Đặc điểm thuật ngữ đông y tiếng việt tt tiếng anh

To synthesize a literature review of the research situation ofterminology in the world, especially the study of Chinese medicineterminology in China and Oriental medicine terminology in

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ORIENTAL MEDICINE TERMINOLOGY IN

VIETNAMESE

Major: Linguistics Code: 9229020

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION IN

LINGUISTICS

HANOI - 2019

1

This dissertation has been completed at:

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

HỘI VIỆT NAM Supervisors:

Argumentant 1: Prof Dr Le Quang Thiem

Argumentant 2: Prof Dr Vu Duc Nghieu

Argumentant 3: Assoc Prof Dr Pham Tat Thang

The dissertation will be defended at the Board of Examiners ofGraduate Academy of Social Sciences - Vietnam Academy of SocialSciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi

At ………, on ……… , 2019

The dissertation will be available at:

- National Library of Vietnam;

- Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences

1 RATIONALE

1.1 It is necessary to study the scientific terminology to systematize andstandardize the terminology system of any sciences, especially in the context ofinternational integration that requires each science has its own terminologysystem which is modern and consistent with the practice of sciences andinternational standard terminology systems Researching, developing a system

of terms, compiling and publishing specialized terminology dictionaries areessential needs towards the strong development trends of all sciences in theworld, including that in Vietnam The results of researches on the terminologysystem of specific scientific disciplines will contribute practically to thedevelopment of science and technology of the country

1.2 Terminology in Oriental medicine is one of the significant terms ofthe lexical system, which was recognized and used early by people A largenumber of Oriental medicine terminologies have been recorded and these termsall reflect the process of mankind self-seeking herbs, the diagnotic methods andmedical examination for themselves and for community Thereby, Orientalmedical terminologies also clearly reflect the national cultural characteristicsand the diversity of word meaning The study of Oriental medical terminology

is not only valuable in terms of linguistics but also has great significance inunderstanding ethnicity and cultural identity of the countries with thedevelopment of traditional medicine

However, from the perspective of linguistics, Oriental medicineterminology has not been much interested by the linguists Therefore, it is still

a large gap when there has not been any comprehensive, systematic andintensive survey in this field so far

Because of the above reasons, we have chosen the title “Thecharacteristics of Oriental Medicine Terminology in Vietnamese” as ourresearch topic It is expected that the results of the research on the structuraland identification characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology inVietnamese would serve as a useful source of reference for teachers or/andlinguists who are teaching languages for specific purposes, or/and interested inmaterial development for traditional medicine

2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

2.1 Aims of the study

This study is firstly aimed at clarifying the characteristics of thisterminology system in terms of formation and identitfication through survey,description, analysis methods Secondly, it is expected that the achieved results

of the study would contribute to the compilation of Chinese textbooksspecialized in traditional medicine, Oriental medicine dictionary, especiallyserve as a useful and effective source of reference for teachers, researchers andstudents who are teaching or/and interested in studying and translating in thefield of traditional Vietnamese medicine

2.2 Objectives of the study

The main objectives in carrying out this study are as follows:

1 To synthesize a literature review of the research situation ofterminology in the world, especially the study of Chinese medicineterminology in China and Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnam,then establish a theoretical framework for the whole thesis;

2 To investigate and classify Oriental medicine terminology inVietnamese; then learn about the characteristics of Oriental medicineterminology including identifying terms, describing and analyzing theformation models of the terms;

3 To indicate the identification characteristics of Oriental medicineterminology in Vietnamese in terms of expressions and distinctivecharacteristics of expression content as a basis for identification of theterminology system

3 SUBJECTS AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

3.1 Subjects of the study

In this study, Oriental medicine erminology in modern Vietnameseserves as the research subject We conceive of the terms of Oriental medicine aswords and phrases that include fixed phrases that express the concepts used inthe field of traditional Vietnamese medicine

3.2 Scope of the study

The scope of the study is to find out the characteristics of Orientalmedicine terms in Vietnamese in terms of formation and semanticscharacteristics, and identification methods Within the scale, the study aims toprovide a general research framework on the terminology system of Orientalmedicine in Vietnamese

3.3 Research Materials

The materials of the dissertation include 8061 terms collected mainly from dictionaries, textbooks and specialized medical materials.

