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CHELSEA POLYTECHNIC, S.W.3 This book is the property of the It must be returned at Governors the end of the Session in July, or earlier, in the event of the student leaving the Polytechnic previously Loaned to Pi rC' Date returned Date out fJ‘o/19 f* \ I : i F J HARLOW, Principal 200:9; 38 Med K5621 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Wellcome Library https://archive.org/details/b29820832 MAN UAL OF ELEMENTARY ZOOLOGY A r Frontispiece J Plate I — Members of a snow fauna An example of the possession, by a group of different animals living in the same locality of common features, which enable them to support life there (see p Note the thick, white clothing, which keeps them warm and renders 662) them inconspicuous The animals shown, which are drawn from an exhibit in the British Museum (Natural History), are the Arctic fox, Stoat or Ermine, Weasel, Mountain hare, Willow grouse and Ptarmigan They come from the south of Norway, and assume this covering in winter Others, such as the Polar bear, Snowy owl, and Greenland falcon, living amid perpetual snows, are clad in the same way all the year round OXFORD MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS A MANUAL OF E LEM ENTARY ZOOLOGY BY L A BORRADAILE, Sc.D FELLOW OF SEI WYN COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND SOMETIME LECTURER IN ZOOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY NINTH EDITION OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON HUMPHREY MILFORD : i93 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMEN HOUSE, E.C London Edinburgh Glasgow New York Toronto Melbourne Capetown Bombay Calcutta Madras HUMPHREY MILFORD PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY First Edition Second Third Fourth Second 1912 1918 1920 „ „ „ Impression Fifth Edition - Sixth „ Second Impression Revised Seventh Edition Second Impression Third Impression Eighth Edition Ninth Edition WELLCOW LIBE we! INSTITUTE A RY Qmec i 1923 1924 1926 1928 1930 1931 2932 1933 2935 2938 * mrromo**Mt Call No PRINTED TN GREAT BRITAIN BY MORRISON AND GIBB LTD., LONDON AND EDINBURGH PREFACE TO THE NINTH EDITION In the present edition, besides the usual crop of small alterations and additions which become necessary between successive reprintings, the section on the embryology of the chick has been considerably enlarged, show some figures to paths of conduction in nervous systems have the been inserted, and a number of additional references have to enable the student to find the necessary been provided, passages on general topics, whichever be the vertebrate type that is first studied in the course for which he is reading I desire to acknowledge permission 466 B, granted me by Henry Holt ' Selwyn College, Cambridge, January, 1938 rli ’’ !."