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VIETNAM SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Nguyen Minh Nhut RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE INTO THE COMMUNITY IN CAN GIO DISTRICT, HO CHI MINH CITY Industry: Sociology Code: 9310301 SUMMARY OF THE STUDY ON SOCIAL WILLS HANOI, 2019 The work was completed at: Academy of Social Sciences Scientific instructor: Prof Dr Trinh Duy Luan Reviewer 1: Prof Dr Dang Canh Khanh Reviewer 2: Assoc.Prof.PhD.Hoang Thi Nga Reviewer 3: Assoc.Prof.PhD Nguyen Duc Vinh The dissertation will be defended at the Academy-level Dissertation Committee to meet at: At day month year The thesis can be found at the library: - Graduate Academy of Social Sciences Library - National Library of Vietnam PREAMBLE The urgency of the topic Climate change is making our world change very quickly in a bad way, and is considered one of the biggest challenges for humanity in the 21st century In Vietnam, in recent years Here, many unusual climate developments have appeared regularly, making people begin to pay attention and respond to new circumstances Can Gio is the only coastal district of Ho Chi Minh City, most affected by climate change The thesis "Community-based response to climate change in Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh city" aims to delve into the topic of research associated with this practice The purpose and research task of the thesis 2.1 Purpose Learn the awareness and actions of people, local authorities and social organizations in community-based climate change response in Can Gio district today Thereby proposing policy recommendations to promote community resources and improve the effectiveness of responding to climate change in the locality 2.2 Research tasks - Overview of documents related to the research topic - Develop theoretical bases and research methods - Assess the awareness of people, local authorities and social organizations on community-based climate change response - Analyzing the situation of community-based climate change response of people, local authorities and social organizations - Proposing policy recommendations for stakeholders to respond to community-based climate change Subjects and scope of research of the thesis 3.1 Research subjects -2- Awareness and action on community-based climate change adaptation by actors: local people, local authorities and social organizations 3.2 The object of research Representatives of selected households in Can Gio district; representatives of leaders and managers at relevant departments of the city; representatives of authorities and authorities of Can Gio district; representatives of the City Red Cross and Association facilities in Can Gio district 3.3 Research scope (content, space, time) Limited research explores some of the cognitive aspects, the reality of community-based climate change response in Can Gio district over the last years Methodology 4.1 Research questions - What are the awareness of people, local authorities and Can Gio district social organizations on community-based climate change response today? - How people, local authorities and social organizations participate in community-based climate change response activities in Can Gio district? - What are the factors affecting people's participation in coping with community-based climate change in Can Gio district? 4.2 Research hypothesis - Awareness of community-based climate change response of people, local authorities and social organizations in Can Gio district is still incomplete - The participation in community-based response to climate change by people, local authorities and social organizations in Can Gio district has many spontaneous and incomplete elements, so it has not taken full advantage power and strength of the community -3- - The factors of living standard, occupation, education, residence origin have a certain influence on the participation of people in responding to climate change in Can Gio district 4.3 Analytical framework NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS, EXPRESSION OF LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE Standard of living Education Job Origin of residence CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE BASED ON THE COMMUNITY People / Community (According to subjects) Local government AWARENESS -Climate Change -Regulations of Climate Change -Communitybased climate change ACT Social organization (Red Cross) - Climate change response - Communitybased climate change response - Efficiency & prospects ECONOMIC - SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS, POLICY IMPACTS New scientific contributions of the thesis - Analyzing the real situation of awareness of stakeholders (people / communities, local authorities and social organizations) on how to respond to and respond to community-based climate change - Analyze the actions of actors involved in climate change response activities in the short and long term - Make recommendations to improve policies and regulations on community-based climate change adaptation The theoretical and practical significance of the thesis -4- The dissertation analyzes from a sociological perspective on the status of community-based climate change response in the following dimensions: participation, organizational role, operational efficiency and prospects of activities to cope with Climate Change It helps broaden scientific understanding of the different roles of "community-based" oriented actors The thesis points out the awareness and reality of participation of entities in community-based climate change response in the study area Since then there is a comprehensive view of the situation to adjust policies and provide solutions to promote community strength and effective response to climate change in the locality Structure of the thesis The thesis layout includes: chapters and annexes The thesis has 196 pages, 20 charts and 