4 APPROACHES AND RESEARCH METHODS OF THE

STUDY

4.1 Approaches

To study the terms of Oriental medicine, we use the following

approaches: 1) Systematic approach; 1) Synchronic approach

4.2 Methods of the study

To solve the tasks and contents of the research, the best methods to be used in this study are as follows:

- Descriptive method is to describe the characteristics of the

organization, the formation manners, the semantic perspectives of theterminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese

- Direct element analysis method is to identify and analyze basic units of

terminology to help understand the characteristics of Oriental medicineterminology in terms of formation

- Semantic element analysis method is to find out the characteristics of

Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese in terms ofidentification, thereby to build the models of terminology identifiationand the characteristics as a basis for identifying this terminologysystem

- Statistical method is to collect materials from different sources On that

basis, the study conducts systematization, classification of materialsand building of diagrams, tables, etc Statistical data on the number ofterms, frequency of occurrence, percentage of terminology is as a basisfor descriptions, analysis, comments, evaluations and conclusions ofthe study

5 NEW SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY

This is the first study investigating and analyzing systematically andcomprehensively the characteristics of formations, semantics, methods,identification characteristics as well as their distinctions in Oriental medicineterminology in Vietnamese Based on the achieved results, it is hoped to helpteachers who are teaching traditional medicine or/and interested in materialdevelopment for traditional medicine and students get an overview of Orientalmedicine terminology in Vietnamese

6 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE

3

The research results of the thesis are hoped to make a contribution to thestudy of the general theory of terminology and the clarification of generalarguments about the characteristics of traditional medicine terminology; at thesame time to show specific characteristics in terms of formation aspects,semantic characteristics and identification methods of Oriental medicineterminology in Vietnamese.

6.2 Practical significance

The study will become a bridge of linguistic knowledge with thescientific knowledge of traditional medicine, thus will meet and satisfy theurgent needs of professionals, scientists and users who are direct or indirect inteaching, learning, studying, examining and treating diseases with traditionalmedicine The study is also hoped to serve as a useful source of reference forcompiling textbooks, scientific documents, dictionaries, etc related to Orientalmedicine terminology in Vietnamese

The research results of the thesis can be used as references for research,translation, compilation of textbooks for traditional medicine and pharmacy,and teaching traditional medicine in our country The achieved results of thestudy have practical implications for the orientation to build, compile andrevise oriental medicine terms in textbooks and specialized dictionaries; is ascientific and objective basis to propose the selection, standardization anddevelopment of the Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese in particular, as well

as the development of traditional Vietnamese medicine in general

7 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, List of published worksrelated to the study, References and Appendices, this study is divided into threechapters: Chapter 1: Literature review and theoretical background; Chapter 2:Structural characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese;Chapter 3: Identifying characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology inVietnamese

Chapter 1 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Literature review of the terminology research

1.1.1 Literature review of the terminology research in the world

Since the eighteenth century, term-related activities have begun, withstudies focusing primarily on the formulation and identification of principles

for specific terminology systems Although terminology has been concerned for

a long time, it was not until the 20th century that the terminology was trulyconfirmed as a science The issues of scientific terminology were reallydiscussed only in the 30s of the twentieth century when two large terminologyresearch centers were established (the first one was in Austria, the second was

in the Former Soviet Union) for the purpose of refining existing terms andbuilding new terms The Soviet terminology center is associated with thefamous scientists, such as: D.S.Lotte, V.V.Vinogradov, A.I.Moiseev, A.A.Reformatskij, V.P Danilenko, A.C Gerd, S.I Corsunop, T.L Kandelaki, G.O.Vinokur, etc Their studies go into analyzing the nature, function and therelationship of terminology with the concepts, definitions and standards of theterm At the Austria Glossary Center, È Vjuster - the head of the centeremphasized the importance of introducing scientific terminology principles andlexicography when researching terms Besides, we also have to mentionEuropean - American terminologists such as E.Wuster (Germany), R.W Brown(USA), W.E Flood (USA), J.C Segen (USA), J.C.Boulanger (England) whostudy the term in terms of concept or definition