* reproduce Fig & Company L A V to BORRADAILE INDEX 740 Recessive, 557, 648 Rectrices, 455 Rectum See Canal, alimentary Redia, 229 Reducing division, 120, 122, 153 183 252, 650 Reflex actions, 87 87 88 Regeneration, 205, 213 arc, , and asexual 55 R 552 See contrasted, problem of, 551 Reproductive bodies, ir organs See Generative organs of circulation, 65, 85, 522 of development, 617 of temperature, 516 Rejuvenation, 556 Remiges, 455 Renal See Artery, Portal system, Vein Repair of waste of body, 2, 10 fission, 138, 160 2, 10, of Trypanosoma, 170 of V orticella, 159 sexual, 13, 459, 550 also Life-history, of plants, 22 Regulation, 19 Reproduction, in crayfish, 291 in earthworm, 253 in Hydra, 205 Repeated Reproduction, of swan mussel, 356 of tapeworms, 231 446 in, of, 441 , - Resemblance of offspring n Heredity Respiration, 5, 15 549 of Amphioxus, 387 of Ascaris, 329 of Chlamydomonas, 139 of cockroach, 306 of crayfish, 290 of Entamoeba, 163 of frog, 74, 123 of Hydra, 201 of leech, 263 of liver fluke, 226 of malaria parasite, 172 of Metazoa, 552 of Monocystis, 143 of Nereis, 258 of Olynthus, 187 of Opalina, 181 of Paramecium, 15 1, 552 of pigeon, 471 of Polytoma, 140 of Protozoa, 551 of rabbit, 507 of starfish, 371 urinogenital organs parents, analysis of, 10 asexual, 13, 549 fission always involved 10 of Amoeba, 133, 552 Reptilia, 426, 439, 632 blood vessels of, 440 , 446 heart of, 444 orders of, 447 skull of, 440, 444 , 445 See to also fn., 17 different meanings of, n of Amoeba, 131 of Amphibia, 446 of birds, 446 of cockroach, 303 of crayfish, 283 of dogfish, 404 of earthworm, 248 of frog, 70 of Hydra, 201 of mammals, 446 of pigeon, 468 of plants, 24 of rabbit, 505 of reptiles, 446 of turtles, 446 Restiform bodiesof dogfish, Reticulum, 535 Retina, 91 origin of, 583 Retinula, 287 Rhabditis, 332 Rhabdonema nigrovenosum, 337 Rhinencephalon, 517 Rhizopoda See Sarcodina Rhynchocephalia, 450, 632 INDEX 74i Ribs, of cod, 693 of dogfish, 395of frog (vestigial), 36 of pigeon, 459, 61 of rabbit, 485 of snakes, 447 of turtles, 446, 449 Schizogony, 172 Rima Scy Ilium, 389, 631 Scyphozoa, 626 Sea-anemones, 216, 626, 660 Sea cows, 529 cucumbers, 373 Schizont, 172 Schizozoite, 172 Sclerotic, 90 - Sclerotome, 573, 584 Scolex, 231 Scorpionida, 628 glottidis, 70 Rodentia, 541, 633 “ Rods and cones ” of retina, 100, 101 of Amphioxus, 375 of crayfish, 266 of dogfish, 395 of Ixodes, 297 Rumen, 534 Ruminantia, 534, 633 Rostrum 373, 630 urchins, 373, 630 Secondary or true body cavity See Coelom, remiges, 457 sex characters, 560 lilies, effect of Sacculus of frog’s ear, 91 rotundus, 503, 505 Saccus vasculosus, 410 air, lymph, of internal, 20, 58 See Glands, Scapus, 455 Schistosoma, 230, 627 hcsmatobium, 230 on, Section cutting, 674 Saliva, salivary Salmo, 631 Salmon, 434 Salts, inorganic, of the food, Saprophytic organisms, 141 Sarcodina, 162, 625 Sarcolemma, 107 Sarcoptes, 295 ,, 629 Sawflies, 310, 315 Scales, cycloid, 434 epidermal, of pigeon, 453 of reptiles, 439 of snakes, 447 of turtles, 449 ganoid, 434 of dogfish, 392 of Gymnophiona, 438 placoid, 391 , 392, 429 Scaphognathite, 272, 283 testi- Salamandra, 632 Salivary glands ovarian and hormones cular 622 Secretins, 60 Secretion, 6, 16, 666 in plants, 22 of pigeon, 470 frog, 33 scrotal, of rabbit, 507 sperm, of dogfish, 407 vocal, of frog, 54 Sacs, , Segmental plates, 577 Segmentation, metameric, 254 of Amphioxus, 375 of Arthropoda, 293, 628 of dogfish, 391 of earthworm, 255 in dogfish, 391, 578 in earthworm, 254 in frog, 481 in rabbit, 481 in starfish, 372 in