13 data tables -5- Chapter RESEARCH OVERVIEW 1.1 Studies on climate change and climate change response There have been many studies on climate change, and communitybased climate change adaptation However, there have not been many studies combining the analysis of community-based climate change adaptation in the context of a coastal city, which is heavily influenced by climate change such as cities Ho Chi Minh 1.2 Studies on community participation and community-based climate change response Articles in the sociological perspective have made initial contributions to the study of climate change issues in the Mekong Delta Anthropologists also have something in common in the approach of effective adaptation to climate change such as vulnerability-based, community-based and ecosystem-based approaches 1.3 Studies on the role of government in community-based climate change solutions There has been the application, though not systematic and complete, a "community-based" approach in specific situations and providing a lot of information for policy making and people's activities and the community in responding to climate change 1.4 Studies on the participation of social organizations in community-based climate change adaptation Political-social, social-professional organizations, mass organizations play an important role in ensuring sustainable development of economy, society and environmental protection in each locality Social organizations are also gradually being recognized by activities committed to coordinating -6- the implementation of climate change response activities However, there are very few studies related to this dimension Overall, there are still a few studies that address the issue of community-based climate change adaptation from sociological approaches, and in Ho Chi Minh City This is the "gap" in policy awareness and application that the thesis will study in depth Summary of chapter Chapter RATIONALE AND RESEARCH METHOD 2.1 The theoretical basis of the thesis 2.1.1 The concepts used in the thesis Climate, Greenhouse gases, Sea level rise; Climate Change, Responding to Climate Change, Responding with community-based climate change 2.1.2 The theories used in the thesis 2.1.2.1 Social theory of risk and risk management Used to explain how people affect the environment and vice versa, the environment affects human activities These interactions are socially carried out in different ways and methods in each stage by the subjects 2.1.2.2 Theory of community development, community participation Used to explain the interaction between subjects in the process of responding to community-based climate change in the past time 2.1.2.3 Theory of rational choice It is used to interpret both dimensions of awareness and action of subjects in a deliberate way, to select and use resources to achieve maximum results with minimal cost -7- 2.2 Research methods Research is done by combining both qualitative and quantitative methods 2.2.1 Method of document analysis Collect documents related to the thesis topic such as reports, results of implementing projects, research projects, dissertations, dissertations, articles in specialized research journals, documents of policies, laws, etc Documents are analyzed according to different approaches, especially focusing on community-based approaches 2.2.2 Method of investigation by questionnaire The study was interviewed by questionnaire 614 household representatives, randomly selected at all communes and town of Can Gio district 2.2.3 In-depth interview method Conducting 18 in-depth interviews with local government representatives, armed forces, socio-political organizations and local people 2.2.4 Focus group discussion method Organize group discussions in specific research areas such as islands, peninsulas (coastal areas) of Can Gio district 2.3 Practical basis 2.3.1 Legal grounds 2.3.2 Characteristics of the study area Summary of chapter Chapter -8- AWARENESS OF CLIMATE RESPONSE TO THE COMMUNITY IN CAN GIO DISTRICT, TP HO CHI MINH 3.1 Expressions of climate change and customs and practices of Can Gio people In Can Gio, climate change is manifested as: high surface temperature, unusual rain and storms, extreme weather events and rising sea levels, causing many areas to be inundated or saline intrusion going deep into the field These manifestations are becoming more and more clear and progressing in a negative direction People in Can Gio have a habit of traveling by water, having a psychology, a habit of "living with floods", living in harmony with nature, creating a subjective psychology with little concern and limiting the level understanding of the people Due to difficulties in living conditions and livelihoods, plus small-scale psychology, people often value material property values rather than values of human protection 3.2 People's perceptions of climate change 3.2.1 Awareness of the manifestations and severity of climate change People affirmed that the "erratic" weather is becoming clear and unpredictable and there are two phenomena: "More storms", "Seasonal sun rain" are manifestations of climate change are largely people know According to people's awareness, natural disasters and abnormal weather have directly or indirectly impacted on livelihoods, environmental pollution and poverty of people in many different fields and industries, creating anxiety and consider this a serious issue that local authorities, communities, and residents are very interested in 3.2.2 Sources of information on climate change that people access Only a part of the population cared and received information from the mass media and partly from the local government Information sharing in - 10 - 3.3.2.2 Expectations of people involved in responding to climate change Despite concerns about livelihood impacts, people / communities still lack initiative, relying on government rather than relying on their own communities The issue of