Đối chiếu thuật ngữ dầu khí tiếng anh việt tt tiếng anh

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NGUYEN THI THU HA A CONTRAST OF PETROLEUM TERMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE Major: Comparative and Contrastive Linguistics Major Code: 9222024 A SUMMARY OF DOCTOR THESIS ON LINGUISTICS HA NOI - 2019 This dissertation is completed at: VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES VIỆN NGÔN NGỮ HỘC VIỆN KHOA HỌC XÁC HỘI VIỆT NAM Supervisors: Assoc.Prof Dr Pham Hung VietNg uyễn Văn Khang Reviewer 1: Prof Dr Nguyen Van Khang Reviewer 2: Prof Dr Do Viet Hung Reviewer 3: Assoc.Prof Dr Ho Ngoc Trung This dissertation is presented to the Academy-Level Dissertation Examination Committee at Vietnam Academy of Social Science, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi The dissertation can be found at - National Library of Vietnam - Library of Social Science Academy 2018 INTRODUCTION The importance of the research In the process of global integration and development, the requirement to use English effectively in learning, communication and other scientific fields is very important In this situation, English is also considered a prerequisite for petroleum industry workers The activities of the petroleum industry not only use common words but also use words that identify concepts, symbols, categories, phenomena , that is terminology However, the initial survey showed that many Vietnamese terms have not yet achieved the accuracy of the concept, many terms, which were borowed from foreign language, are used with many different variants that have not been standardized, or existed in English language but not in Vietnamese language Therefore, the requirement to improve and gradually develop the Vietnamese scientific terminology system to match the general standards of the world to meet all the activities as well as to promote the integration process is a necessary task and should be implemented 2.1 Research goals The thesis aims to clarifie the structural and nomination characteristics of the petroleum terms (PT) systems in English and Vietnamese On that basis, the thesis identifies the similarities and differences between the PT systems in the two languages as well as find out the points to consider when building Vietnamese PT 2.2 Research missions To achieve this goal, the thesis focuses on the following tasks: Establish a theoretical views on terminology and linguistics, thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for the research; Define the structural and nomination characteristics of PT in English and Vietnamese; Compare the structural characteristics of PT between English and Vietnamese; Compare the nomination characteristics of PT between English and Vietnamese; Directions and solutions to build and standardize Vietnamese PT Subjects and scope of research 3.1 Subjects The research subjects of the thesis are 4190 English-language PT and their respective 4190 Vietnamese-language counterparts, collected according to the criteria of English-Vietnamese Petroleum Dictionary 3.2 Scope of the research Compare the structural characteristics, the nomination characteristics of PT between English and Vietnamese, and directions and solutions to build and standardize Vietnamese PT Research Methodology To perform this study, we used the following research methods: description method, comparison method, direct component analysis, statistics and classification The contribution The thesis can be considered as the first research project in Vietnam to systematically and comprehensively study the basic characteristics of petroleum terminology in English and Vietnamese on the structure and nomination Based on the research results, the thesis has proposed specific directions and measures to build and standardize PT in Vietnamese PT Composition of the thesis In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, Reference List, Appendix, the thesis consists of chapters as follows: 1) Chapter 1: Overview of research status; 2) Chapter 2: Basic theory; 3) Chapter 3: Compare the structural characteristics of PT between English and Vietnamese; 4) Chapter 4: Compare the nomination characteristics of PT between English and Vietnamese CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH STATUS 1.1 The study of terminology in the world and in Vietnam 1.1.1 The study of terminology in the world Except the very famous European-American linguists such as Eugen WUSTER - an Austrian linguist, Alfred Schlomann - German scholar, Ferrdinand de Saussure (Switzerland) and E Dresen (Russia), R.W Brown (USA), J.C Boulanger (England), W.E Flood (USA), J.C Segen (USA), thể are many famous Soviet linguists such as: A.S gerd, B.N.Golovin, S.V.Grinev, A.A Reformatskij, V.P Danilenko, V.M Leichik Their