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OUTLINES OF BIOLOGY ERRATUM Pages 54 and 55, for Schlerenchymatoiis read Scleienchymatous OUTLINES OF BIOLOGY P CHALMERS MITCHELL M.A ABERDON ET OXON., F.Z.S Lecturer in Biology at the Charing Cross Hospital Medical School and at the London Hospital Medical College ; Examiner in Biology to the Conjoint Examining Board/or England METHUEN & 36 CO ESSEX STREET, STRAND LONDON 1894 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/b21958464 PREFACE HE formal contents of this book have been deter- mined by the syllabus J- of the conjoint examining board of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons of England, issued for the guidance of candidates pre- paring for the examination in Elementary Biology have endeavoured to I set forth the necessary facts plainly, but in such fashion that the relations they bear to each and their places other, apparent The in the science of Biology, shall actual facts can be learned only with the microscope and the scalpel this to book serve be as a I have tried to make guide in the laboratory, and alsa supply the necessary connecting links between the isolated facts presented by the seven or eight plants and animals selected out of the multitude of living organisms I hope, therefore, that this book Biology to those special cine, who it may supply outlines of will afterwards branch of Biology, and that may known proceed to that as the study of medi- also serve those who propose to PREFACE vi devote themselves afterwards to more detailed study of zoology, with the aid of more advanced In following so well-beaten a track, many predecessors, to acknowledgment for this book ; in I whom I have draAvn text-books I am wish to all two or three cases indebted to make grateful the figures specially directly from figures already published, in several cases from the specimens with the aid of published ledged in their places ; figures the others are original P London, 1894 These are acknow- CHALMERS MITCHELL Messrs Methuen's List 22 HIS GRACE Norris ' Mademoiselle de Mersac' of by the author with his characteristic skill and and the story is told with that ease of manners and Thackerayean inNo one can depict sight which give strength of flavour to Mr Norris's novels the Englishwoman of the better classes with more subtlety.' Glasgoxv Herald Mr Norris has drawn a really fine character in the Duke of Hurstbourne, at once unconventional and very true to the conventionalities of life, weak and strong in a breath, capable of inane follies and heroic decisions, yet not so definitely portrayed as to relieve a reader of the necessity of study on his own behalf.' The ' W E Norris, Author Third Edition Crown %vo 6s By characters are delineated vivacity, ' A t/!enau7>i MRS FALCHION Parker By Gilbert Parker, Author of 'Pierre and His People.' JVew Edition 6s Mr Parker's second book has received a warm welcome The Athenasum called Pall Mall Gazette spoke of the writing as it a splendid study of character; the but little behind anything; that has been done by any writer of our time\ the a very striking and admirable novel; and the 'West'St James's' called ' ' ' ' x'i minster Gazette applied to ' it the epithet oi distittguished AND PIERRE Parker Parker Crown 8vo ' HIS Buch-am By Gilbert 6s and finely executed Daily Telegraph Stories happily conceived Parker's style.' PEOPLE There is strength and genius in Mr THE TRANSLATION OF A SAVAGE By Gilbert Parker Parker, Author of 'Pierre and His People,' 'Mrs Falchion,' etc Crow7i 8vo 5^ 'The plot is original and one difficult to work out; but Mr Parker has done it with great skill and delicacy The reader who is not interested in this original, fresh, must be a dull person indeed.' Daily Chronicle and successful piece of workmanship The portrait of Lali, strong, digniManchester Guardian fied, and pure, is e.\-ceptionally well drawn.' 