using community resources to develop and create a more coherent and more dynamic cohesion is embarrassing for the authorities at all levels and localities 3.3.3 Recognize the advantages and disadvantages when people participate in responding to climate change in the locality In the face of the challenges of living, limited education, along with less positive awareness, will lead to ineffective attitudes and behaviors for the community When people's awareness is clear and the sense of responsibility to the social community is recognized, even though it is difficult, it becomes convenient 3.4 Awareness of local authorities on community-based climate change adaptation 3.4.1 Awareness of the need to respond to community-based climate change Many ways of responding to climate change by local governments are not appropriate for the community, so there is no consensus and limited participation of the people Local authorities are aware of the role of people in responding to natural disasters / climate change, because no one understands the issues that communities are facing with their own community members 3.4.2 Awareness of local community-based climate change adaptation measures 3.4.2.1 Level of awareness In general, local authorities are not fully aware of the ways, techniques to cope with natural disasters / climate change and socially, especially the - 11 - "community-based" factor, their understanding In practice, there are still many "gaps" 3.4.2.2 Lack of initiative in response to community-based climate change Local authorities mainly focus on the tasks according to the functions and tasks assigned The parts that go into the "community-based" nature have not been adequately acknowledged The approach of "response to community-based climate change" has been integrated into the city's policies But the specialized agencies of the government have not been widely and officially deployed to the grassroots level, so the awareness of each cadre has not been uniform and understandable 3.4.2.3 Difficulties and advantages in coping with community-based climate change The biggest difficulty is the issue of ensuring livelihoods There is still a part of local government with subjective psychology and the "evacuation and relocation of local people" is not the optimal solution Community-based, community-based local governments in responding to climate change are in line with the "on-the-spot" motto that the government is implementing In particular, the task of "improving community responsibility and capacity for local officials" are two objectives associated with the task of building "local forces" and "on-site command" from the local 3.5 Awareness of social organizations in community-based climate change response activities Social organization with representatives of the Red Cross has a better awareness of participation in community support than other units On the other hand, socio-political organizations and social organizations still play a key and indispensable role in responding to natural disasters / climate - 12 - change in the locality compared to other organizations in the corner look of people Summary of chapter - 13 - Chapter CURRENT SITUATION OF CLIMATE RESPONSE TO THE COMMUNITY IN CAN GIO DISTRICT, TP HO CHI MINH 4.1 Involvement of people and communities in climate change response 4.1.1 Forms of participation of people and communities in responding to climate change in general The role of communities, hamlets / hamlets in activities to cope with climate change is quite passive and fuzzy, while "households and individuals manage" is still the main mode of operation responding to climate change today Family institutions, the state and the authorities are still the most important and important forces in responding to climate change in the present and in the future This implies an important policy implication in building and promoting the community to respond to climate change The reason people not participate in coordinated activities, linking communities and families in responding to climate change is largely because people are incapable of participating, or inappropriate, while others The reason for the organization and the content of the program are not obstacles to their participation The results of this analysis show that it is necessary to change the approach, develop plans to reflect people's needs, close to their capabilities and conditions At that time, people will play a more meaningful and effective participation role in community mobilization activities of the government 4.1.2 Community-based climate change response activities in the survey area 4.1.2.1 According to active groups - 14 - Among the three ways to organize and prepare for climate change such as: individual households, linking local neighbors (community), local authorities organize and mobilize people; and two forms: self-managed families, and the local government as the core organization to guide people and communities - the main ways of organizing, playing the most important role in last time and in the near future 4.1.2.2 According to specific activities in the preparation and response phase Within households, the main response measures are the protection of people and physical assets of each household Meanwhile, the measures are sustainable, long-term, active such as livelihood conversion, production structure is less interested by people 4.2 The role of local government organization and participation in coping with community-based climate change 4.2.1 How local authorities organize and mobilize people to prepare and respond to climate change 4.2.1.1 For activities to prepare for climate change Authorities need to study and review comprehensively, to offer more sustainable and practical solutions to the regional development strategy, and to plan and refine the entire residential area living to ensure the impact of natural disasters / climate change For key areas, it is