studies contribute significantly not only to the preparation of written instructions for compiling terminologies to build documents, to revise the terminology system later on the whole world, but also to the basis for many later studies 1.1.2 The study of terminology in Vietnam Compared to Western countries, the terms in Vietnam appears later It is until the beginning of the twentieth century, the research and construction of terms have been noticed Pioneering, in this area, can be mentioned as Duong Quang Ham, Nguyen Ung or Nguyen Trieu Luat In the following period, there were Hoang Xuan Han (1948), Vo Xuan Trang (1977), Luu Van Lang (1977), Nguyen Duc Dan (1977); Hoang Trong Pha (1985), The recent works of Nguyen Duc Ton, and in some specific fields such as telecommunications and financial informatics Ha Quang Nang have been discussed the construction issues and standardize Vietnames PT, along with the doctoral dissertations that research on building and standardizing the terminology, health, music, Thus, in Vietnam, the reaserch on terminology has mainly discussed the standards, the medthods, the borowings, the transcriptions, … some recent studies have focused on the contrast of term 1.2 The study of PT in English and in Vietnamese 1.2.1 The study of PT in English The English PT is built on a heterogeneous model, is the result of a interaction between a number of areas of human knowledge These include the terms geology, geophysics, geochemistry, drilling terms, economic terms, etc There have been a number of studies on some aspects of English PT under the theoretical aperspectives [92], [110], [115], [116], Besides, there are a series of Ennglish –English petroleum specialized dictionaries were born with online dictionary products, petroleum websites, 1.2.2 The study of PT in Vietnamese Through surveys, we’ve found no in-depth study of PT from the theoretical approach that points out the advantages and disadvantages In Vietnam, the main achievements on the petroleum only have dictionaries, software geological dictionaries, geodetic dictionaries, GIS, … CHAPTER 2: BASIC THEORY 2.1 Basic theory of terminology and petroleum terminology 2.1.1 The concept of "terminology" On the basis of terminology, we agree with the view of Nguyen Thien Giap on the concept of terminology: "Terminology is the special part of a language It consists of fixed words and phrases which are the exact names of concepts and objects belonging to the fields of human expertise " [9] 2.1.2 Distinguish terminology and some related concepts 2.1.2.1 Terminology and scientific nomenclature 1.2.2.2 Terminology and job vocabulary 2.1.3 Stantards of terminology It can be seen that researchers give a lot of criteria for the term, but in thí thesis, they can be generalized into standards: scientific, international, and national 2.1.4 Structure of terminology According to Lê Khả Kế, there are two basic methods to put the term, namely: a) Terminologizarion from common words based on Vietnamese language In essence, it is the path that allows the movement of the meaning of words to create terms “This movement may not lead to the transformation or transformation, the ordinary word is narrowed to the scope of the activity or is transferred from one field to another with diferent views” [13, p.26-28] By the this way, there are many words in daily life that participate in creating scientific terms which are easy-to-remember, easy-to-use, maintain the nationality and also contribute to enrich Vietnamese vocabulary b) Borowing from foreign terms The borrowing, according to common understanding, is a form of transferring foreign terms into Vietnamese [10, p.39] In the process of developing and enriching the Vietnamese terms, the borrowing from foreign terms is inevitable The advantage of these terms is to ensure the internationality in terms of morphology and semantics In fact, the foreign terms are adopted into Vietnamese based on the following ways: replicate, transcribe and remain 2.1.5 Composition of terminology In this thesis, we call the structural unit of the PT as a term component (referred to as a component) and agree with the view that the component of PT is a morpheme if the PT is a word; is a word or phrase if the PT term is a compund word The term component is the last structural unit of the term petroleum which indicate a concept or a criteria of concepts in the petroleum field Thus, each and every element participating in the building of PT has meaning 2.1.6 Petroleum term and its criterion 2.1.6.1 The concept of petroleum term Based on the concept of terminolgy, we, in this thesis, define: Petroleum terms are words, phrases used in the industry to express concepts, properties, objects, phenomena, subjects in the field of petroleum including (1) Exploration; (2) Exploiting; (3) Processing; (4) Technical support (5) petroleum economy 2.1.6.2 Criteria for identifying petroleum term Based on the references [56, 58 and 59] and having an adjustment to suit the subjects and scope of the thesis, 04 criteria to identify Enflish and Vietnames PT are established: (1) In terms of composition, components should have a close relationship with each other, in which each component has a specific function to form the term; (2) In terms of meaning, the components must have a specification of the concept; (3) In terms of functions, terminology is a unit of nomination so that petroleum term must be a word or a phrase; and (4) In terms of scope of use, the English and Vietnamese PT must be a part of words used to express the concepts or the subjects in the petroleum field 2.1.6.2 Petroleum term areas Petroleum term is devided into 05 main areas beased on the criteria and strategy development of petroleum industry, exploitation, processing, technical support, economy 2.1.7 Terminology and theorical nomination 2.1.7.1 The concept of nomination 2.1.7.2 The process and unit of nimination 2.2 Basic theory on the comparative study of language namely exploration, This thesis is based on the rules of comparative research of the author Bui Manh Hung [17, p 131-146] and adapt to the content of the thesis 2.3 Summary In this chapter, the thesis has presented the concept, the features of terminology, the difference between terminology and some related concepts, the methods and the composition of term, and address the concept of petroleum terminology, criteria to identify petroleum term with petroleum term areas In addition, the basic principles in comparision has also been mentioned as a basic of comparision between English and Vietnamese PT CHAPTER 3: COMPARISON OF CONSTRUCTION AND WORD TYPING OF PETROLEUM TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 3.2 Construction of English and Vietnamese terminologies 3.2.1 Structure of English terminologies English PT is divided into categories depending on the number of morphemes and components: a) English PT that are single words, example: oil (dầu), drill (khoan) b) English PT that are derived words, (i) The derived words with prefix/ suffix, example: driller (thợ khoan),… (ii) Blend/ appreciation, example LFO (Light Fuel Oil – Dầu nhiên liệu nhẹ), c) English PT that are compound words, example: brainstorm (thợ khoan),… d)English PT that are word combination If only considering structural form, the terminoloy that is word combination is a phrase consisting of a central component along with other sub-components, example: formation oil ratio (tỉ số dầu vỉa),… 3.2.2 Structure of Vietnamese terminology: Vietnamese PT are: a) single words, example: dầu, khí, khoan, etc b) compound words: example: tháo gỡ, van dẫn, Vietnamese PT are composed of phrases: the components are usually composed a primary component and one ore more sub-components, example: dầu trưởng thành (mature oil), giàn khoan nhiều cấu kiện (modular rig), 3.3 The contrast of a number of components in English and Vietnamese petroleum terminology 3.3.1 The number of components in English and Vietnames PT English Number of components Number of Terms Vietnamese Percent% Number Number of of Terms Terms component 305 7.28 71 1.69 components 3363 80.26 2488 59.38 components 336 8.02 1145 27.33 components 49 1.17 354 8.45 components 0.07 111 2.65 components 0 18 0.43 components 0 0.07 Abbreviation 134 3.20 0 Total 4190 100% 4190 100% 3.3.2 The similarities and diferences of PT in English and Vietnamese Both of English PT and Vietnamese PT are composed of one to many components, the number of terms that are composed of two components has the highest proportion in both terminology systems, (80.26% in English and 59.38% in Vietnamese) However, some of the biggest differences between these two terminologies are that the English PT system has a short structure, with 3363 16 Model 15: T1 T3 T2 There are 48 Vietnames PT formed by this model, accounting for 1.15% Example: bơm trám xi măng, thợ khoan non tay nghề,… 3.5.2.3 Structure models of the four components in Vietnamese PT Model 16: T1 T3 T2 T4 There are 123/4190 units, accounting for 2.93% Example: người giám sát thiết bị khoan, người điều hành thiết bị log, … Model 17: T1 T4 T3 T2 There are 202 units, accounting for 4.82% Example: hiệu chỉnh đới vận tốc thấp, tập hợp hệ thống trầm tích thời, Model 18: T1 T4 T3 T2 There 29 Vietnames PT formed by thí model, accounting for 0.69% Example: nhân viên điều khiển thiết bị nặng, sàn giao dịch xăng dầu quốc tế, v.v 3.5.2.4 Structure models of the five components in Vietnamese PT Model 19: T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 There are 15 units, accounting for 0.36% Example: nhân viên theo dõi sản xuất để đóng thuế, tăng cường thu hồi dầu vi khuẩn, v.v… 17 Model 20: T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 There are 60/4190 units, accounting for 1.43% Example: cấu nâng cụm nắp bít an tồn, dầu nhiên liệu chứa lưu huỳnh cao,… Model 21: T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 There are 36/4190 units, accounting for 0.86% Example: thiết bị ghi tốc độ học khoan, người phân tích hợp đồng thuê đất, … 3.5.2.5 Structure models of the six components in Vietnamese PT Model 22: T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 There are 10/4190 units, accounting for 0.24% Example: phương pháp xác định độ sâu theo ngày lịch thực tế, bình tách nằm ngang dòng chảy thẳng đứng, v.v… Model 23: T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 There are 08 Vietnames PT formed by this model, accounting for 0.19% Example: thời gian truyền sóng biểu kiến khung đá, phương pháp định tỉ lệ sản xuất theo độ sâu, … 3.5.2.6 Structure models of the seven components in Vietnamese PT Model 24: T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 18 There are 03 units, accounting for 0.07% Example: dụng cụ kiểm tra thiết bị bảo hiểm chống phun dầu,… 3.5.3 The similarities and differences in structural model of English and Vietnamese petroleum terms Of the 24 structural models, English PT are formed by 10 models, while Vietnamese PT are formed by 14 models In English, the models of compound words or compound phrases, the order of components follow the English grammar rules, which the primary component often goes behind the secondary component which has the role to modify the primary component by expressing the basic nature or characteristics of the primary conponent On the contrary, Vietnames PT follows the Vietnamese grammatical rules, the primary component is usually preceded, the following is the secondary component which modifies for the primary component, the model No 12 is a model that clearly demonstrates this grammatical characteristic in Vietnamese and also is conssistent with Vietnamese conception 3.6 Summary In terms of number of components, Compared to the Vietnames PT, the English PT has brief with the 05 components (maximum), and has only 03 term, while Vitenamese has 07 components (maximum) In terms of word type, both of these two term systems are mainly nouns, and nouns phrases In terms of composition, there are single words, derived words, acronyms, compound words and phrases in English PT Vietnames PT has single words, compound words and phrases; In terms of model, English PT are formed by 10 models, Vietnamese PT are primarily formed by 14 models 19 CHAPTER 4: COMPARISON OF CONSTRUCTION AND NOMINATION OF PETROLEUM TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 4.1 Construction of English and Vietnames petroleum terminology 4.1.1 Terminology from common words based on Vietnamese language According to the survey, there are 735 out of 4190 English PT formed by this method, accounting for 17.54% and 454 Vietnamese PT, accoutning for 10.83% Most of them tend to narow their meaning 4.1.2 Borrowing 4.1.2.1 English PT Except petroleum terms which have English origin, there are 869 petroleum terms, accountign for 20.74%, coming from different languages like Latin, German, French, Holland, Greek, … 4.1.2.2 Vietnamese PT a) Replication: Approximaetly 88% formed this method, in which 1933 petroleum terms are structural replication, accounting for 46.13%, example: black oil (dầu đen), coal oil (dầu than), … 1753 petroleum terms are meaning replication, accounting for 41.48%, example: run ticket (phiếu ghi lượng dầu chuyển đi) … b) Transcription: There are 55 Vietnames PT borowed from foreign languages by this method, accounting for 1.31% They are read and written by different ways, example: cheque – séc, bunker – bunke, … c) Remain: There are 57 petroleum term, accounting for 1.36% example: Nodal, laterolog, Aquagel, … 4.1.3 Acronym This onnly appears in English petroleum term, with 134 terms, accounting for 3.19% Example: ACDA: Actual calendar day allowance (mức khai thác theo ngày 20 lịch thực tế), LSF oil: Low sulfur fuel oil (dầu nhiên liệu chứa lưu huỳnh thấp), … 4.2 Petroleum terminology nomination 4.2.1 Nomination by semantic Based on the survey results of PT in two languages, we found that Vietnamese and English PT can be divided into two categories: direct name of concept and indirect name of subject nominated in PT 4.2.2 Nomination by expression In terms of expression, we divide the terms surveyed into two categories: 1) the first has simple form as single words (từ đơn) consists of terms with one component, defining objects, phenomenons, processes, basic characteristics of mechanical engineering; 2) the second was created based on the first consists