tadpole, 584, in tapeworm, 255 See also Somites Segmentation of ovum See Cleavage Segments body of See Somites Selenodont teeth, 534 Self-fertilisation, 143 Semicircular 395 canals, 91, 92, - Semilunar valves of heart, 61 of rabbit’s heart, 51 frog’s INDEX 742 Seminal-vesicle of man, 546 Seminiferous tubules, 74 Sense organs, 16 of of of of of of of of of Amphioxus, 386 cockroach, 306 crayfish, 287 dogfish, 423 earthworm, 245 frog, go pigeon, 475 rabbit, 523 swan mussel, 356 See also Ear, Eye, Cnidocil, Olfactory organs, Statocyst Sense plate, 578 Sense-tentacle of starfish, 364 Senses, of Amceba, 130 of crayfish, 287 of of of of of dogfish, 423 frog, 89 man, 543 rabbit, 523 Vertebrata, 89 See also Sense organs Sepia, 630 Septa of earthworm, 239, 240 Septum, nasal, 92, 395, 491, 498 interorbital of pigeon, 462, of reptiles, 440 Serum, 114 Setae, coxopoditic, of crayfish, 267 of earthworm and Nereis, See Chaetae Setobranch, 267 Sex, 12, 558, 622 a Mendelian character, 651 determination of, 561 Sexual characters, secondary, 560, 622 reproduction See Reproduction, sexual She ep, 534heart of, Shell gland of dogfish, 408 of liver fluke, 226 Shield of crayfish See Cara- pace Sinu-auricular valves of frog’s heart, 61 Sinus, pericardial, of crayfish, 279 sternal, of crayfish, 282 terminalis, 598 urinary, of dogfish, 406 urinogenital, of dogfish, 407 venosus, chick embryo, of 603 of dogfish, 410 of frog, 60, 62, 68 of reptiles, 444 of tadpole, 586 Sinuses, vascular, of crayfish 282 of dogfish, 413 of leech, 263 Siphonoglyphs, 216 Siphons, of mussel, 343 Sirenia, 529, 633 Skate, 428 429 blood vessels of, 429 , heart of, 429 nervous system of, 430 various organs of, 428 Skates, 429 Skein (or spireme), 117 Skeletal organs, 17 Skeleton, 17, 47 of cod, 693 of crayfish, 274 of of of of of of dogfish, 393 f rog, 34, 35 pigeon, 459 rabbit, 482, 483 skate, 428 tadpole, 584 endophragmal, 274 visceral, of dogfish, 398 preparation 701 of, 673 Skin, of bird, 455 of cod, 690, 691 of dogfish, 392 skull of, 533 stomach 533 See -Reproduction, of swan mussel, 341 of various molluscs, 357, 360 Shell, egg of, of frog, 33, 70, 104 of lizard, 448 of mammal, 480 INDEX “ scarf,” 103 Skin, Skull, 391 of Amphibia, 438 of of of of of bird, 462 Somites, true, of Nereis, 256 Segmentation, See also metameric , Capitosanrus, 439 dog, 488, 538 539 , dogfish, 395- frog, 34, 37, 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 42 of horse, exposing roots of teeth, 534 of of of of of of of 670 lizard, 698, mammal, 489 man, 545 , 492 , sheep, exposing roots of 533 T69, 168, 170 Arnphioxus, 377 of dogfish, 401 Sloths, 529 Snail, the, 357, 358 a, 448 Sperm 250 rosettes, 252 Sphenodon, 450 Sphenoidal region, Sphincter, pyloric, of dogfish, 404 action of earthworm on, 237 Solar plexus, 520 , 522 Solenocytes, 384 - Sols, 96 Somatopleure, 571, 600 Meso- blastic somites, of 13 Soil, See of snail, 359 of Ascaris, 329 of crayfish, 290, 292 of earthworm, 250, 251,252 of frog, 74, 103, 105 , II9of Hydra, 202 of man, 14 of Nematoda, 340 Sperm-mother cells of earth- worm, Snails, 357 Snake, skeleton of Snakes, 439, 447 239 Spermatic cord, 507 Spermatocytes, 120 Spermatogenesis, 119, 12 of