necessary to clearly identify solutions to ensure a safe and sustainable life for the people 4.2.1.2 For climate change response activities Local authorities should have a change in the way and roadmap for implementing disaster response tasks such as: encouraging, promoting the role of the community, building a strong force from the community and taking "plus VND ”serves as a central goal to adjust and change appropriate policies, while local authorities only play a role of supporting, - 15 - coordinating, and directing, not directly involved in the general administration of the community but let the community all of that coping 4.2.2 Local government involvement in responding to communitybased climate change Active policies with strong messages and rigid implementation from the grassroots government have inadvertently created a "policy dependence", in other words psychological "look forward to again ”from the people The recent policy-making and implementation process has shifted to the thinking "the state and the people work together" However, subsidized thinking "to worry about the state" still has a profound influence and creates a psychological dependence and passivity of the people 4.3 Participation of social organizations (represented by the Red Cross) in responding to community-based climate change in Can Gio district 4.3.1 Red Cross activities in responding to climate change 4.3.1.1 Activities to prepare for coping before natural disasters / climate change Activities of the Red Cross are humanitarian activities carried out by the Association, in collaboration with organizations and individuals The survey results show that the activities of the Red Cross have been implemented relatively effectively, especially in the area of responding to climate change In the activities of preparing / preventing climate change, the activity "Training knowledge and first aid skills for people" is a typical activity of the Red Cross, in order to equip more soft skills help people become more confident when participating in disaster response / climate change activities 4.3.1.2 Emergency response to natural disasters / climate change - 16 - In the response to climate change, the participation of Red Cross is highly appreciated by the people in the core role in humanitarian activities, such as relief, rescue-rescue, health care , However, the image building and affirming the role of the Red Cross for community-based activities have not been well implemented These activities are also movement, not yet widely disseminated On the other hand, members of the Red Cross members and volunteers at the grassroots level also play many roles in the Associations, and various unions are also limited 4.3.1.3 Remedies after natural disasters / climate change Remedial activities will help people stabilize their material and spiritual life after the disaster, but the support rate is still low The corrective actions are widely deployed, which is seen as a test of local social awareness of local Red Cross-based community activities 4.3.2 Red Cross community relations in response to climate change 4.3.2.1 Activities of members, Red Cross volunteers Red Cross members and volunteers are local people who have a certain understanding of socio-economic characteristics and are empowered in coping skills, have a close relationship with the community and plays an increasingly important role when implementing climate change response tasks in the areas of: emergency relief, humanitarian assistance and health care, 4.3.2.2 Activities to attract community participation Most of the Red Cross's climate change response activities are based on the community's resources, so they are popular, most of them attract people to participate However, there are activities that require a high level of professionalism and there are also types of jobs that can be learned, exchanged with each other and applied immediately into practice, bringing practical and useful effects for community and society - 17 - 4.4 Performance and prospects for implementing communitybased climate change adaptation in the coming time 4.4.1 The effectiveness of community-based climate change response organizations This helps confirm the usefulness of common local responses, but also shows that people are not having much choice and they still want more diverse solutions The effectiveness of these forms is also recorded through in-depth interview data People 's comments on measures to cope with climate change are being implemented to make positive judgments showing the timeliness, speed and efficiency 4.4.2 The intention to participate in responding to climate change of the community in the coming time Construction and development of the community has great potential and potential People are willing to participate in responding to climate change by building and developing communities in the future This is an important scientific and practical basis for building a strategic and sustainable direction to adapt to the climate change situation in Can Gio in particular and the country in general Summary of chapter CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion The theme of community-based climate change adaptation is linked to the three most important actors involved in this process This section will summarize the findings related to the roles and activities of each subject in response to community-based climate change in the study area - For the subject "people" (including groups of people / households to the whole community) - 18 - The issue of climate change has existed and has a direct or indirect impact on livelihoods and the environment But the participation of people in training activities and communication on climate change in the locality has not been sufficient People have access to information on climate change too little, a part that knows about climate change from the mass media and local authorities Information