1.1.2 Literature review of the terminology research in Vietnam

Although appearing quite late, Vietnamese terminology has undergonedifferent stages of development along with the different fields of terminologystudy For over the past half century, Vietnamese terminology has grownrapidly and strongly, with changes not only in quantity, but also in quality, and

in both appearance and content Depending on the historical period and socialcircumstances, the terminology of each branch has different development.Basically, the Vietnamese term has the right development orientation, graduallyintegrated into the path of science, ethnicity and popularity, contributing to theenrichment of Vietnamese vocabulary

1.2 Literature review of Oriental medicine terminology

1.2.1 Literature review of traditional Chinese medicine terminology in China

Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history From the Qin and Handynasties, the great Chinese medical works such as “The Yellow Emperor’sClassic of Medicine”, “Shennong's Compendium of Materia Medica”, “Treatise

on Cold Damage Diseases”, etc have created a system of Chinese medicineconcept of human physiology, etiology, disease mechanism, diagnosis,treatment, remedy, etc., and has also developed a Chinese medicineterminology system, laying the foundations for the theory system of traditionalChinese medicine

Since 1949, the Chinese Communist Party and Government havefocused on traditional Chinese medicine, especially after President Mao

Zedong made a wise judgment that “Chinese medicine and pharmacology are

a great treasure house and efforts should be made to explore them and raise them to a higher level” The cause of Chinese medicine and pharmacy has

developed strongly, the standardization of the terminology of Chinese medicine

has also constantly developed The standardization of terminology “traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacy” since 1949 has mainly been carried out in

three aspects: first is to organize the compilation of traditional Chinesemedicine curriculum taught in universities nationwide; second is to compileand publish various types of books such as dictionaries and encyclopedias;third is to conduct research on standardizing the terminology of traditionalChinese medicine and pharmacy, to develop specialized standards and nationalstandards on traditional Chinese medicine terminology

From the linguistics point of view, modern Chinese medicine usesmodern language to describe Chinese medicine Modern language includes thelanguage of natural sciences, modern social sciences and contemporaryphilosophy, using modern speech to express, to be able to dialogue withcontemporary mainstream science, presenting modern science, to better servethe medical examination and treatment for humans The process of modernizingtraditional Chinese medicine requires the participation of many scientificdisciplines It needs the contribution of modern technology, in which the term

of traditional Chinese medicine needs to be expressed by clear, standardized,unified concepts

For over the past ten years, studies on traditional Chinese medicineterminology have been relatively abundant, often focusing on the followingissues: 1) Studying on Chinese medicine terminology translation; 2)Developing a Chinese medicine term database; 3) Semantics Enlargement andDevelopment; 4) Focusing on the teaching of traditional Chinese medicine inChinese; 5) Attaching significance to the teaching of traditional Chinesemedicine in Chinese; 6) Attaching significance to the standardization of theterm of traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacy; 7) Research Methods oftraditional Chinese medicine terms

1.2.2 Literature review of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnam

At the present, our observation is that very few studies have been done

on Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese and there has not been anindependent and intensive scientific study on Oriental medicine terminologysystem in Vietnamese

1.3 Theoretical background

1.3.1 Theory of terminology

1.3.1.1 Concepts of terminology

In the first strategy, the terminology is considered in relation to the concept:

“The terms are words used to express a definite concept in the system of

concepts of a certain science The entire terminology system of the sciences constitutes the terminology of language”.

In the second strategy, the terminology is considered on the basis of theirfunction: “the term is a lexical - semantic unit with the function of defining andbeing strictly distinguished by characteristics” In general, scientists believe that

the terminology is the words of professional language to express the professional concepts and denote the names of people, things and phenomena

in the specialized field.

1.3.1.2 Roles of terminology in language system

Terminology is defined as a part of lexicology and is an independentsystem It is considered a scientific discipline which has its own position andrecognized by all over the world

1.3.1.3 Characteristics of terminology

Based on the viewpoint of the previous linguists, we believe that the

standards of the term in general include accuracy, systematicity, internationality, popularity, ethnicity, and brevity However, in terms of Oriental medicine terminology, we recognize that the accuracy, systematicity and internationality are dominant, and are the most important and necessary

standards Due to some countries in Asia (Vietnam, Korea, North Korea, Japan,

etc.) are influenced by traditional Chinese medicine, so the internationality (regionality) in Oriental medicine terminology is shown very clearly in the

basic theory of Oriental medicine, diagnosis, treatment and acupuncture Theremaining criteria such as ethnicity and popularity are found in the majority of

oriental medicine and medical formula terms The brevity is needed, but not

necessarily, and the more the term meets these standards, the better the term is

1.3.1.4 Terminology and some related vocabulary types

When defining terminology concepts, linguists have distinguished theterm with a number of related concepts The term differentiation may bementioned with the following major related concepts: a) Distinguish terms andnomenclature; b) Distinguish terms and occupational words; c) Distinguishterms and common words

1.3.1.5 The terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese

Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese is a very new issue and isstill on the way of formation Currently, this terminology system has not beenintensively studied in theory In order to introduce the concept of Oriental medicineterminology, we first need to understand the basic content of this discipline.Oriental medicine is traditional oriental medicine, studying the theory of traditionalmedicine, oriental medicinals, medical formula, acupuncture, clinical specialtiesand medical history, etc Based on the theoretical background of terminology and

basic content of Oriental medicine, we believe that Oriental medicine terminology

in Vietnamese is the term of traditional medicine to express

concepts or objects, things, phenomena, causes, symptoms of Oriental medicine field The terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese is included in some deep specialized fields, such as theory of traditional medicine, diagnosis, pathology, treatment, acupuncture, Oriental herbs and medical formula.

1.3.2 Theory of formation and methods of word and phrase formation

1.3.2.1 Concepts of word and types of word formation

a Concepts of word

Up to present, various discussions and concepts about "words" have stillbeen carried out and there has been no consensus, so we do not go into depth todiscuss on the definitions of "words" In this study, we choose Nguyen TaiCan’s perspective about words in Vietnamese as a basis for defining Orientalmedicine terminology: “Words are the smallest units that can be independentlyperformed in sentences”

b Types of word formation

Regarding to the types of word formation, because there has been noconsensus, we choose the concept of Nguyen Tai Can to conduct aninvestigation of the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese.According to Nguyen Tai Can, Vietnamese words are divided into single wordsand compound words based on the number of sounds (morphemes)

Based on the theoretical background, words are closely structured units,and phrases (except idioms) are often loosely structured In fact, words andphrases all label the name of an object, creating a distinct meaning from otherobjects of the same type and they have the completed identification meaning.Because of this, the differentiation of words and identification phrases is a verycomplex, difficult and confusing matter Therefore, within the scope of thestudy, we do not go into depth to discuss the boundary between words andphrases, but we rely on the classification and arrangement of dictionaries Inconclusion, in terms of "word", there will be four types of formation: singlewords, compound words (dependent (subordinate) compounds and coordinatecompounds), alliterative words and fortuitous concurrence words

c Elements of word formation

* Basic elements

Based on Nguyen Tai Can’s perspective, we perceive that each

“morpheme” is a basic element of terminology at the word level

Morphemes or basic elements are divided into two types The first type

is the non-independent element (bổ,ích, tư, phế, dưỡng, huyết,…) For example,

bổ ích, tư phế, dưỡng huyết, etc These terms are composed of two basic

elements, each of which has meaning or is obscured but not capable ofperforming independently They are often of Chinese or pure Vietnamese originbut are old words The second type is able to operate independently as a single

word For example: thuốc, chích, chua, cay, đau, rêu, lưỡi, etc.

* Direct elements

The concept of the direct element is presented by Nguyen Tai Can in

“Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt: tiếng-từ ghép-đoản ngữ” He said “The direct element is the element that we are able to recognize right after the first step of analysis.

We can speak in other words if we follow the synthesis trend, that is the direct element is one that we use in the final synthesis step to create the combination immediately” The dissertation applies the concept of Nguyen Tai Can about

“sound/morpheme” and “direct element” in analyzing the method of wordbuilding (compound words and alliterative words)

d Models of word formation

Le Quang Thiem’ perspective has been applied as the orientation of the

dissertation Accordingly, “the formation model is the mold that can be put into different types of materials, from which to create a series of different units” Thus, except for single word (unit with only one syllable) and based on the

criterion of independence - dependent, meaning or no meaning of the factorsinvolved in word formation (morpheme - sound), the models of word formation

in Vietnamese are divided into three types as follows:

The model 1: Independent element (A) - Independent element (A)

The model 2: Independent element (A) - Dependent element (B)

or Dependent element (B) - Independent element (A)The model 3: Dependent element (B) - Dependent element (B)