of words formed by or more components, defining objects, phenomenons, processes, characteristics accurately, in details 4.3.Nomination model of petroleum terminology Through study, we found that five distinct features were chosen to identify the group of petroleum terms inclduing: (1) Exploration; (2) Exploiting; (3) Processing; (4) Technical support (5) petroleum economy 4.3.1 Petreoleum terms in exploration Model 1: Terms refer to the feature of documents English feature + map/ log Vietnmaese map/ log + characteristics Model 2: Terms refer to the feature/ property of tools English features/ property + gun/ barier Vietnmaese gun/ barier/ box+ feature/ property Model 3: Terms refer to the form/ way of testing/surveying 21 English Vietnmaese form/ way + survey/ test survey/ test + forms/ ways Model 4: Terms refer to the topographic features English feature + well/zone/area Vietnmaese well/zone/area + feature Model 5: Terms refer to the types of methods English types + trap/ core/ sample Vietnmaese trap/ core/ sample + types Model 6: Terms refer to the feature of time in the process of exploration English feature + time Vietnmaese time + feature Model 7: Terms refer to the nature of work English Nature of work + geologist Vietnmaese geologist + nature of work 4.3.2 Petreoleum terms in exploiting Model 1: Terms refer to the types of names of equipments English types + machine/ pipe/ pump/ unit/ wheel/ tree … Vietnmaese machine/ pipe/ pump/ unit/ wheel/ tree … + types Model 2: Terms refer to the ways/ forms of implementation English way/form + completion/ flood/ drilling … Vietnmaese completion/ flood/ drilling + way/ form Model 3: Terms refer to the types of reports and administrative procedures English types + report/ program Vietnmaese report/ program + types Model 4: Terms refer to the engineer/ manager’s expertise English Vietnmaese 22 expertise + engineer/ manager/ man engineer/ manager/ man + expertise Model 5: Terms refer to the features of topography English feature + rating/ deck/ pit Vietnmaese rating/ deck/ pit + feature Model 6: Terms refer to specification English specification + compression/ union/ location … Vietnmaese compression/ union/ location ….+ specification Model 7: Terms refer to working time English time + tour Vietnmaese tour + time Model 8: Terms refer to the types/ methods of the implementation English type/ method + pumping/ treatment Vietnmaese pumping/ treatment + type/ method Model 9: Terms refer to the names of organization English name + contractor/ crew Vietnmaese contractor/ crew + name Model 10: Terms refer to the features/properties of materials English feature/property + mud/ fluid/sand/ cement/ oil… Vietnmaese mud/ fluid/sand/ cement/ oil… + feature/property Model 11: Terms refer to the types of loads English types + load/ weight Vietnmaese load/ weight + types Model 12: Terms refer to the directions, parameters of the topography and materials 23 English topography/material + depth/ sensivity/ factor Vietnmaese depth/ sensivity/ factor + topography/material Model 13: Terms refer to the types of operating systems English type + system Vietnmaese system + type 4.3.3 Petreoleum terms in processing Model 1: Terms refer to the features/ properties of oil/ gas,… English feature/ property + oil/ gas Vietnmaese oil/ gas + feature/ property Model 2: Terms refer to the function of materials English function + separator/plant Vietnmaese separator/plant + function Model 3: Terms refer to the ways/ forms of the processing English ưay/ form + processing/ separation/ cut Vietnmaese processing/ separation/ cut + way/ form Model 4: Terms refer to the names of the processing units English name + unit/ work Vietnmaese unit/ work + name Model 5: Terms refer to the function of pits English function + pit Vietnmaese pit + function 4.3.4 Petreoleum terms in technical support Model 1: Terms refer to the types of supporting equipments English type + pattern/ spot/ televiewer Vietnmaese pattern/ spot/ televiewer + type Model 2: Terms refer to different types of methods in processing English Vietnmaese 24 type + method/ technique/ protection … method/ technique/ protection + type 4.3.5 Petreoleum terms in petroleum economy Model 1: Terms refer to diferent types expenses English type + cost/ payment Vietnmaese cost/ payment + type Model 2: Terms refer to the types of the areas English type + area Vietnmaese area + type Model 3: Terms refer to the features of royalty English feature + royalty Vietnmaese royalty + feature Model 4: Terms refer to the features of documents English feature + ticket/ licience/ statement … Vietnmaese ticket/ licience/ statement + feature Model 5: Terms refer to the types of contracts/ clauses English type+ contract/ clause Vietnmaese contract/ clause + type Model 6: Terms