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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ORIENTAL MEDICINE TERMINOLOGY IN VIETNAMESE Major: Linguistics Code: 9229020 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION IN LINGUISTICS HANOI - 2019 This dissertation has been completed at: GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES HỘI VIỆT NAM Supervisors: Argumentant 1: Prof Dr Le Quang Thiem Argumentant 2: Prof Dr Vu Duc Nghieu Argumentant 3: Assoc Prof Dr Pham Tat Thang The dissertation will be defended at the Board of Examiners of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences - Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi At ………………………, on ……………… , 2019 The dissertation will be available at: National Library of Vietnam; Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences INTRODUCTION RATIONALE 1.1 It is necessary to study the scientific terminology to systematize and standardize the terminology system of any sciences, especially in the context of international integration that requires each science has its own terminology system which is modern and consistent with the practice of sciences and international standard terminology systems Researching, developing a system of terms, compiling and publishing specialized terminology dictionaries are essential needs towards the strong development trends of all sciences in the world, including that in Vietnam The results of researches on the terminology system of specific scientific disciplines will contribute practically to the development of science and technology of the country 1.2 Terminology in Oriental medicine is one of the significant terms of the lexical system, which was recognized and used early by people A large number of Oriental medicine terminologies have been recorded and these terms all reflect the process of mankind self-seeking herbs, the diagnotic methods and medical examination for themselves and for community Thereby, Oriental medical terminologies also clearly reflect the national cultural characteristics and the diversity of word meaning The study of Oriental medical terminology is not only valuable in terms of linguistics but also has great significance in understanding ethnicity and cultural identity of the countries with the development of traditional medicine However, from the perspective of linguistics, Oriental medicine terminology has not been much interested by the linguists Therefore, it is still a large gap when there has not been any comprehensive, systematic and intensive survey in this field so far Because of the above reasons, we have chosen the title “The characteristics of Oriental Medicine Terminology in Vietnamese” as our research topic It is expected that the results of the research on the structural and identification characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese would serve as a useful source of reference for teachers or/and linguists who are teaching languages for specific purposes, or/and interested in material development for traditional medicine AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 2.1 Aims of the study This study is firstly aimed at clarifying the characteristics of this terminology system in terms of formation and identitfication through survey, description, analysis methods Secondly, it is expected that the achieved results of the study would contribute to the compilation of Chinese textbooks specialized in traditional medicine, Oriental medicine dictionary, especially serve as a useful and effective source of reference for teachers, researchers and students who are teaching or/and interested in studying and translating in the field of traditional Vietnamese medicine 2.2 Objectives of the study The main objectives in carrying out this study are as follows: To synthesize a literature review of the research situation of terminology in the world, especially the study of Chinese medicine terminology in China and Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnam, then establish a theoretical framework for the whole thesis; To investigate and classify Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese; then learn about the characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology including identifying terms, describing and analyzing the formation models of the terms; To indicate the identification characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese in terms of expressions and distinctive characteristics of expression content as a basis for identification of the terminology system SUBJECTS AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY 3.1 Subjects of the study In this study, Oriental medicine erminology in modern Vietnamese serves as the research subject We conceive of the terms of Oriental medicine as words and phrases that include fixed phrases that express the concepts used in the field of traditional Vietnamese medicine 3.2 Scope of the study The scope of the study is to find out the characteristics of Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese in terms of formation and semantics characteristics, and identification methods Within the scale, the study aims to provide a general research framework on the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese 3.3 Research Materials The materials of the dissertation include 8061 terms collected mainly from dictionaries, textbooks and specialized medical materials APPROACHES AND RESEARCH METHODS OF THE STUDY 4.1 Approaches To study the terms of Oriental medicine, we use the following approaches: 1) Systematic approach; 1) Synchronic approach 4.2 Methods of the study To solve the tasks and contents of the research, the best methods to be used in this study are as follows: Descriptive method is to describe the characteristics of the organization, the formation manners, the semantic perspectives of the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese - Direct element analysis method is to identify and analyze basic units of terminology to help understand the characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in terms of formation - Semantic element analysis method is to find out the characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese in terms of identification, thereby to build the models of terminology identifiation and the characteristics as a basis for identifying this terminology system - Statistical method is to collect materials from different sources On that basis, the study conducts systematization, classification of materials and building of diagrams, tables, etc Statistical data on the number of terms, frequency of occurrence, percentage of