'A very pretty and interesting story, and Mr Parker tells it with much skill The story is one to be read.' S7 Jatnes's Gazette and ' well-told tale A strong — A CHANGE OF AIR Anthony Hope Anthony Hope, Crown A bright 8vo Author of 'The : Prisoner A of Novel Zenda,' By etc 6s story by Mr Hope, who has, the Athenaum says, 'a decided outlook and individuality of his own.' ' A graceful, vivacious comedy, true to human nature Times The characters are traced with a masterlj' hand.' AND THE WOMAN TIME Pryce By RiCH.A-RD Pryce, Author of Miss Maxwell's Affections,' 'The Quiet Mrs Fleming,' etc New and Cheaper Edition Crown 8vo 6s ' ' Mr Pryce's work its recalls the style of literary reserve.' Atheiia-i^in Octave Feuillet, by its clearness, conciseness, — — — — — Messrs Methuen's List 23 DIOGENES OF LONDON and other Marriott Watson Sketches By II B Marriott Watson, Author of The Web Crown ^vo Buckram 6j of the Spider.' ' ' By all those who delight in the uses of words, who rate the exercise of prose above the exercise of verse, who rejoice in all proofs of its delicacy and its strength, who English prose believe that Mr Marriott Watson's book among the moulds of thought, by these Buckram Zvo National Observer be welcomed.' THE STONE DRAGON Gilchrist Crown chief is will By Murray Gilchrist (>s author's faults are atoned for by certain positive and admirable merits The romances have not their counterpart in modern literature, and to read them is a unique experience National Observer 'The ' THREE-AND-SIXPENNY NOVELS ARMINELL: Baring Gould Baring Gould Ne-iu Edition Baring Gould URITH Gould Third Edition : ' The author ' He A A Romance Social Crown 8vo 8vo 2^ Baring Gould MARGERY OF By S Baring Gould Crown 2^ Baring Gould JACQUETT A, and other Gould Crown Sw 2^- A ELSA y By Novel ' E S Baring National Observer QUETHER, and 8vo S 6d Times is at his best.' has nearly reached the high water-mark of " Mehalah." Gray By Story of Dartmoor Crown By ^s 6d other Stories 6d Stories By M'QUEEN Gray S Baring CrownZvo 6d 'A charming novel and carefully Pearce The characters are not only powerful sketches, but minutely Guardian finished portraits.' JACO TRELOAR 'Esther Pentreath.' New By Edition H Pearce, Author of Crown ivo y.6d J A tragic story of Cornish life by a writer of remarkable power, whose first novel has been highly praised by Mr Glvo GREEK TESTAMENT SELECTIONS Schools, l^iird Edition Fcap 8vo lary With : is Arranged 6d For the use of Introduction, Notes, and Vocabu- 2s 6d GREEK EXAMINATION PAPERS IN MISCELLANEOUS GRAMMAR AND IDIOMS Third Edition Key (issued as above) 6s STEPS TO FRENCH iZmo 8d FIRST FRENCH LESSONS Crown Zvo \s EASY FRENCH PASSAGES FOR UNSEEN TRANSLATION Fcap 8vo Second Edition is 6d EASY FRENCH EXERCISES ON ELEMENTARY SYNTAX With Vocabulary Crown Svo 2s 6d FRENCH VOCABULARIES FOR REPETITION according to Subjects 7^hird Edition Fcap 8vo : Arranged \s FRENCH EXAMINATION PAPERS IN MISCELLANEOUS GRAMMAR AND IDIOMS Smenth Edition Crown Svo 2s 6d Key (issued as above) 6s GENERAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION Second Edition Crown Svo 2s 6d Key PAPERS (issued as above) 7s Messrs Methuen's List 32 School Examination Series Edited by A M M STEDMAN, M.A Crown FRENCH EXAMINATION PAPERS OUS GRAMMAR AND IDIOMS By A 2s 6d 8vo IN MISCELLANEM M Stedman, M.A Sixth Edition A Key, issued to Tutors and Private Students only, Second Edition application to the Publishers to be Crown had on Svo 6s LATIN EXAMINATION PAPERS IN MISCELLANEOUS GRAMMAR AND IDIOMS By A M M Stedman, M.A Fourth Edition Key (issued as above) 6^ GREEK EXAMINATION PAPERS IN MISCELLANEOUS GRAMMAR AND IDIOMS By A M M Stedman, M.A Third Edition Key (issued as above) 6j GERMAN EXAMINATION PAPERS OUS GRAMMAR AND IDIOMS Third Edition chester Key By IN MISCELLANEMorich, Man- R J (issued as above) 6y HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY EXAMINATION PAPERS By C H Spence, M.A., Clifton College SCIENCE EXAMINATION PAPERS By R E Steel, M.A., F.C.S , In three Chief Natural Science Master Bradford Grammar School Part I., Chemistry ; Part II., Physics vols GENERAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION PAPERS By A M above), M Stedman, M.A Primary Classics With Key Second Edition (issued as "js Introductions, Notes, and Vocabularies \%7no \s and \s 6d FIRST LATIN READER By A M M Stedman, M.A is.6d EASY SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR— THE HELVETIAN WAR Edited by A M M Stedman, M.A is EASY SELECTIONS FROM LIVY-THE KINGS OF ROME Edited by A M M Stedman, M.A is 6d EASY SELECTIONS FROM HERODOTUS— THE PERSIAN WARS Edited by A G Liddell, M.A is 6d ! ... STREET, STRAND LONDON 1894 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details /b21958464 PREFACE HE formal contents of this book have been deter- mined by the syllabus J- of the