refer to the nature of work English the nature of work + broker Vietnmaese broker + the nature of work 4.3.6 The similarities and differences in nomination of English and Vietnamese petroleum terms Except the acronym in the English PT system, both English and Vietnamese PT are formed in two main ways, those are from the common words and borrowed from foreign terms Regarding to the nomination models, both English and Vietnames petroleum terms with 05 categories show that the specifications are chosen in the process of nomination, they 25 have reflected a part of attributes of the subjects based on the nomination process in general 4.4 Suggested directions on the construction and standardization of Vietnamese petroleum terminology We propose a number of solutions, specific directions in the development and standardization of the Vietnamese PT system based on the results of studying, analysing and comparing structure, nomination of the two English and Vietnamese PT system, as well as the current situation of the translation of PT in Vietnam, namely: First, the borrowing of English PT but they are vietnameseized by phonetic transcription should keep remain without hiphens Example: acrơfut (from acrefoot), ketxong (from cassion); tisơ (from teaser); Second, the Vietnamese PT must reflect the characteristics of Vietnamese grammar, which is the arangement of components, the main compponent that defines the concepts must precede and the supplemental one that modifies for the main goes behind Third, it must be paid attention to choose the distinctive characteristics when selecting the characteristics nomination of Vietnamese PT Features that are not highly distinctive, not represent the basic function of the term should not be included, such as: of, and, of, about, of, Fourth, terms that have the same components leading to the lack of briefness, they should be seperated Fifth, each term should include a maximum of four to five components to enusre the briefness and the consistency The order of components must also appear follwing the order of Vietnamese grammar 26 Sixth, for PT that are synonyms, based on the standards of terminology, it should select which has brief, express the concept accurately and easy to understand CONSLUSION Based on the results, the thesis has concluded following: The term concept of this thesis: Petroleum terms are words, phrases used in the industry to express concepts, properties, objects, phenomena, subjects in the field of petroleum including: exploration, exploiting, processing, technical support and petroleum economy Regarding to construction and word typing of PT in English and Vietnamese, the thesis result shows that: In terms of the number of components: The English PT has a brief structure compared to the equivalent term in Vietnames The number of English terms composed one component is nearly five times higher than in Vietnamese (71 terms, accounting for 1.69% compared to 305 terms, accounting for 7.28%) The number of multi-element terms in English is much less than in Vietnamese The number of terms composed of two components are 3363, accounting for 80.26%, while Vietnamese only has 2488, accounting for 59.37% The number of three and four components in the English terminology system only has 385, accounting for 9.19% In Vietnamese PT, this number is four times higher with 1550, accounting for 36.99 % In particular, of the 4190 English terms surveyed, only three terms are composed of five components, accounting for a very small proportion with 0.07% and none of the terms are composed of six and seven components Meanwhile, in the equivalent Vietnamese terminology, the number of term composed of five components are 111, accounting for 2.65%, and 21 composed of six and seven elements with 0.50% In many cases, the English PT has only one word but when translating into Vietnamese, it includes a combination of words, not mention to a lot of terms which have no equivalent word in Vietnamese language, it is necessary to 27 use the form of explanation This might be the major cause that makes Vietnames PT have more component and longer than English PT In terms of word type: The difference between the two English and Vietnamese terminology systems is not much Both terminology systems have a large of number of terms that are composed of nouns or noun phrases In English PT, the number of terms composed of nouns or noun phrases is up to 90.81%, the number of terms composed of verbs or verb phrases accounts for about 5.75%, the rest 0.24% belongs to adjectives or adjective phrases Similarly, in Vietnames PT, the number of terms that is noun or noun phrases occupies the majority with the rate of 86.06%, the remaining 13.94% belongs to terms that are verbs or verb phrases (12.70 %) and adjectives or