earthworm, 252 alimentation of, 359 reproductive system of, 359 sexual congress in, 563 Somites, 237 mesoblastic 13 rosettes, 252 sacs of dogfish, 407 Spermatheca, 250 Spermathecal pores of earth- Spermatophore Spermatozoon, tadpole, 584 turtle, 451 whales, 528 whiting, 691 Sleeping sickness, Slits, gill-, of Sperm, worm, rabbit, 488, 490 491 reptiles, 440, 445 teeth, Special creation, 634, 668 Specialisation, 18 and mortality, connection between, 221 Species, 624 pigeon, 462 of of of of 743 earthworm, 237, 238 See also Segmentation, true, 254 of cockroach, 298 of crayfish, 265, 273 of earthworm, 237, 238 of leech, 259 38 of frog, 57 of rabbit, 502 Spiders, 294, 295, 629 Spinal cord, 391 of dogfish, 415 of frog, 34, 78 of man, 111 of rabbit, 521 nerves, 78, 80, 422, 521 Spindles, cell-, 118 Spine See Backbone Spine, haemal, of dogfish, 395 neural, 36, 482, 485 of scapula of rabbit, 494 Spines, of starfish, 361 Spinnerets, 295 Spinules, of liver fluke, 222 , INDEX 744 Spiracle, 398, 402, 432, 583- 429, 404, Spiral valve of conus arteriosus, 61 of intestine, 404, 405, 4*2 Spireme, 117 Splanchnocoele, 572 Splanchnopleure, 571, 000 nervous system systems dogfish, 405 pigeon, 468 rabbit, 505 Sponge, bath, diagram structure of, 190 of of, 189 Sponges, 184-191 branched calcareous, 187 canal systems of, 187, 188 190 dermal layer of, 1S6 187 larvae of, 191 osculum of, 185 pores of, 185 siliceous and horny, 189 of, skeletogenous layer spicules of, 186 186 Spongioplasm, 94 Spore formation x of, Amceba, in 33- 134- Monocystis, 143 Spores, 134', 144, 185, 669 Sporoblast, 176 Sporocyst, 227 Sporont, 143, 176 Sporozoa, 162, 625 Sporozoites of Monocystis, 144 in of Plasmodium, 176 " Staggers,” 234 Staining, 673 Stapes, 489 Starch, 8, 24, 656 26, 137, 199, granules in Polytoma, 137 Starfish, 361, 689 alimentary canal of, 366 body-wall of, 364 coelom of, 364 364 of, of, water vascular systems bodies, complex, 187 simple, 185 structure, grades of, 368 371 sense-tentacles of, 364 reproduction frog, 60 food external features of, 301 food of, 366 larva of, 371, 372 perihaemal and pseudohaemal Spleen, 60 of of of of Starfish, diagrams of sections of, 365, 369 of, 366, 368 Statocysts, of crayfish, 270, 287, 289 of medusa, 210 of mussel, 356 Stegocephali, 438, 631 Sterilisation, 669 Sterna, of crayfish, 266 Sternum, absent in dogfish, 393of lizard, 701 of Ornithorhynchus 525 of pigeon, 464 of rabbit, 487, 487 structures representing, in frog, 44 Stigma (eyespot, pigment spot) of flagellates, 25, 137, 140 Stigmata, of cockroach, 303 Stimuli, 14, i 5> 86, 88, 66b effects of, x 3i- on Amceba, 130 on Hydra, 200 on muscle and nerve, 6S0 on Paramecium, 150 Stipes, 300 Stomach, of of of of of of of of of of 17 crayfish, 275 dogfish, 404 frog, 54 leech, 262 medusae, 208, 216 mussel, 348 rabbit, 502 ruminants, 535, 536 starfish, 366 sheep, 533 Stomodaeum, 579, 583, See also Fore-gut 599 INDEX 74.5 Strobilisation, 217 Synovial capsule, Structure and function, 16 Struggle for existence, 16, 646, Syrinx, 468 Tadpole, 30, 579 665 Sturgeon, 432 Style, crystalline, of swan mussel, 349 Styles of cockroach, 302 Subclass, 625 Tcenia, 627 T solium, 231 life-history of, 232 T