In the study, we have applied the theory of word building based on theindependent-dependent criteria of the elements participating in to analyze themodel of word building

1.3.2.2 Concepts of phrase and types of phrase

formation a Concepts of phrase

Currently, the concept of phrase is not really unified Instead of

discussing in-depth of the phrase concept, we have chosen the concept of

Nguyen Tai Can from his work “Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt: tiếng-từ ghép-đoản ngữ”

He said that “The phrase is a free word combination with three characteristics

as follows: a) It consists of a central element and one or several sub-elements gathered around that center to add some secondary meanings; b) The

relationship between the center and the sub-elements has many different types, but generally belongs to the main-sub relationship; c) Entire phrase is more complex, more meaningful than the center alone but it retains the grammatical characteristics of the center” Due to the requirement of identifying (naming) things, expressing new concepts, words are not enough to perform this function,

so phrases appear Even phrases can identify more clearly, more accurately than words.

b Types of phrase formation

Also according to the concept of Nguyen Tai Can in his work “Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt: tiếng-từ ghép-đoản ngữ”, Vietnamese has three common types of free

phrases: noun phrase, verb phrase and adjective phrase From the survey data of the study, Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese also has three types as above

c The basic unit of phrase formation is the phrase (identification phrase)Terminology is a word or phrase that accurately expresses a concept/object of

a certain scientific or professional field Like other vocabulary units, terminology

is made up of certain units For terminology that is an identifier phrase, based

on the fact from collected documents, the study still considers the name of the unit

of phrase formation as the element (including direct element and basic element).The formation element of terminology is an identifier phrase that can express acomplete concept/object or may express the partial concept or characteristics of theconcept/object reflected in each term and each of these elements is the last directformation unit of the term With such a function, each element participating in the

formation of terminology in general,Oriental medicine terminology in particular must have lexical meaning

The study has applied the above perspectives in the process ofcollecting, investigating and analyzing the formation of Oriental medicine

terminology Therefore, the term chứng trạng is composed by one element; the term biện chứng luận trị is composed of two elements: biện chứng and luận trị; the term bệnh can thụ nhiệt biểu nhiệt involves three elements, namely bệnh can, thụ nhiệt và biểu nhiệt From the meaning content point of view, the

elements of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese can expresscharacteristics, properties, states, movements, causes, mechanisms ofperformance, etc of the object, phenomena which are identified byterminology

1.3.3 Theory of identification

1.3.3.1 Concept of identification

In the simplest way, this is the function of labelling objects,characteristics or activities of things, phenomena, etc

1.3.3.2 The units of identification

From the large number of meaningful units participating in theidentification, there is a distinction among them, namely simple identifier(comprehensive identifiation) created by a meaningful unit; complex identifier(analytical and descriptive identifiation) which made up of two or moremeaningful units The study uses the concept of simple identification units andcomplex identification units to distinguish Oriental medicine terminology asidentification units

1.3.3.3 Mechanism of identification

Identifying method is divided into two types: direct identification(primary identification) is the use of known or existing forms to label an object

or phenomenon in objective reality; Indirect identification (secondaryidentification) is the reorganization of units of language from existing elementsaccording to a certain model or by changing the meaning to create a new unit.The mechanism for identifying things and phenomena is associated withclassification behaviors and consists of two stages: conceptual classificationand special feature selection

1.4 Conclusion of chapter 1

In chapter 1, the dissertation has presented literature review of theterminology research in general and Oriental medicine terminology inparticular in the world and Vietnam, along with some general theoreticalbackground on the term Therefore, we evaluate the achievements and inherits,and directs further research as well

Chapter 2 FORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ORIENTAL MEDICINE

TERMINOLOGY IN VIETNAMESE 2.1 Formation techniques of Oriental medicine terminology system

2.1.1 Terminalization

Oriental medicine terminology was formed by terminalization with thenumber of 995/8061, accounting for 12.34% This shows that Orientalmedicine terminology is not created much from this way, accounting for a lowproportion However, the terminalization helps Oriental medicine terms inVietnamese, especially Oriental medicinal herbs, Oriental medicinal remediesbecome closer to community and patients

2.1.2 Creating new terms based on the existing linguistic data

The technique of creating new Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese onthe basis of available linguistic data is performed by the following main ways:1) Combining existing linguistic elements (common words from community,professional words of practitioners, and specialized terminologies in otherscience disciplines); 2) Combining existing elements of different origins(Chinese, Vietnamese, Indo - European)

2.1.2.1 Combining the available linguistic data

First of all, the available elements are the common words in community.The terminologies of the sciences in general and of Oriental medicine inparticular have used common words in community in order to expand anddevelop their own terms Next, the available elements are the units borrowedfrom the professional words of medical practitioners and from Vietnameseterminology in sub-disciplines and other related disciplines of sciences.

2.1.2.2 Combining existing elements of different origins

This is a technique of creating new terms by using both native andforeign vocabulary units and combining elements of different origins (pureVietnamese, Chinese - Vietnamese, Indian - European, etc.) into Vietnamese

Of the 8061 Oriental medicinal terms surveyed, 716/8061 terms have beencreated according to the technique of combining elements of different origins,accounting for 8.88%, mainly those are from pure Vietnamese origin with someelements of Chinese origin and many other different combinations

2.1.3 Borrowing from the traditional Chinese medicine terminology

To develop the term of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese in the fastestand most time-saving way, it is to borrow the terms of traditional Chinesemedicine through the available elements which are originated from Chinese.According to statistics, there are 6425/8061 terms of Oriental medicine formed

by borrowing traditional Chinese medical terms to expand and develop the term

of Oriental medicine, accounting for the highest proportion 79,70%(6425/8061) This is also consistent with the cross-lingual language, andaffirms the internationality in Oriental medicine terms in particular andscientific terms in general

2.2 Formation models of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese

Based on the theoretical background presented, of 8061 VietnameseOriental medicine terms, there are 5596 terms formed by words (includingsingle words and compound words), accounting for 69,42% (5596/8061) Theremaining 2465 Oriental medicine terms are formed by stable phrases,accounting for 30,58% (2465/8061)

2.2.1 Characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology formed by words

Considering the basic unit as an element to analyze Oriental medicineterminology formed by a word, we realize that there are terms only composed

of one element but there are terms which are composed of many elements Webase on the number of elements participating in the terminology to classifythem into single words and compound words For each type, we analyze theformation models, the number and percentage of the elements involved interminology formation in terms of their origin Then, these terms will bestatistically classified in terms of parts of speech

2.2.1.1 Oriental medicine terminology formed by a single word

In terms of origin, there are 148 terms that are pure Vietnamese words,

for example, bụng, cay, chua, etc and 115 terms are words of Chinese origin, for example, an, dưỡng, huyết, etc In terms of parts of speech, there are 221 terms that are formed by single nouns, for example, huyệt, rêu, phế, etc., 24 terms composed of single verbs, for example, ấn, thổ, bế, etc., 18 terms that are made up of single adjectives, for example, cam, cay, đắng, etc.

2.2.1.2 Oriental medicine terminology formed by a compound word

There is a large number of Oriental medicine terms that are made up of

compound words, accounting for 95.30% (5333/5596) For example, bát cương, bệnh nguyên, khí huyết, etc In addition, there are many terms composed

of two or more elements, such as cấp kinh phong, khẩn hầu phong, nga khẩu thương, etc.

(1) Terms are dependent (subordinate) compounds

In the model Dependent (Subordinate) - Main (principal), there are 3362terms which are in reverse order of Vietnamese syntax, accounting for 64.47%(3362/5215) under 7 models

* Formation models of subordinate compounds in terms of

independent or non-independent elements

Model 1:

Independent element (A) - Independent element (A)Independent elements (A) are ones participating in the formation of pureVietnamese origin, easily separated, independently performed as words Thereare 715 terms of this model, accounting for 13.71% (715/5215) For example,

chè vằng, cỏ tranh, nghệ đen, phèn chua, sắn dây, etc.

Model 2:

Non-independent element (B) - Non-independent element (B) Non-independent elements (B) are ones participating in the formation of Chinese-derived words or pure Vietnamese words that have been blurred There are 4143 terms belonging to this model, accounting for 79.44% (4143/5215) For example,

biểu nhiệt, biểu thực, can hàn, can hư, đàm thấp, etc.

Model 3:

Independent element (A) - Non-independent element (B)

Or Non-independent element (B) - Independent element (A)