sharing in the community is quite sporadic and passive Since then, people's actions are still spontaneous, single and have not created the strength of the community Households have a sense of self-response to their families, and are more or less involved in community activities Besides, there are still a part of the population who not cooperate with the community and the authorities because the community activities are not popular Within the household, the main response measures are to protect the people and property of the family Meanwhile, the measures of sustainability and long-term such as livelihood conversion, production structure are very little concerned by people Community-based response to climate change has many dimensions, from organizational options (individual or community, coordinated), objectives to be protected (physical assets, people, lips) school), participation, or contribution (effort, financial or ideas), These activities are affected by the individual characteristics of the household representative such as living standards, occupation, education, the origin of residents / representatives of the household This is the basis for local authorities, communities and social organizations to develop plans, plans and policies to respond to climate change in accordance with the characteristics of residents in the area in the future People and communities lack initiative, psychological "depend on" the government The issue of using community resources to create a more - 19 - coherent and dynamic cohesion in responding to climate change, the local authorities are still confused The ability to build and develop the community has great potential and potential Many people responded willingly to participate in various forms of organizations to respond to climate change by building and developing the community in the future This is an important scientific and practical basis to build a strategic and sustainable orientation to respond to climate change in Can Gio - For the subject "Local government" (and authorities / professional authorities) Many of the local government's responses are still not suitable to the needs of the community, so there is no consensus and limited community participation Local authorities have awareness of the role of the community in responding to climate change, although it is still incomplete In the process of carrying out their functions and functions, the authorities at all levels have "integrated" this approach spontaneously But going into the nature of "community-based" activities has not been adequately acknowledged and has not been widely deployed to grassroots officials, so there is no uniformity and uniform understanding There are currently two ways to respond to climate change: selfmanaged families, and local authorities organize to guide people and communities In recent years, the local government has promoted its effectiveness and received high consensus among the people, contributing to creating positive changes in the "method of coping with climate change" in the community residence However, research also found an undesirable effect of this method That is, it encourages the "subsidized" thinking in the population, creating the psychology of "looking forward" and "leaving" to the local government This in the long run will not bring positive results to a more effective response strategy to local climate change - 20 - - For the subject "Social organizations" (represented by the Red Cross) Most Can Gio people are aware of the participation and activities of the Red Cross in the locality, effective and meet the urgent needs in the preparation, emergency response and remedial phase consequences after natural disasters / climate change The Red Cross is an indispensable social organization, contributing to increasing local resources in responding to climate change under the "community-based" motto The association is closely connected with the community through the activities of members, volunteers and local community members However, this force at the grassroots level must also participate in other Associations and Unions, so their activities are dispersed and difficult Contact hypotheses and theories used in the thesis Comparing with the content of the three hypotheses of the original, the research results of the thesis basically confirm all three hypotheses when clarifying the two dimensions of "awareness" and "action" of stakeholders (people / communities, local authorities and social organizations) in community-based climate change adaptation activities in Can Gio Theoretically, the application of social theory of risk and risk management (for hypothesis 1) has shown both local people and local authorities in the face of risks from natural disasters / variables climate change and coping by managing specific risks is implementing community-based activities However, the efficiency is still limited, due to inadequate awareness of risks and priorities in response activities When applying the theory of community development and community participation, the interaction between subjects (people / communities, local authorities and social organizations) has been recognized Each subject has its own strengths and characteristics, but when working - 21 - together, there are still some difficulties and obstacles Until these difficulties are removed by all stakeholders, consensus can be created for actors to address sustainability in the current climate change response The study also shows that people often focus most on activities of protecting assets and facilities rather than protecting people They are making a "reasonable choice", but this rationality is placed in a specific assessment of priority values in the context of natural disasters / climate change The low level of survival, inadequate awareness makes people familiar with the traditional way of thinking "of pain and pain" has lowered the number