ccenurus, T echinococcus, T sagina/a, T serrata, Subgenital pits of Medusa, 217 Subkingdom, 625 Submentum, 300 Subplantigrade, 532 Subumbrella, 206 Subzonal membrane, 611, Succus entericus, 57 Suckers of leech, 259 of liver fluke, 222 of tube feet, 364 Sugar, 4, 8, 19, 20, 24, 58, 339, 505, 654 Suina, 534, 633 Supination, 495 Suprarenal gland, 58, 425 See also Adrenal bodies Surface action, 95 Suspenso»ium, 41 Sutures of skull, 488 mussel 234 See Mussel, swan Sycon, 187, 626 Sylvian fissure, 519 Symbiosis, 199, 505 of of of of of of of 78, 86 Synapse, PL IV Synapticuke, 381 Syncytium, 134, 274 326 egg of crayfish, 291 epidermis of crayfish, 274 Syngamy, 12 Synovia, 48 432 newts, 438 pigeon, 452 style Tapeworms, 231, 683 Tapirs, 356 Tarsus, of cockroach, 299 of vertebrates, 32 See also Skeleton of frog, pigeon, rabbit Taste-buds, 523 Taxis, 15 Tears, 6, 522 Teeth, 17, 392 532 of dogfish, 422 of frog, 78, 85, 86 of rabbit, 522, 523 Symplasts, 134 Synangium, 61 A scar is, fishes, bunodont 31, 374 bilateral, 31, 374 radial, 208, 374 in in in Cetacea, 529 dogfish, 389, 390 rabbit, 477 tadpole, 30, 388, 579, 580, 581 vestigial vertebrae of See Coccyx, Pygostyle, Uro- Symmetry, Sympathetic system, - Tail, 376, 388 of Amphioxus, 376 Subphylum, 625 Swan 48, of of of of of of of of and lophodont, dogfish, 392, 401 elephant, 539 frog, 53 horse, structure of, 536 mammals, 500, 532, 541 man, upper, 542 pig, 500 rabbit, 499, 500 selenodont, 534 Tegenaria, 629 Teleostei, 434, 631 Teleostomi, 429, 432, 433 Telson, 266 Tendon, 109, 110 Tendons, 48 Tentacles, of Hydra, 192 , 631 INDEX 746 Tentacles of medusa, 206, 208 of Obelia, polyp, 205 of sea-anemone, 216 sense, of starfish, 364 velar, of Amphioxus, 377 Tergum, of cockroach, 300 of crayfish, 266 Testes, 74 function of hormone of, 620 of Ascaris, 329 of cockroach, 306 of crayfish, 290 of dogfish, 408 of earthworm, 250 of frog, 74 of Hydra, 201 of leech, 263 of liver fluke, 226 of lizard, 697, 698 of pigeon, 471 of rabbit, 507 of reptiles, 446 of Teleostei, 446 Thalamencephalon, of dogfish, 416 of frog, 81, 83 of pigeon, 475 of rabbit, 519 Thalami, optic, 82, 519 Thoracic duct of rabbit, 515 Thorax of cockroach, 298, 300 of crayfish, 266 of rabbit, 481, 505 Thrombin, 113 59, of dogfish, 425 of frog, 59 of rabbit, 505, 510 Thyroid gland, 58, 429, 621 effect of secretion of, s8, 58 621, 622 of dogfish, 412 of frog, 58 of rabbit, 505 Thyroxin, - portions 322 showing cells, 21 various forms of, 18, 99 of cockroach, 303 Tongue of frog, 53 of pigeon, 467 of rabbit, 499 Tortoises, 447 Trabeculae of skull, 584 Trachea, 70 of frog, 70 of pigeon, 468 of rabbit, 505 Tracheae of Acarina, 295 of cockroach, 303 Transverse process of vertebra, 36 - Trematoda, 230, 627 “ Trial and Error,” method Tissue, 19, 93 adipose or fatty, 109, 118 connective, 18, 109, 117 of, I5iTrichinella, 335, 336 , 338, 629 Trichocephalus, 336 , 337, 629 Trichocysts, 147 Trichuris See Trichocephalus Tricuspid valve, 512 Triploblastica, 254, 581, 626 Trochlea, 45 Trochosphere, 258, 258 Trophoblast, 607 Trophonucleus, 167 Trophozoite, 143, 172, 178 Truncus arteriosus, 60 Trunk, of frog, 31 Trypanosoma, 167, 625 , T T T T T brucei, 170 cruzi, 71 