terminology is as a basis for descriptions, analysis, comments, evaluations and conclusions of the study NEW SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY This is the first study investigating and analyzing systematically and comprehensively the characteristics of formations, semantics, methods, identification characteristics as well as their distinctions in Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese Based on the achieved results, it is hoped to help teachers who are teaching traditional medicine or/and interested in material development for traditional medicine and students get an overview of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 6.1 Theoretical significance The research results of the thesis are hoped to make a contribution to the study of the general theory of terminology and the clarification of general arguments about the characteristics of traditional medicine terminology; at the same time to show specific characteristics in terms of formation aspects, semantic characteristics and identification methods of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese 6.2 Practical significance The study will become a bridge of linguistic knowledge with the scientific knowledge of traditional medicine, thus will meet and satisfy the urgent needs of professionals, scientists and users who are direct or indirect in teaching, learning, studying, examining and treating diseases with traditional medicine The study is also hoped to serve as a useful source of reference for compiling textbooks, scientific documents, dictionaries, etc related to Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese The research results of the thesis can be used as references for research, translation, compilation of textbooks for traditional medicine and pharmacy, and teaching traditional medicine in our country The achieved results of the study have practical implications for the orientation to build, compile and revise oriental medicine terms in textbooks and specialized dictionaries; is a scientific and objective basis to propose the selection, standardization and development of the Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese in particular, as well as the development of traditional Vietnamese medicine in general THE ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, List of published works related to the study, References and Appendices, this study is divided into three chapters: Chapter 1: Literature review and theoretical background; Chapter 2: Structural characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese; Chapter 3: Identifying characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Literature review of the terminology research 1.1.1 Literature review of the terminology research in the world Since the eighteenth century, term-related activities have begun, with studies focusing primarily on the formulation and identification of principles for specific terminology systems Although terminology has been concerned for a long time, it was not until the 20th century that the terminology was truly confirmed as a science The issues of scientific terminology were really discussed only in the 30s of the twentieth century when two large terminology research centers were established (the first one was in Austria, the second was in the Former Soviet Union) for the purpose of refining existing terms and building new terms The Soviet terminology center is associated with the famous scientists, such as: D.S.Lotte, V.V.Vinogradov, A.I.Moiseev, A.A Reformatskij, V.P Danilenko, A.C Gerd, S.I Corsunop, T.L Kandelaki, G.O Vinokur, etc Their studies go into analyzing the nature, function and the relationship of terminology with the concepts, definitions and standards of the term At the Austria Glossary Center, È Vjuster - the head of the center emphasized the importance of introducing scientific terminology principles and lexicography when researching terms Besides, we also have to mention European - American terminologists such as E.Wuster (Germany), R.W Brown (USA), W.E Flood (USA), J.C Segen (USA), J.C.Boulanger (England) who study the term in terms of concept or definition 1.1.2 Literature review of the terminology research in Vietnam Although appearing quite late, Vietnamese terminology has undergone different stages of development along with the different fields of terminology study For over the past half century, Vietnamese terminology has grown rapidly and strongly, with changes not only in quantity, but also in quality, and in both appearance and content Depending on the historical period and social circumstances, the terminology of each branch has different development Basically, the Vietnamese term has the right development orientation, gradually integrated into the path of science, ethnicity and popularity, contributing to the enrichment of Vietnamese vocabulary 1.2 Literature review of Oriental medicine terminology 1.2.1 Literature review of traditional Chinese medicine terminology in China Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history From the Qin and Han dynasties, the great Chinese medical works such as “The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Medicine”, “Shennong's Compendium of Materia Medica”, “Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases”, etc have created a system of Chinese medicine concept of human physiology, etiology, disease mechanism, diagnosis, treatment, remedy, etc., and has also developed a Chinese medicine terminology system, laying the foundations for the theory system of traditional Chinese medicine Since 1949, the Chinese Communist Party and Government have focused on traditional Chinese medicine, especially after President Mao Zedong made a wise judgment that “Chinese medicine and pharmacology are a great treasure house and efforts should be made to explore them and raise them to a higher level” The cause of Chinese medicine and pharmacy has developed strongly, the standardization of the terminology of Chinese medicine has also constantly developed The standardization of terminology “traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacy” since 1949 has mainly been carried out in three aspects: first is to organize the compilation of traditional Chinese medicine curriculum taught in universities nationwide; second is to compile and publish various types of books such as dictionaries and encyclopedias; third is to conduct research on standardizing the terminology of traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacy, to develop specialized standards and national standards on traditional Chinese medicine terminology From the linguistics