching Land-Use and Land-Cover Change, Urban Heat Island Phenomenon, and Health Implications: A Remote Sensing Approach by Dale A. Quattrocchi. This study analy- sis of Landsat images revealed an increase in surface temperature and a decline in NDVI from 1973 to 1997. These changes have forced the development of a significant urban heat is- land effect at both the urban canopy and urban boundary layers as well as an increase in ground level ozone production to such an extent that Atlanta has violated EPA’s ozone level standard in recent years. Using canonical correlation analy- sis, surface temperatures and NDVI, extracted from Landsat TM images, were found to correlate strongly with volatile organic compounds ( VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, the two ingredients that form ozone by reacting with sunlight ( Lo and Quattrocchi, 2003).
Researching Inter-Seasonal Variations of Surface Temperature in the Urbanized Environment of Delhi Using Landsat Thermal Data by Ram Babu Singh. An attempt has been made in this research to analyze seasonal variations in surface temperature in city of Delhi. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 5 satellite images for the four seasons, viz., 16 January (winter), 5 March (spring), 8 May (summer) and 29 September (autumn)2011 have been used to interpret the distribution and changes in surface temperature. A total of 80 samples from all land use/cover categories were taken to generalize the patterns along with north-south and west-east profiles. The extracted surface temperature patterns reflect the spatial and temporal dynamics of temperature over different land use/cover ( Singh at al., 2014).
Changes in land surface temperatures and NDVI values over Europe between 1982 and 1999 by Yves Julien. The author used land surface temperature (LST) algorithms and NDVI values to estimate changes in vegetation in the European
continent between 1982 and 1999 from the Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL) dataset.
These two parameters are monitored through HANTS (Harmonic ANalysis of Time Series) software, which allows the simultaneous observation of mean value, first harmonic amplitude and phase behaviors in the same image. These results for each complete year of data show the effect of volcanic aerosols and orbital drift on PAL data. These results evidence that arid and semi-arid areas of Southern Europe have become more arid, the rest of Europe seeing an increase in its wood land proportion, while seasonal amplitude in Northern Europe has decreased ( Julien at al., 2006).
Researching of Bakhtiar Feizizadeh: Thermal remote sensing for land surface temperature monitoring: Maraqeh county Iran. In this study the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) method has been applied to Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) imagery for Maraqeh County, Iran. A five step model based on the SEBAL method analyses the spatial variation of LST. The modelled LST values were validated with LSTs measured at the Maraqeh County meteorological station. Differences between modelled and measured LST values were only in the range of 0.6% ( Feizizadeh at al., 2012).