equinum, 171 gambiense, 168, 168 , 169 rhodesiense, 171 Tryptophane, flies, 315 feet, of 373 of, skeletal, 108 Tube Ticks, 295, 297 of, Muscular tissue nervous, 103 Tsetse 58, 621 Tiger moth, head See muscular prostomial, of Nereis, 257 Thymus, Tissue, e pithelial, 99 mesoblastic, 581 echinoderms 372, - of starfish, 364 Tuberculum, or tubercle, 461, 486 of rib INDEX Turbellaria, 230, 627 Turtles, 439, 446, 447 Tylenchus, 629 T scandens, 332, 338 Tympanic cavity, 92, 489, 583 membrane, 92 Typhlosole, of earthworm, 244 of swan mussel, 352 747 Uterus, masculinus, 509 Utriculus of frog’s ear, 91 Vacuoles, 97 contractile, of Amoeba, 126, 3iof Balantidium, 180 of Euglena, 140 of Paramecium, 149, 149 of Polytoma, 137 of Vorticella, 159 food, of Amoeba, 130 of Paramecium, 149 of Vorticella, 159 formative, of Paramecium, Umbilical cord, 613 stalk, 603 Umbilicus, superior and in- ferior, of feather, 455, 456 Umbo, 342 Undulating membrane of Paramecium, 146 of trypanosoma, 167 Unguiculata, 530, 541 Ungulata, 529, 532, 633 Unguligrade, 532 “ Unicellular ” organisms, 135, 162 Unorganised things, 667 Urea, 4, 74, 415, Ureter, 591 of lizard, 697 of pigeon, 471 of rabbit, 507 (so-called) of dogfish, 407 of frog, 74 n Urethra, 510 Urinary bladder See Bladder organs See Kidneys, papilla, 406 sinus, 406 Urine, 5, 6, 74.Uriniferous tubules, 73, 73 Urinogenital papilla, 407 sinus, 407 system of vertebrates See Kidneys See also 446, 447, 506 Urodaeum, 468 Urodela, 438, 632 Uromaslix, 698 skull of, 700 Urostyle, 34 Uterus, human, 546 of A scans, 329 149 Vagina, of leech, 263 of marsupials, 526 - of rabbit, 510 Valves, heart, of crayfish, 279 of dogfish, 410 of frog, 61 of pigeon, 473 of rabbit, 512 of veins, 65 shell, of swan mussel, 341 spiral, of dogfish gut, 404 of conus arteriosus, 61 Vane (or vexillum) of feather, 456 - Variation, 623, 634, 645 acquired, 645 germinal, 645 Vas deferens of man, 546 Vasa deferentia, of crayfish, 290 chick, 599 dogfish, 408 of of of of of of of of of earthworm, 250 frog, 74 pigeon, 471 rabbit, 509 reptiles, 446 teleostei, 447 vertebrates, 446 See also Wolffian duct Vasa of liver fluke, 226 of rabbit, 510 efferentia, of frog, 74, 391 of dogfish, 408 Vascular system, of chick 605 17 embryo, 598, 603, — INDEX 748 Vascular system of cockroach, °3 Veins, 64 of - of crayfish, 279 of earthworm, 248 of tadpole, 585 See also Arteries, Veins Vein allantoic, 603, 606, 612 anterior abdominal, 68, 474 azygos, 515 brachial, 473 caudal, 415, 474 dogfish, 514 embryo of of of of of of of of man and 7°3 sheep, 546, - internal iliac, 474, 515 internal jugular, 68, sis lingual, 68 mandibular, 68 musculocutaneous, 68 of inferior, of swan mussel, 354 of chick embryo, 603 of Vertebrata See Vein, postcaval, precaval Venous blood, 71 system See Veins Vent or cloacal opening, of dogfish, 390, 405 of frog, 33 of pigeon, 454 Ventral surface, 31 Ventricle of heart, 60 Ventricles of brain, 8i, 82, 83 Ventrilateral processes, 395 Venules, 64 Vermifuges, 330 Vermis, 521 Vertebra, 34 68, 438, 473, superior vena 415, 473, 68, pulmonary, 67, si renal, 68, 515 renal portal, 18, 415, 474 appendix, 505, - - (or of Amphioxus, 377 medusa, 206 pectoral, 473 pelvic, 