point of view, modern Chinese medicine uses modern language to describe Chinese medicine Modern language includes the language of natural sciences, modern social sciences and contemporary philosophy, using modern speech to express, to be able to dialogue with contemporary mainstream science, presenting modern science, to better serve the medical examination and treatment for humans The process of modernizing traditional Chinese medicine requires the participation of many scientific disciplines It needs the contribution of modern technology, in which the term of traditional Chinese medicine needs to be expressed by clear, standardized, unified concepts For over the past ten years, studies on traditional Chinese medicine terminology have been relatively abundant, often focusing on the following issues: 1) Studying on Chinese medicine terminology translation; 2) Developing a Chinese medicine term database; 3) Semantics Enlargement and Development; 4) Focusing on the teaching of traditional Chinese medicine in Chinese; 5) Attaching significance to the teaching of traditional Chinese medicine in Chinese; 6) Attaching significance to the standardization of the term of traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacy; 7) Research Methods of traditional Chinese medicine terms 1.2.2 Literature review of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnam At the present, our observation is that very few studies have been done on Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese and there has not been an independent and intensive scientific study on Oriental medicine terminology system in Vietnamese 1.3 Theoretical background 1.3.1 Theory of terminology 1.3.1.1 Concepts of terminology In the first strategy, the terminology is considered in relation to the concept: “The terms are words used to express a definite concept in the system of concepts of a certain science The entire terminology system of the sciences constitutes the terminology of language” In the second strategy, the terminology is considered on the basis of their function: “the term is a lexical - semantic unit with the function of defining and being strictly distinguished by characteristics” In general, scientists believe that the terminology is the words of professional language to express the professional concepts and denote the names of people, things and phenomena in the specialized field 1.3.1.2 Roles of terminology in language system Terminology is defined as a part of lexicology and is an independent system It is considered a scientific discipline which has its own position and recognized by all over the world 1.3.1.3 Characteristics of terminology Based on the viewpoint of the previous linguists, we believe that the standards of the term in general include accuracy, systematicity, internationality, popularity, ethnicity, and brevity However, in terms of Oriental medicine terminology, we recognize that the accuracy, systematicity and internationality are dominant, and are the most important and necessary standards Due to some countries in Asia (Vietnam, Korea, North Korea, Japan, etc.) are influenced by traditional Chinese medicine, so the internationality (regionality) in Oriental medicine terminology is shown very clearly in the basic theory of Oriental medicine, diagnosis, treatment and acupuncture The remaining criteria such as ethnicity and popularity are found in the majority of oriental medicine and medical formula terms The brevity is needed, but not necessarily, and the more the term meets these standards, the better the term is 1.3.1.4 Terminology and some related vocabulary types When defining terminology concepts, linguists have distinguished the term with a number of related concepts The term differentiation may be mentioned with the following major related concepts: a) Distinguish terms and nomenclature; b) Distinguish terms and occupational words; c) Distinguish terms and common words 1.3.1.5 The terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese is a very new issue and is still on the way of formation Currently, this terminology system has not been intensively studied in theory In order to introduce the concept of Oriental medicine terminology, we first need to understand the basic content of this discipline Oriental medicine is traditional oriental medicine, studying the theory of traditional medicine, oriental medicinals, medical formula, acupuncture, clinical specialties and medical history, etc Based on the theoretical background of terminology and basic content of Oriental medicine, we believe that Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese is the term of traditional medicine to express combining with other primary terms or common words which signify distinctive features to aim at differentiating the meaning of a primary term 2.3.1 Oriental medicine terms are identification phrases of elements There are 330 Oriental medicine terms which are identification phrases of three elements, accounting for 13.39% (330/2465) under main structure models In terms of parts of speech, noun phrases account for the highest proportion of 81.52% (269/330), followed by verb phrases with 18.48% (61/330) In terms of origin, the terms are formed mainly by pure Vietnamese and Chinese originated elements, in which 32 terms are originated from pure Vietnamese, accounting for 9.70% (32/330), 214 terms are made up of Chinese, accounting for 64.85% (214/330), the terms derived from different origins are 84, accounting for 25.45% (84/330) 2.3.2 Oriental medicine terms are identification phrases of elements There are 1067 terms which are 4-element identifier phrases, accounting for the highest proportion of 43.12% (1063/2465) performed under 14 main models In terms of parts of speech, noun phrases account for the highest rate of 70.65% (751/1063), followed by verb phrases with 27.38% (291/1063), numeral phrases account for the lowest rate of 1.98% (21/1063) In terms of origin, 948 terms are originated from Chinese, accounting for 89.18% (948/1063), 19 terms are derived from pure Vietnamese, accounting for the lowest rate of 1.79% (19/1063), 96 terms are composed of different origins, accounting for 9.03% (96/1063) 2.3.3 Oriental medicine terms are identification phrases of elements There are 796 terms of Oriental medicine, which are composed of elements, accounting for the second highest rate of 32,29% (796/2465) performed by 12 structure models In terms of parts of speech, there are only noun phrases, verb phrases and numeral phrases, but no adjective phrases In which, noun phrases account for the majority of 98.49% (784/796), verb phrases are much less, accounting