value of human life The meaning of the "reasonable choice" here has been partly biased due to this confusion in favor of the selected values - For the subject "people / community" Attention should be paid to monitoring mass media to raise awareness about short-term or long-term solutions and issues related to climate change and climate change response in the locality Cultural institutions need to expand organizational forms to attract people to participate in community development activities This is an important foundation to connect and share information among members in the community to better respond and adapt to the manifestations of climate change in the locality Strengthening access to training activities, training, communication on climate change, responding to climate change and solutions on organization, finance, technology, under the direction of the local government direction Households and enterprises boost investment, promote the strengths and potentials of the area (mangrove forests, aquaculture and fishing, etc.) to develop agricultural economy and services , improving living standards, - 22 - giving people to participate in responding to climate change together with the community more effectively Improve self-initiative and self-organizing capacity in the community Establishing autonomy for communities to promote their own role in climate change response activities in the locality - For the subject "Local government" It is necessary to develop a plan and roadmap to implement a systematic approach to community-based climate change response, in order to raise awareness of local officials at all levels, from cities to districts and communes , team / neighbors Since then, there are positive attitudes and behaviors in managing community-based climate change response activities It is necessary to diversify the activities of collecting opinions from the community through dialogues, meetings with voters or organizing seminars, forums, etc on socio-economic issues, including proposals People and communities devised solutions for effective disaster preparedness, response and mitigation activities that have been used in households and communities in the past - For the subject "Social organizations" (in case of Red Cross) Social organizations need to focus their activities in the direction of specialization to attract the attention of the people and focus on community resources to participate in activities to respond to natural disasters / climate change in the locality Need to improve professional skills and operational quality of Red Cross establishments, team members, volunteers in the community in response to natural disaster response and mitigation / climate change Some limitations of the thesis and propose the next research direction 3.1 Some limitations of the thesis - 23 - The thesis uses the concept of climate change through its specific manifestations such as the phenomenon of natural disasters, unusual weather and extreme local people that people feel during the last years The population in the study area is low in education, the occupation is highly dependent on weather and climate, so it has high risks, low living standards, so it affects their awareness and actions in response with community-based climate change The concept of "responding to climate change" is mentioned mainly by the "adaptive" activity, while "mitigation" activities are only analyzed in some aspects, not really adequate Community-based climate change response is a new concept and approach for the study area, so it is time-consuming to implement it in practice 3.2 Proposing the next research direction - Research and identify a set of tools or criteria for measuring "community-based" in other social dimensions such as: strengthening community capacity by local authorities; community-based policy orientation issues - Further research on the dimension of "mitigating" impacts of community-based climate change - Studying the participation of political and social organizations (such as Youth Union, Women's Union, Farmer's Association ) in communitybased climate change response activities - 24 - LIST OF WORKS HAVE DISCLOSED BY THE AUTHOR Nguyen Minh Nhut 2019 "Community-based climate change prevention and response methods in Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh City" Scientific journal (Hanoi National University of Education), No 2, p 114124 Nguyen Minh Nhut 2019 "Awareness and ways of responding to people's climate change issues (Case study in Can Gio District, Ho Chi Minh City)", Indian and Asian Studies (Research Institute) India and Southwest Asia), No (75), p 67-77 Nguyen Minh Nhut 2018 Some basic contents of participationbased community development theory, Proceedings of scientific research at grassroots level in 2018, General faculty - Ho Chi Minh City Institute of Officials, p 23-28 Nguyen Minh Nhut 2019 "Awareness of climate change of Ho Chi Minh City people", Vietnam Social Science (Journal of the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences), No 5, p.109-116 Nguyen Minh Nhut 2019 "Participation of the Red Cross in response to community-based climate change in Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh City", Journal of Human Resources Social Science (Academy of Social Sciences ), No 06 (73) 2019, p.33-46 ... Prof Dr Dang Canh Khanh Reviewer 2: Assoc.Prof.PhD.Hoang Thi Nga Reviewer 3: Assoc.Prof.PhD Nguyen Duc Vinh The dissertation will be defended at the Academy-level Dissertation Committee to meet... 23-28 Nguyen Minh Nhut 2019 "Awareness of climate change of Ho Chi Minh City people", Vietnam Social Science (Journal of the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences), No 5, p.109-116 Nguyen Minh Nhut... Activities to attract community participation Most of the Red Cross's climate change response activities are based on the community's resources, so they are popular, most of them attract people