68 portal, 68, 415 474, 515 postcaval (or inferior vena cava), 5i5- 68 tadpole, 587 vertebrates, 514 See also Sinuses Vermiform 546 515 precaval , rabbit, 514 , 515 ovarian, 68 cava), - sciatic, 68, 474 spermatic See Genital, subclavian, 68 subscapular, 68 vesical, 68 vitelline, 587, 598, 603 446, , reptiles, 446 Vena cava, innominate, of frog, 68 605 pigeon, 473 epigastic, 474 hypogastric, 473, 474, 575 iliolumbar, 515 chick, 603, frog, 67, 67 Velum genital, 515 hepatic, 68, 515 hepatic portal See Portal, 415, 606 coccygeo-mesenteric, 474 dorsolumbar, 68 external iliac, 515 external jugular, 68, 515 femoral, 68, 473 414 413, of of of of of dogfish, 393 frog, 34, 36, 36 pigeon, 461 rabbit, 482, 484, 484 485 snakes, 447 See also Backbone Vertebral canal, 34, 36 , column See Backbone, foramen, 36 Vertebrarterial canal, 482 Vertebrata, 388, 391, 630 cold-blooded, 426 Vesicle, blastodermic, 607 cerebral, of Amphioxus, 387 Vesiculae seminales, 250 of dogfish, 407 INDEX Vesiculae seminales, of earth250 worm, of frog, von Baer’s law, 616, 639 157, 158 , 159 625, 679 Vorticella, 74.' Vestibule, of frog’s auditory labyrinth, 91 of rabbit, 510 of various Ciliata See Gullet of Vorticella, 157, 159 Vestigial organs, 638 Vexillum (or vane) of feather, 456 749 Vibrissae, 478 Villi, of rabbit’s intestine, 503 of trophoblast, 609, 612 imitation of sex Vulva, 478, 510 Warm-blooded acle in, 161, 561, 561 animals, 69, 472, 516, 524 Wasps, 309, 315 Waste products of body, Vmter as food, as medium, 654 in in in animal body, 6, 654, 655 protoplasm, 95, 664 Protozoa, 131 Water snail, 226 Webs, of frog’s foot, 32 Whale, the killer, 527 sperm, 529 halebone, 529 Whales, 526 skulls of, 528 W’heel organ oi Amphioxus, 377 W r hump, 348, 357 nerves, of cockroach, 306 of crayfish, 286 of dogfish, 421, 422 of frog, 78, 85 See also Sympathetic ner- vous system skeleton of dogfish, 394, 398 Vision, in crayfish, 287 in frog, 91 W'helks, 357 of egg, 472, 593, 606, 614 matter, 78 W’hiting, 434, 692 Windpipe See Trachea Wrings, 16 as homologous and analogous organs, 637 of bat and bird compared, White Vitalism, 667 540 Vitality, suspended, 132, 668 of cockroach, 298, 301 of insects, 308 of pigeon, 456 Vitamins, 8, curve showing effect of on growth, Wolffian role of, Vitelline membrane of ovum, of Amphioxus, 564 of bird, 593 of frog, 103 Xiphisternum, 44, 487 Xiphoid cartilage, 44, 487 Vitreous humour, 90 Viviparous animals, 511 aphides, 313 nematodes, See also Excretion Vinegar worm, 332 Viscera, 34 Visceral arches, 404 of tadpole, 583 clefts, 388, 598, 616 of the chick embryo, 603 See also Gill clefts, Spir- , various, duct, 74, 405-407, 441, 446, 471, 506, 507, 589, 59V 598 process, 487 Xylol, use of, 674 333, Yeast, Yellow 334- 335Vocal cords, 70 Yolk, sacs, 54 Voluntary action, 88 cells, 4, 656 cells, 244, 246 103, 472, 564, 592, 607, 612 226 574, INDEX 75 ° Yolk, glands, 226 P'ug, 576 sac, 600, 6oi, 607, 609, 610 Zebras, 536 Zoochlorella, 199 Zooids, 161, 212 Zoology, i, 27, 633 Zygantra, 447 Zygapophyses, 36, 482 Zygoma, 492 Zygomatic arch, 489, 492 process, of maxilla, 492 of squamosal, 489 Zygosphenes, 447 Zygote, 12, 121, x 2, 214, 553, 560, 649 Zymogen, iox fn *