for 1.13% (9/796), numeral phrases are only terms, accounting for the lowest rate of 0.38% (3/796) In terms of origin, 652 terms of Oriental medicine which are composed of 5-element phrases derived from Chinese, accounting for 81.91% (652/796), term is from pure Vietnamese, accounting for 0.13% (1/796), the number of terms derived from different elements is 143, accounting for 17.96% (143/796) 2.3.4 Oriental medicine terms are identification phrases of elements There are 108 terms of Oriental medicine, which are composed of elements, accounting for the lowest rate of 4.38% (108/2465) formed by main structure models In terms of parts of speech, noun phrases account for the majority of 94.44% (102/108), the number of verb phrases is not significant with 5.56% (6/108) In terms of origin, 94 terms are from Chinese origin, 15 accounting for 87.04% (94/108), the number of pure Vietnamese terms is only 1, accounting for 0.93% (1/108), the number of terms derived from different elements is 13 units, accounting for 12.04% (13/108) 2.3.5 Oriental medicine terms are identification phrases of elements There are 168 terms, which are composed of elements, accounting for a low rate of 6.82% (168/2465) formed by main structure models In terms of parts of speech, the majority of these terms are noun phrases with 164 terms, accounting for 97.62% (164/168), only terms are verb phrases, there are no adjectives and numeral phrases In terms of origin, the number of Chinese originated terms is 127, accounting for 75.60% (127/168), the number of terms derived from different origins is 41, accounting for 24.40% (41/168) 2.4 Some remarks on the formation characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese From the general picture of formation characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese, the thesis has given some general comments and assessments on the Oriental medicine terms which are formed by single words, compound words and identification phrases 2.5 Conclusion of chapter In the chapter 2, based on the results of our investigation, the study has analyzed the formation characteristics of 8061 terms belonging to groups of Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese The dissertation has drawn some comments on formation techniques, characteristics of parts of speech and structure models of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese Chapter IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ORIENTAL MEDICINE TERMS IN VIETNAMESE 3.1 TERM CLASSES OF SPECIALIZED ORIENTAL MEDICINE 3.1.1 Terms for the basic theory of Oriental medicine Terms for the basic theory of Oriental medicine include Essential Qi theory - Yin and Yang theory – Five Phase theory, Essence-Spirit-Qi-BloodFluid and Humor, Viscus and Bowels, Meridian and Collateral, Body Constituents and Orifices of Sense Organ, Cause of Disease, Mechanism of Disease In the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese, the basic theoretical terms of Oriental medicine include 886/8061, accounting for 10.99% For example, âm dương đối lập, âm dương điều hòa, mộc sinh hỏa, khí, tơng khí, can khai khiếu mắt, ngoại phong, nội phong, phong hàn, thấp độc, 16 hỏa độc, biểu hàn lý nhiệt, biểu lý hàn, khí uất hóa hỏa, khí trệ huyết ứ, tân dịch khuy tổn, tâm huyết bất túc, etc 3.1.2 Terms for Oriental medicine diagnosis Terms of Oriental medicine diagnosis include general terms, inspection, listening and smelling examination, inquiry, palpation, eight principle pattern identification, disease cause pattern identification, Qi-Blood pattern identification, Fluid-Humor pattern identification, visceral pattern identification, various pattern identification, six-meridian pattern identification, defense-qi-nutrient pattern identification and triple energizer pattern identification In the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese, diagnostic terms are 966/8061, accounting for 11.98% For example, vọng chẩn, sắc mặt nhợt nhạt, rêu dày, giọng nói thều thào, cốt chưng triều nhiệt, co cứng cơ, thất huyết, mục huyễn, toan, tâm hạ cấp, tiểu phúc cấp kết, chứng huyết ứ phong táo, chứng can dương hóa phong, chứng phong nhiệt xâm hầu, etc 3.1.3 Terms for Oriental medicine pathology Terms of Oriental medicine pathology include the terms of internal medicine, external medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, ophthalmology, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngostomatology, orthopedics and traumatology, and other specialties of traditional medicine In the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese, pathology terms include 683/8061, accounting for 8.47% For example, âm độc, nhiệt lâm, vị quản thống, đàm quyết, thận nuy, niệu huyết, chướng khí, trúng kinh, nhiệt thương, bạch điến phong, nguyệt kinh bất điều, lâm sản, tử nhàn, tỳ cam, cấp kinh phong, ngũ trì, tề phong, nhĩ đinh thiệt khuẩn, thiệt sang, tị sang, etc 3.1.4 Terms for Oriental medicine treatment Terms of Oriental medicine treatment include the terms of therapeutic principle and method of treatment In the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese, therapeutic terms consist of 421/8061, accounting for 5.22% For example, bản trị pháp, hàn giả nhiệt chi, hãn pháp, cổ sáp pháp, bổ hỏa trợ dương, bổ ích khí huyết, điều hòa khí huyết, giải độc sát trùng, hành khí thống, ôn hạ, hoạt huyết hành khí, lương can tức phong, ôn hạ, sơ phong tiết nhiệt, thông lạc, etc 3.1.5 Terms for Acupuncture and Moxibustion Terms on Acupuncture and Moxibustion include the terms of acupuncture, needling method, moxibustion, cupping and acupuncture points In the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese, terms on acupuncture and moxibustion consist of 1984/8061, accounting for 24.61% 17 For example, hỏa châm, hào châm, bì nội châm liệu pháp, huyệt tỉnh, giao hội huyệt, tả hữu phối huyệt pháp, viễn đạo thủ huyệt, hô hấp bổ tả, trực châm thích, cứu đèn ngải, hồi hồn cứu, giác hơi, âm lăng tuyền, hợp cốc, phong trì, lư môn bất hợp, etc 3.1.6 Terms for Oriental medicinals Terms on Oriental medicinals include the terms of nature of medicinals, meridian entry, processing medicinals, uses of medicinals and names of medicinals In the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese, Terms on Oriental medicinals include 2192/8061, accounting for 27.19% For example, thuốc bổ dương, thuốc bổ huyết, thuốc lợi niệu thông lâm, thuốc nhuận hạ, thuốc cố biểu hãn, vàng, thuốc tiêu đạo, thuốc nhiệt táo thấp, chó đẻ cưa, hồng kỳ, cam thảo, hà thủ ô, cà gai leo, đông trùng hạ thảo, etc 3.1.7 Terms for Formula Terms on Formula include the terms on characteristics of the formula, instructions of the formula, uses of the formula In the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese, formula terms include 929/8061, accounting for 11.52% For example, đại phương, mật hoàn, tẩm cao, cao tễ, điều tễ, sắc thuốc, phạn hậu phục, khai khiếu tễ, tả hạ tễ, nhiệt tễ, minh mục tễ, thập toàn đại bổ thang, tâm ngưu hoàng hoàn, đan sâm tán, tứ quân gia vị thang, sài hồ can thang, etc 3.2 Identification characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology system 3.2.1 Identification characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology system in terms of semantics Regarding to the identification characteristics of names from the semantic point of view, it is possible to distinguish between direct and indirect names, broad and narrow names According to the data of survey statistics, there are 8745/8061 Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese which are direct identification units, accounting for a very high rate of 97.32% 3.2.2 Identification characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese in terms of expression a Regarding to the integrated or analized degree of identification of Oriental medicine terms It can be said that the identification of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese has a high analized level in terms of formation According to our statistics, out of 8061 terms, the number of single-word names accounts for 4.70% (263/8061) such as nghẹn, ợ, nơn, chích, châm, ấn, đẩy, dò,ấu, bưởi, cà, cam, gấc, gấu, giổi, gừng, hạnh, quế, quýt, quy, rết, rùa, yến, nung, sắc, rượu, chè, 18 bột, cốm, châm, cứu, ngải, etc The units are single words which are inseparable into meaningful elements The remaining units accounting for 96.77% (7798/8061) are compound words and identifier phrases, which can be easily analyzed according to direct elements For example, âm/ hư, tổn/ dương, bổ/ thận/ tráng/ dương, thanh/ nhiệt/ giải/ độc, châm/ cứu, hoàn/ tễ, đại/ phương, quân/ dược, sắc/ thuốc, thập /toàn/ đại/ bổ, dương/ lăng/ tuyền, bắc/ sài hồ, cà/ gai, etc b Reasonable dregree of identification of Oriental medicine terminology According to our survey results, the number of Oriental medicine terms that can clearly identify the reason for the identification is majority, while unclear reasonable terms are quite few, most of which are single words and a certain amount of borrowed words, for example, hư, khuy, tổn, sắc, ngáp, hồi, mít, khế, đa, niễng, gừng, bàng, răm, sen, đỉa, nhện, vừng, ổi, bù ngót, săng lẻ, etc., they account for about 5.52% (445/8061) The vast majority of Oriental medical terms are under the form of compound words or identifier phrases, which are pure Vietnamese and Sino-Vietnamese elements Thus, it can be noticed that the clear and typical characteristics of identifying Oriental medicine terms are the reasoning and the separability of composition Therefore, we focus on examining Oriental medicine terms according to their internal morphology in order to draw important characteristics that are often selected as the basis for identifying Oriental medicine terminology c Selecting characteristics as a basis for identifying Oriental medicine terms The internal morphology of identifying Oriental Medicine terminology is determined by the characteristic selected as the distinction and the basis for the term identification The internal morphology is inextricably linked to the etymology of the word It is also difficult to understand the specific characteristics chosen as the basis for identifying Oriental medicine terminology because there is no dictionary of Vietnamese etymologies Therefore, in order to study the characteristics as the basis for the identification of Oriental medicine term, we can only rely on the internal morphology of the name to establish a set of criteria for special characteristics selected as the basis for identification At the same time, it is possible to establish a number of formation models of Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese Because the terms of Oriental medicine are mostly compound words or identifier phrases, the units considered here include the current Orieental medicine terms that can clearly see the reasoning Based on the characteristics of each of the categories mentioned, we have found that it is possible to identify the typical Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese with 37 semantic content category The following are 19 the identification methods and identification models of Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese based on the specific analysis of each category The identification model is established on the basis of the second-type terms, which allows to easily identify the characteristics as the basis of identification According to the survey of 8061 Oriental medicine terms, there are 263 terms which are general identifier units, accounting for 3.28% (263/8061) 3.2.2.1 Terms for Oriental medicine theory There are 886 basic theoretical terms in Oriental medicine, accounting for 10.99% (886/8061), the fifth highest number of terms in the seven specialties of Oriental medicine Of these 886, 58 terms are generalized identifier units, 828 terms are analytical identifiers under 28 models of identification There are 28 characteristics selected to identify this group of terms, including: identifier characteristic (X) for disease symptoms with 208 terms, frequency of choice is 1X/25,12 terms, ranked first; then the characteristic identifier (X) of the pathogen with 126 terms, the frequency of selection is 1X/25.22 terms; the third position is the characteristic identifier (X) of the pathological mechanism when disorders with 118 terms, frequency of selection is 1X/ 14.25 terms 3.2.2.2 Terms for Oriental medicine diagnosis Terms of Oriental medicine diagnosis are 966, accounting for 11.98% (966/8061), the third highest number of terms in the seven specialties of Oriental medicine Of these 966, there are 15 terms being generalized identifier units, 951 terms being analytical identifier units under 21 models of identification There are 21 characteristics selected for identification, of which: (X) the mechanism of performance, the cause of the disease of the six organs are 213 terms, with the frequency of 1X/22.40, ranking the first place; (X) symptoms, causes of the syndrome are 98, with the frequency of selection is 1X/10.30 terms, ranking the second; (X) formation, performance, properties, status, symptoms of the object to be diagnosed are 90 terms, with the frequency of selection is 1X/9.46, ranking the third place 3.2.2.3 Terms for Oriental medicine pathology (Diseases) There are 681 terms on Oriental medical pathology, accounting for 8.47% (683/8061), of which 25 terms are primary identifier units (generalized identifier units), 658 terms are secondary identifier units (analytical identifier units) under 25 models of identification There are 25 characteristics selected for identification, of which: (X) category, cause, symptoms of diseases are 112 terms, with frequency of choice is 1X/17.02 terms, ranking the first place; (X) phenomena, symptoms of menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth are 105 terms, with the frequency of selection is 1X/15.59 terms, ranking the second; (X) disease symptoms of five senses are 93 terms, with the frequency of selection is 1X/14.13 terms 20 3.2.2.4 Terms for Oriental medicine treatment Terms on Oriental medical treatment are 421, accounting for 5.22% (421/8061), including two main categories: principles of treatment and methods of treatment All these 421 terms are analytical identifier units Analytical identifiers are terms in categories such as treatment principles (14 terms), methods of treatment (407 terms) classified under identification models There are characteristics selected to identify, in which: (X) treatment activities and therapeutic effects for patients who need to be treated are 362, with frequency of selection is 1X/85,99, occupying the highest position 3.2.2.5 Terms for accupucture and accupoints The terms of acupuncture and acupuncture points in Vietnamese have been borrowed entirely from Chinese, so through investigating from documents in Chinese, the thesis has found that the terms of acupuncture and acupuncture points are all reasonable Of these 1984, there are terms being the generalized identifier units, 1980 terms being the analytical identifier units Analytical identifiers are terms in in which: needling methods (224 terms), moxibustion (54 terms), cupping (10 terms), acupuncture points (1650 terms) classified under 31 identification models There are 31 characteristics selected for identification, of which: (X) position, human anatomical characteristics occupy the first position with 368 terms, frequency of selection is 1X/18.59; (X) treatment effects are 247 terms, with the frequency of selection is 1X/12.47, ranking the second; (X) architecture, construction selected to identify acupoints are 237 terms, with frequency of selection is 1X/11.97 terms, ranking the third place, etc 3.2.2.6 Terms for Oriental medicinals According to our statistics, Oriental medicinals consist of 2031 terms, accounting for the highest proportion in the Oriental medicine terminology system with 25.20% (2031/8061) In which, 161 terms are primary identifiers (generalized identifiers), while 2031 terms are secondary identifiers (analytical identifiers) The selection of characteristics as a basis for term identification is implemented according to 23 identification models There are 23 characteristics selected for identification, in which, (X): parts of plant/animal used to identify Oriental medicinals account for the highest proportion, 265 terms with a frequency of 1X/13.05 terms, followed by (X): colors, patterns are 177 terms, with frequency of 1X/8.72 terms, ranking the second; (X) growth environment are 175 units, with frequency of 1X/8.62 terms, ranking third place, etc 3.2.2.7 Terms for formula The formula terminology not only contains profound medical theory but also contains certain principles and laws of circulation There are 929 terms, all of which are analytical identifier units classified under identification models There are characteristics selected for identification, of which (X): medicinal 21 herbs used in drug preparation forms account for the majority of 503 terms, with the frequency of selection 1X/54.14 terms, ranking first place; then (X) the therapeutic effect of the drug dosage forms are 219, with the frequency of selection 1X/30.03, ranking the second; (X) treatment effects of the remedy are 63 terms, with the frequency of selection 1X/6.78, ranking the third place, etc 3.3 Some remarks on the identification characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese From analyzing the semantic characteristics and expressions of 8061 Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese, the thesis draws some remarks on the terms which have direct names or indirect names; simple identification units (primary identification) and complex identification units (secondary identification) of Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese 3.4 Conclusion of chapter In chapter 3, the thesis has analyzed the methods and characteristics of the identification of Oriental medicine terminology system and has drawn some comments on the methods of identification and the identification models of Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese CONCLUSIONS With the structure of three chapters, the dissertation has focused on surveying, studying the overall formation characteristics, the identification basis of Oriental medicine terminology system in Vietnamese The research results show that: In order to establish a theoretical basis for the entire study, the dissertation has presented an overview of the terminology research in the world as well as in Vietnam On the other hand, due to the profound influence of traditional Chinese medicine on countries around the world and in the region, such as Vietnam, Japan, Korea, Singapore, etc., especially its strong influence on traditional Vietnamese medicine, so the dissertation has selected and summarized the studying situation of traditional Chinese medicine terms in Chinese and Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese Thereby, the study of traditional Chinese medicine terms in China has made remarkable achievements, while in Vietnam, there has been very few mentioned works on Oriental medicine terminology, especially there has been no comprehensive research on it In understanding some common theoretical basis on terminology, the dissertation has pointed out the importance of terminology in language system Next, the dissertation has presented and generalized terminology system according to different conceptions and tendencies Based on the theoretical basis and the general characteristics of the terms and basic content of Oriental 22 medicine, the dissertation has also given its own opinion on Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese as follows: Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese are words and phrases to express the concepts, indicate the names of objects, things and phenomena in the field of Oriental medicine Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese include terms on traditional medicine theory, diagnosis, pathology, therapeutic treatment, Oriental medicinals, fomula, acupuncture acupuncture points and other clinical specialties in Oriental medicine From the general picture of the characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese, we make some general comments and assessments as follows: a Going deeper into analyzing the structure of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese, based on Nguyen Tai Can's perpective on morpheme - compound word - phrase, the dissertation has considered the element a term formation unit Since then, the study has investigated their characteristics in terms of: parts of speech, origin and structure We has analyzed the structure and identification characteristics of 8061 Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese belonging to groups: (1) basic theory of Oriental medicine; (2) diagnosis of Oriental medicine; (3) pathology of Oriental medicine; (4) therapeutic treatment of Oriental medicine; (5) acupuncture acupuncture points; (6) Oriental medicinals; (7) formula (Oriental medicinal remedy) On the basis of analyzing the main and secondary elements of Oriental medicine terms, the dissertation has identified the following structure models: the terms are compound words which are formed by 14 models; the terms are identifier phrases which are formed by 45 normative models and 70 nonnormative models The analysis results show that Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese can be composed of one or more elements The majority are terms with from to elements Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese is made up of fewer elements, the tighter the structure and the more identifiable it is In contrast, the more Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese is composed of the more elements, the longer the length, the looser the structure it is However, physicians and specialists all consider this indispensable and naturally when they identify disease and treatment, diagnose diseases and prescribe drugs b In terms of structure, Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese can be single words, compound words or identifier phrases In particular, the subordinate compound words and identifier phrases include the elements with sub-main relation which is the most productive method to create Oriental medicine terms Therefore, the vast majority of Oriental medicine terms in 23 Vietnamese is composed of an element that expresses a concept and is paired with one or some other elements that show distinctive racial characteristics c In terms of parts of speech, Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese can be nouns/noun phrases, verbs/verb phrases, adjectives/ adjective phrases, numeral words/numeral phrases In particular, nouns/noun phrases occupy the majority and have a high identification characteristic Among the three groups of Oriental medicine terms which are the noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases respectively, the noun phrase group are composed of a large number of elements (5 elements or more), accounting for 43.48% (1072/2465) These terms can easily be separable into different term units d In terms of element origin, the elements that make up Oriental medicine terms are derived from languages such as: pure Vietnamese, Chinese and Indo-European However, the terms with Indo-European origin accounts for an extremely low percentage, only 0.06% (5/8061) The vast majority of Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese are derived from the Chinese language, accounting for 76.69% (6182/8061) These units combine with each other in different ways: the combination of the same linguistic origin such as pure Vietnamese + pure Vietnamese, Chinese + Chinese; and the combination of different linguistic origin, mainly: pure Vietnamese + Chinese; Chinese + pure Vietnamese These proves that the elements of Chinese origin play a much more significant role, occupying a very important position in creating Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese At the same time, Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese is also considered one of the ways to express the exchange and connection of languages between neighboring countries e In terms of structure model, Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese are structured according to many different models Due to the contact between the Vietnamese and Chinese languages, especially under the strong and profound influence of traditional Chinese medicine, Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese has existed and obeyed the basic syntax in both Vietnamese and Chinese Moreover, due to the peculiarities of traditional medicine in analyzing dialectical analysis, diagnosing the disease, finding the cause of the disease, giving treatment and prescribing remedies, the experts require the detailization and the concretization in related terms Therefore, the system of Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese needs to accept the existence of terms that are cumbersome and descriptive Through the survey and analysis of 2465/8061 Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese which are identifier phrases, the dissertation shows that most of the structure models are proportional to the number of terms created, such as the terms which are identifier phrases composed of components under models 24 can create 330 units, accounting for 13.39% (330/2465); the terms which are 4element identifier phrases under 14 models can create 1063 units, accounting for 43.12% (1063/2465); the terms which are 5-element identifier phrases under 12 models can create 796 units, accounting for 32.29% (796/2465); the terms which are 6-element identifier phrases under models create 108 units, accounting for 6.82% (108/2465); The terms which are 7-element identifier phrases under models that can create 168 units, accounting for 6.82% (168/2465) At the same time, the dissertation also shows that in 2465 terms that are identifier phrases, there are 70 terms of fields creating 70 irregular models This helps us understand that it is necessary to accept these irregular patterns, because medicine is a highly specialized discipline which needs accuracy, specificity and detail in language and terminology for analysis, diagnosis, treatment, etc Therefore, apart from bringing the terms into a certain rule and formula, or they can be corrected and standardized by the linguists, we also need to respect the existence of these terms, because medical professionals still use and accept them naturally Also on the basis of analyzing 8061 Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese, the disertation has described the identification characteristics in two aspects: methods and selected characteristics Regarding to identification characteristics of the Oriental medicine terms which are primary identifiers only make up a negligible percentage of 3.28% (263/8061) and is made up of simpliest units in structure, used as the basis to create other identifier units Regarding to the characteristics of the Oriental medicine terms which are secondary identifiers, there are 7797 terms, accounting for 96.73% (7797/8061) All are created by syntactic formation that use two or more elements combined together in the sub-main relation In which, the classification of the conceptual system of medicine is in the main element, the distinction by characteristics as the basis for identification is the function of the sub-element The identification characteristics chosen for the basis of naming are all the most prominent, essential characteristics of concepts and objectives in traditional medicine Regarding to the method of identification, the majority of Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese are secondary terms, accounting for only a small number With 37 categories in field groups of Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese, the dissertation has identified 87 characteristics, of which 25 are major characteristics, with very high and dense frequency of occurrence These are the most typical and most prominent characteristics of Oriental medicine, reflected in the expression of Oriental medicine terminology system in Vietnamese The dissertation also shows that the characteristics chosen to 25 identify have been expressed through 37 categories of specialized fields of Oriental medicine, that have the number of identification models and the frequency of the selected characteristics (X) as follows: group of basic theory has 28 models and 28 characteristics which creating 828 units, with frequency of 1X/29.57 terms; group of diagnosis has 21 models and 21 characteristics which creating 951 units, with frequency of 1X/45.29 terms; group of pathology has 25 models and 25 characteristics, which creating 658 units, with frequency of 1X/26.32 terms; group of treatment has models and characteristics, which creating 421 units, with frequency of 1X/84.20 terms; group of acupuncture terms-acupuncture points has 31 models and 31 characteristics, which creating 1980 units, with frequency of 1X/63.87 terms; group of Oriental medicinals has 23 models and 23 characteristics, which creating 2192 units, with frequency of 1X/95.30 terms; group of fomula has models and characteristic, which creating 929 units, with frequency of 1X/103.22 terms Thereby, the dissertation shows that due to the Oriental medicine terminology has specific characteristics of the medical discipline, the characteristics chosen for identification are also richer, more specific and detailed; the number of identification models more or less will depend on the number of terms they produce However, if there are few identification models but are more likely to produce terms, it is ideal thing in building, adjustment and standardization of terminology Above are the main research results that the dissertation has achieved There are some issues that have not been mentioned in the study This will pave the way for extending this study into any further research Some issues are listed as follows: - Etymology study on the terms for basic theory, diagnosis, symptoms, conditions, etc of traditional medicine - Contrastive study on Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese and in other languages (such as traditional Chinese medicine terms) - Applying cognitive linguistics in Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese or in Chinese - Intensive study on the structure and identification characteristics of each group of specialized fields in Oriental medicine; - Intensive study on non-independent elements in Vietnamese language, but being independent elements in Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese The above recommendations for future research are mentioned with the hope that we will be able to continue to study these issues Moreover, based on the research results of the dissertation, we hope to work with experts and the 26 Ministry of Health for building, revise and adjustment of terms in the contrastive dictionary of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese-English-Chinese according to field groups, making a contribution to the standardization of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese 27 RESEARCHER’S PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION I Publications on Scientific Journals Đặc điểm định danh các vị Đơng dược tiếng Việt, Tạp chí Ngơn ngữ, số 12, năm 2013 Đặc điểm cấu tạo tên gọi các vị thuốc Đông y tiếng Việt, Tạp chí Nhân lực khoa học xã hội, số 2, năm 2014 Một số nhận xét cấu tạo thuật ngữ Đơng y tiếng Việt, Tạp chí Từ điển & Bách khoa thư, số 1, năm 2017 Nét độc đáo định danh huyệt vị châm cứu tiếng Việt, Tạp chí Ngơn ngữ & đời sống, số 9, năm 2017 II Publication on Proceedings of International Scientific Conference Ẩn dụ thuật ngữ Đông y tiếng Việt, Hội thảo khoa học quốc tế: Ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam – Những chặng đường phát triển hội nhập quốc tế - Nxb Thông tin truyền thông, năm 2018 III Reports on International Scientific Conference 6.《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《 (Đặc điểm thuật ngữ y học cổ truyền tiếng Hán tiếng Việt), Hội thảo Giảng dạy tiếng Hán Khu vực Châu Á Thái Bình Dương lần thứ Seoul – Hàn Quốc, năm 2010 7.《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《(Phân loại thuật ngữ Trung y song âm tiết tiếng Việt) , Hội thảo Giảng dạy tiếng Hán Khu vực Châu Á – Thái Bình Dương lần thứ Hà Nội, năm 2012 Nguyễn Chi Lê, Lê Thu Trang, 《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《, Hội thảo quốc tế Giảng dạy tiếng Hán khu vực văn hóa chữ Hán lần thứ Hà Nội, năm 2018 28 ... Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences INTRODUCTION RATIONALE 1.1 It is necessary to study the scientific terminology to systematize and standardize the terminology system of any sciences,... STUDY 2.1 Aims of the study This study is firstly aimed at clarifying the characteristics of this terminology system in terms of formation and identitfication through survey, description, analysis... different fields of terminology study For over the past half century, Vietnamese terminology has grown rapidly and strongly, with changes not only in quantity, but also in quality, and in both appearance