adjective phrases (1.24%) In terms of composition: The English PT may be formed single words (3.03%), compound words (1.04%), derived words (4.23%), phrases (88.5%) and a small number of acronym (3.20%) In Vietnamese PT, none of the terms are abbreviated, the number of terms which are single words account for 1.69%, compound words 19.68% include both coordinate compound (0.21%) and the primary-second compound (19.47 %), the rest belongs to phrases, accounting for 78.63% In terms of model: The English PT system according to the grammatical rules of English, which the primary component often goes behind the secondary component which has the role to modify the primary component by expressing the basic nature or characteristics of the primary conponent On the contrary, Vietnames PT follows the Vietnamese grammatical rules, the primary component is usually preceded, the following is the secondary component which modifies for the primary component, 28 Formation: with the exception of a small amount of English PT formed by the abbreviation, the English and Vietnamese PT are formed in two ways: the terminoloization from the common word and the borrowing from other languages In terms of expression: with the exception of 134 terms formed by the acronym in the English PT, accounting for 3.20% these two terminology systems have two types; The one has a component that often has a general concept and is often used to identify the basic concepts in the petroleum sector, such as: survey, geology, exploration, drilling,… and other related fields The results show that the English terminology system has 305 terms of this type, accounting for 7.28%, while there are 71 in Vietnamese, accounting for 1.69% The second type is created on the basis of the first type, combined with words indicating characteristics, forms and properties of phenomena, they are composed of two or more components In the English terminology system, there are 3751, accounting for 89.52%, the Vietnamese terminology system has 4119, accounting for 98.31% In terms of semantic: most terms in both term systems are direct names of concepts or objects in the petroleum sector The English PT has 3411, accounting for 81.41%, the Vietnamese PT has 3780, accounting for 90.21% The number of terms is indirect names that account for a small percentage, English PT has 799, accounting for 18.95% and Vietnamese PT has 410 terms, accounting for 9.79% In terms of nomiation models: According to the analysis results of the petroleum term nomination model in English and Vietnamese, the nomination process of the categories that we identified clearly reflected the nomination methods Features, characteristics and functions are common 29 selected in the process of PT nomination, and are also easy to observe, remember and understand for users In addition, some of the other features with a lower frequency are also selected as a basis for the petroleum terminology, they reflect a part of the attributes of the object, so their names of this type are reasonable Based on the results of the thesis, research on the semantic structure of the two petroleum terminology systems in English and Vietnamese, along with the theoretical basis of standardization, the thesis has proposed six principles to standardize Vietnamese petroleum term In the framework of the thesis, there are still issues we have not had the opportunity to explore deeply, such as: synonymous phenomena in petroleum term, the metaphor in petroleum term nomination under the cognitive linguistics This is probably the new direction for further research on PT Besides, the review of the whole Vietnamese PT has been being used is also a consideration We wish to carry out this project earrly as a basis for standardization and compilation of the new dictionary of petroleum term 30 LIST OF THE AUTHOR’S SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS Nguyen Thi Thu Ha “Formation characteristics of oil and gas terms in English”, Journal of Language and Life, No 04/2018 (p 51-55) Nguyen Thi Thu Ha, Pham Hung Viet “ Formation methods of oil and gas terms in Vietnamese and English”, Lexicography & Encyclopedia, No 05/2018 (p 63-68) ... sub-components, example: formation oil ratio (tỉ số dầu vỉa),… 3.2.2 Structure of Vietnamese terminology: Vietnamese PT are: a) single words, example: dầu, khí, khoan, etc b) compound words: example:... production unit (xưởng sản xuất khí) , crude oil analysis (phân tích dầu thơ),… Model 4: T1 T3 T There are 182/4190 units, accounting for 4.34% Example: unstablized crude oil (dầu mỏ không ổn định), inhibited... 46.13%, example: black oil (dầu đen), coal oil (dầu than), … 1753 petroleum terms are meaning replication, accounting for 41.48%, example: run ticket (phiếu ghi lượng dầu chuyển đi) … b) Transcription: